Floral biology and crossing techniques in greengram

MANJAPPA S G
M. Sc. Scholar
Dept. of Genetics and Plant
Breeding

 Widely cultivated in India, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Sri lanka, Philippines
Thiwan
 In India cultivated throughout the
plains & up to elevation of 1820m
 Cultivated in all three seasons-
kharif, rabi & zaid.
2

 Indian subcontinent (De Candol,Vavilov
& Zukovskij)
 Maximum diversity is limited to upper
western Ghats & Deccan hills
 Secondary centers of diversity exist in
the Bihar(India)
 Vigna radiata var.sublobata is the
probable progenitor of mungbean
3

 Yadav et.al.(1986): developed amphidiploids of
Mungbean X Black gram
 The early generation hybrids were vigorous in growth
& development, vegetative parts are bigger than in the
parents.
 But as segregation advances amphidiploids lost their
initial vigour & revert back to parental types gradually
in morphological appearance & chromosome number
4

 Dried & green stalks & leaves
as fodder
 Green pods as vegetable
 Seeds- eaten after being
boiled & also as sprouts
 Rich in vitamin B ( regarded
as a remedy for Beriberi)
5

Nutritional component Range (%) of total seed
wt.
Protein 20-26
Fiber 3-8
Starch 46-54
Sugar 4-10
Ash 3-4
K, Na, Mg, P, Ca Trace
6

 International: AVRDC( International
vegetable research & development
centre),Thiwan
 National: IIPR (Indian institute of pulse
research),Khanpur
7

 Ronburgh (1832): Phaseolus mungo
 Wilczek : Vigna radiata
8

Phaseolus Vigna References
Stipule tunicate Stipule cordate &
prolonged
Wilczech(1954)
Keel spirally
twisted
Keel erect & in
curved
Hepper (1956)
Style without
apical
appendages
Style with distinct
appendages
Hepper (1956)
Fruit not septet Septet Hepper (1956)
9

 Kingdom: Plantae
 Division : Spermatophyta
 Sub division: Angiosperm
 Class: Dicotyledon
 Family: Leguminaceae
 Sub family Papilionaceae
 Genus: Vigna
 Sub genus: Ceratotropis
 Species: radiata
10

Characters V. radiata V. mungo
Stem Mostly erect / sub
erect
Mostly spreading /
prostrate
Leaves Mostly green / dark
green
Mostly yellowish
green
Stipules Broad & ovate Narrow & falcate
Pubescence Plant sparsely
pubescent
Densely pubescent
Pods Spreading, long with
short hairs & shatter
readily
Sub erect, short with
long hairs & don’t
shatter much
Seeds Medium & globose Large & oblong
Hilum Flat Concave
Cotyledon Dirty yellow White
11

 A large conc. of protein(hence N) in
seeds may require early mobilization of
protein of leaves, thus impairing their
capacity for prolonged photosynthesis.
 The maintenance of symbiotic N2fixation
in root nodules requires prolonged use
photosynthate & thus may reduce energy
available for storage in seeds.
12

 Habit: annual, herbaceous, erect/semi
erect
 Root: tap root system, provided with
nodules for atm. N2 fixation
 Stem: erect /sub erect, sometime
twinning in upper branches, furrowed &
branches moderately/sparsely haired
 Leaves: trifoliate, entire ovate & rarely
lobed with long petiole
13

 Inflorescence:
axillary or
terminal
raceme with
10-20 flowers
crowded on
long
peduncle
14

 Flower: hermaphrodite, zygomorphic, either lighter
yellowish olive/olive yellow
15

 Floral diagram:
 Floral formula:
18

 Pods: immature pods are
usually green, mature pods
are iron gray/olive gray/snuff
brown color, round slander
with short & moderate
pubescence.
 Dehisces by both (dorsal &
ventral) sutures into two
halves.
 It contains 9-16 seeds
19

 Seeds: globular, green,
surface has fine wavy
ridges. Hilum is white, more
or less flat
 Germination is epigeal
20

 Anthesis: self pollinated, sometime cleistogamy is
prevalent
 Cross pollination is 0.5-3%
 Flower open between 6.00-8.00am, remain till about
11.00am. Close between 2.00-4.00pm
21

 Emasculation -4.00-6.00pm
 For emasculation the young bud is
keep between thumb & forefinger
 Point of dissecting needle is inserted
just under the standard in an oblique
position along the top of the bud
 The left side of standard & wing petal
are pushed outwards & held with
thumb
 The left hand of keel is removed in
pieces with forceps
 Pistil & stigma are then exposed &
removed with forceps
22

 Pollination done in
morning (8-11am) collect
mature anthers from
open flowers & gently
pressing the ripe anthers
against stigma
 Flower may be bagged
after pollination until
pods are matured
 % of flower shed is very
high -69%
23

 Collection & evaluation of variability: Chandel &
Pant (1982) were conducted evaluation on large
number of lines at NBPGR New Dehli
 Breeding for-
 Increased variation
 Higher yield
 Different maturity duration
 Resistance to pest & diseases
 Resistance to shattering
 Better quality (protein, Methionin content)
 Screening of germplasm for resistance to pest &
diseases
24

 Selection
 Hybridization
 Wide hybridization:
Black gram X green gram
 F1: hybrid seeds were small, shrunken,
plants were weak & semi sterile
 Reasons for break down of hybrids in
seedling stage is due to-
1. Lethality of hybrids at various stages of
devt.
2. A high degree of pollen sterility
25

 Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus
(MYMV)
 Cercospora leaf spot (colletotrichum
canescens)
 Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni)
 Root & stem rots (Rhizoctonia bataticola
& R.solani)
 Bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas
phaseoli)
 rust
26

 White fly: Bemisia tabaci
(vector for 25 different
diseases)
 Hairy catterpillar
 Semilooper
 pulse beetle
27

 Kopergaon, BR 2, CO 1, CO 2, CO 3, G 65, Pusa
baisaki, Pusa 105, PS 16, P 37,T 44,T 51, China
mung, Selection 4, Pant mung 2 & 3
28

Floral biology and crossing techniques in greengram

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Floral biology and crossing techniques in greengram