Flexible AC Transmission line(Subhamoy Das).pptx
- 1. ENGINEERING INSTITUTE FOR JUNIOR EXECUTIVES M.B. ROAD, DALALPUKUR, HOWRAH-711104 GOVT. OF WEST BENGAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LABORATORY COURSE OUTCOMES :- FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION LINE Activity No:- A-13:3C Date:- 12/02/2025 Page No: 1
- 3. FLEXIBLE ALTERNATING CURRENT TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (FACTS):- FACTS:-"AC transmission systems incorporating the power electronic-based to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability" Facts Controller:-"A power electronic based system & other static equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission parameters." Page No: 3
- 4. - Neil Armstrong Introduction:- A Flexible AC Transmission line, also known as a FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System), is a power system technology that utilizes advanced power electronic devices to dynamically control and optimize power flow on AC transmission lines, enabling better voltage regulation, improved stability, and increased power transfer capabilities compared to traditional transmission lines by actively managing reactive power and phase angles within the grid. FACTS devices, like Static VAR Compensators (SVCs) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSCs), are strategically placed within the transmission network to inject or absorb reactive power, thereby adjusting the voltage and power flow as needed. Page No: 4
- 5. Objectives of FACTS:- 1. Improved Power Flow Control: Enable the efficient and flexible control of power flow in transmission systems. 2. Increased Transmission Capacity: Enhance the transmission capacity of existing lines, reducing the need for new infrastructure. 3. Enhanced System Stability: Improve the stability of the power grid, reducing the risk of power outages and grid collapses. 4.Improving Voltage Stability: FACTS devices help in maintaining stable voltage levels across the grid, which is vital for efficient power transmission. 5. Enhancing Power Transfer Capability: By controlling power flows on the network, FACTS devices can increase the amount of power that can be safely transferred over the existing transmission lines. 6.Reducing Transmission Losses: FACTS devices optimize the flow of electricity, reducing losses associated with long- distance transmission. 7.Controlling Power Flow: With FACTS, it is possible to direct the flow of electrical power along desired routes, making the power system more flexible and efficient. Page No: 5
- 6. Controllable Parameters:- 1.Control of the line impedance. 2. Control of Power Angle. 3. Control of voltage injected. 4. Control of Real and Reactive Power. Voltage along the line can be controlled by reactance shunt compensation. Series line inductance can be controlled by series capacitive compensation. Transmission angle can be varied by phase shifting. Page No: 6
- 7. Main Components of FACTS:- 1. Power Electronic Devices: High-power electronic devices, such as thyristors and IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors), that enable fast and efficient control of power flow. 2. Control Systems: Advanced control systems that utilize sensors, algorithms, and communication systems to monitor and control power flow in real-time. Page No: 7
- 8. Types of FACTS Devices:- Series Controllers Shunt Controllers Combined Series Series Controllers Combined Series Shunt Controllers Page No: 8
- 9. SERIES CONTROLLERS: Series Controllers consists of capacitors or reactors which introduce voltage in series with the line. They are basically variable impedance devices. Their major task is to reduce the inductivity of the transmission line. They supply or consume variable reactive power. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) Thyristor switched series capacitor (TSSC) Thyristor-switched series reactor (TSSR) Thyristor-controlled series reactor (TCSR) Page No: 9
- 10. 1. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC):- 2. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC):- A Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) is a power system device that regulates the voltage and power flow in transmission lines. It's used to improve the stability of transmission systems. A static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) is a device that improves power quality and reduces power oscillations on power grids. It's a type of flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) that's connected in series with a transmission line. Page No: 10
- 11. 3. Thyristor switched series capacitor (TSSC):- 4. Thyristor-switched series reactor (TSSR):- A Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC) is a device that controls power flow and dampens power oscillations in electrical power systems. It's a type of capacitive reactance compensator that's part of a Static VAR Compensator (SVC). A thyristor-switched series reactor (TSSR) is a device that controls inductive reactance in electrical power transmission systems. It's used to limit voltage increases on lightly loaded transmission lines. Page No: 11
- 12. 5. Thyristor-controlled series reactor (TCSR):- A Thyristor-Controlled Series Reactor (TCSR) is a power system device that uses a series reactor with a thyristor valve to dynamically adjust the inductive reactance of a transmission line, effectively controlling the flow of reactive power and managing voltage levels by varying the firing angle of the thyristors; essentially acting as a variable inductor within the line. Page No: 12
- 13. SHUNT CONTROLLERS: Shunt controllers consist of variable impedance devices like capacitors or reactors which introduce current in series with the line. Their major task is to reduce the capacitivity of the transmission line. The injected current is in phase with the line voltage. Static Synchronous compensator (STATCOM) Static VAR Compensator (SVC) ► Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) ► Thyristor Switched Reactor (TSR) ►Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC) ► Mechanically Switched Capacitor (MSC) ►Harmonic Filter Page No: 13
- 14. 1. Static Synchronous compensator (STATCOM):- A static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a device that regulates voltage on a power grid. It can absorb or provide reactive current, and is a type of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device. 2. Static VAR Compensator (SVC):- A Static VAR Compensator (SVC) is an electrical device used to regulate voltage and reactive power (VAR) in power transmission and distribution systems by injecting controlled amounts of reactive current, essentially acting as a dynamic power factor corrector, utilizing power electronics to quickly respond to fluctuations in load and maintain system stability; it is considered a part of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). Page No: 14
- 15. COMBINED SERIES SERIES CONTROLLERS: Inter power flow controller (IPFC):- An Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is a type of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device used to control and optimize power flow across multiple transmission lines within a substation, effectively managing both active and reactive power by injecting controllable voltage with adjustable magnitude and phase angle into each line, allowing for efficient power transfer between lines and maximizing utilization of the transmission system; essentially, it acts as a sophisticated power flow manager for multi-line networks. Page No: 15
- 16. COMBINED SERIES SHUNT CONTROLLERS: Unified power flow controller (UPFC):- A unified power flow controller (UPFC) is a device that controls the flow of power in transmission lines. It's part of the Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) family. Page No: 16
- 17. BENEFITS OF FACTS CONTROLLERS: A Rapidly Implemented Installations. Increased System Capacity. Enhanced System Reliability. Improved System Controllability. Seamless System Interconnections. Better utilization of existing transmission system assets. Up gradation of lines. Enables the efficient and flexible control of power flow in transmission systems. Enhances the transmission capacity of existing lines, reducing the need for new infrastructure. Improves the stability of the power grid, reducing the risk of power outages and grid collapses. Minimizes transmission losses, resulting in cost savings and improved efficiency. Page No: 17
- 18. DISADVANTAGES OF FACTS CONTROLLERS: High Initial Cost: The initial investment cost of FACTS devices can be high, making them less attractive to some utilities. Complexity: FACTS devices can be complex to design, install, and maintain, requiring specialized expertise. Harmonics and Interference: FACTS devices can generate harmonics and interference, which can affect other equipment and systems. Limited Standardization: There is limited standardization of FACTS devices, making it challenging to integrate them into existing systems. Dependence on Power Electronics: FACTS devices rely on power electronics, which can be prone to failure and require regular maintenance. Limited Flexibility in Some Applications: FACTS devices may not be suitable for all applications, such as in areas with high levels of noise or interference. Need for Advanced Control Systems: FACTS devices require advanced control systems, which can be complex and expensive to implement. Page No: 18
- 19. Working Principle of FACTS: 1. Power Electronics Integration: FACTS devices are based on power electronics. They integrate power electronic components like thyristors, gate turn-off thyristors (GTOs), and insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) to control electrical power flows in AC transmission networks. 2. Voltage Control: FACTS devices regulate the voltage at a particular point in the network. By controlling the reactive power, they maintain voltage stability and improve voltage profiles across the network. This is achieved using devices like Static Var Compensators (SVC) and Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM). 3. Impedance Control: FACTS devices can vary the impedance of the transmission line to control power flow. By adjusting the series impedance, they manage the line current and optimize the power transfer. Series compensators like Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC) are used for this purpose. 4. Phase Angle Regulation: FACTS can control the phase angle between bus voltages, thereby managing active power flow in the network. Phase-shifting transformers (PST) and Unified Power Flow Controllers (UPFC) are typically used for phase angle regulation. 5. Dynamic Response: FACTS devices offer fast and dynamic response to changing system conditions. They can quickly react to disturbances, improving system stability and reducing the risk of power outages. Page No: 19
- 20. CONCLUSION: The flexible ac transmission system (FACTS), a new technology based on power electronics, offers an opportunity to enhance controllability, stability, and power transfer capability of ac transmission systems. In view of the various power system limits, FACTS provides the most reliable and efficient solution. It is envisaged that in future FACTS devices could be installed on wide scale by electrical utilities in an attempt to control the power flows through their networks. Page No: 20
- 21. PRACTICAL : FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION LINE TOPIC NAME: FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION LINE PRESENTED BY : SUBHAMOY DAS SUBJECT: ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION LAB TRADE: DEE REG. NO: D242500677 Page No: 21 SESSION: 2024-2026
- 22. REFERENCE: https://www.powergrid.in/ https://www.wbsetcl.in/ COLLEGE STUDY BOOK: Electrical Power Systems – J.B. Gupta Page No: 22