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![◾Hypercalcemia [excess of calcium in
the plasma] is dangerous
imbalance when severe
◾Hypercalcemia crisis has a
mortality rate ( death rate ) as
high as 50% if not treated properly](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/fluidandelectrolyteimbalance2-220412174955/75/fluid-and-electrolyte-imbalance-2-pdf-35-2048.jpg)
![◾CAUSES
◾Multiple myeloma
◾Prolonged immobilization
◾Vit D over dose
◾Thiazide diuretics [slight
elevation]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/fluidandelectrolyteimbalance2-220412174955/75/fluid-and-electrolyte-imbalance-2-pdf-36-2048.jpg)
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fluid and electrolyte imbalance 2.pdf
Electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are important minerals in the body that regulate processes like fluid balance, nerve and muscle function, and acid-base balance. Imbalances in electrolytes can develop due to factors like loss of fluids, kidney problems, or excessive intake and can cause illness. The kidneys, skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract help maintain electrolyte balance in the body. Common electrolyte imbalances include sodium, potassium, calcium, and their medical management aims to correct underlying causes and replace lost electrolytes.
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fluid and electrolyte imbalance 2.pdf
- 2. GRACIOUS COLLEGE OFNURSING ABHANPUR RAIPUR PRESENTED BY OM VERMA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
- 5. ◾ Electrolytes areminerals in your body that have an electric charge. They are in your blood, urine, tissues, and other body fluids. ... Balance the amount of water in your body. Balance your body's acid/base (pH) level. Move nutrients into your cells. ◾ It plays an important role in homeostis ◾ Imbalance may result from many factors, and it is associated with the illness
- 6. TOTALBODY FLUID 60%OFBODY wt Intracellularfluids Extracellularfluids Interstitial Trancellular Intravascular fluid fluid fluid 15 % of body wt eg. Plasma eg.C S F
- 7. ◾ Electrolyte isbody fluids are active chemicals Cations : Positive charge Anions : Negative charge CATIONS: Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium and Hydrogen ions ANIONS: Chloride, Bicarbonate,Phosphate,Sulfate
- 8.
- 9. OSMOSIS ◾ Fluid shiftsthrough the membrane from the region of low solute concentration to the region of high solute concentration until the solution are of equal concentration
- 10. ◾ diffusion, processresulting from random motion of molecules by which there is a net flow of matter from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
- 11. kidneys are responsible for filteringboth the body's blood and other waste materials that may enter the body, whether through food, drink or medicine.
- 12.
- 13. HYPOVOLEMIA: Fluid volume deficit HYPERVOLEMIA:Fluid volume excess
- 14. THE MAIN ELECTROL YTEIMBALANCEARE SODIUM DEFICIT: HYPONATREMIA EXCESS: HYPERNATREMIA POTASSIUM DEFICIT: HYPOKALEMIA EXCESS: HYPERKALEMIA CALCIUM DEFICIT : HYPOCALCEMIA EXCESS: HYPERCALCEMIA
- 15. ◾ It resultsfrom loss of sodium containing fluids (or) hypo-Osmolality with a shift of water into the cells ◾ CAUSES GI LOSS: diarrhea, vomiting, Ng suction RENAL LOSS: Diuritics, adrenal insufficiency, a wasting renal diseases SKIN LOSS: Burns, wound drainage
- 16. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT Sodium replacement administrationof sodium by mouth who eat and drink. Lactated ringers solution (0.9% sodium chloride) is prescribed Serum sodium must not increase greater than 12 meq ( milliequivalent ) /L in 24 hours to avoid neurological damages
- 17. ◾ Hyper nateremiais a higher than normal sodium level exceeding (145meq milliequivalent /L) CAUSES Gain of sodium in excess of water Inadequatewater intake Increasedserum sodium concentration
- 18. Gradual lowering ofthe sodium level by the infusion of a hypotonic electrolyte solution 0.3% sodium chloride Diuretics also may be prescribed to treat the sodium gain MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
- 19. Potassium is necessaryfor the normal functioning of all cells. It regulates the heartbeat, ensures proper function of the muscles and nerves, and is vital for synthesizing protein and metabolizing carbohydrate potassium is imbalance to effect the vital organs .
- 20. ◾ Potassium ismajor ICF intracellular fluid cation, with 98 % of the body potassium being intracellular ◾ Potassium is criticalfor many cellular and metabolic function. ◾ The kidneys are the primary route for potassium loss 90% of daily potassium intake is eliminatedby kidney.
- 21. ◾ It maybe caused by a massive intake of potassium a higher than normal level of potassium in the bloodstream. CAUSES: ◾ Excesspotassium intake -excessiveor rapid parenateral administration -potassium containing drugs ◾ Shift of potassium out of cell -acidosis, crush injury, tissue catabolism(fever) ◾ Failure to eliminate potassium -renal disease, adrenal insufficiency,
- 22. ◾ Immediate ECGShouldbe obtained ◾ Serum potassium level from vein without IV fluid infusion ◾ Restriction of dietary potassium ◾ Potassium containing diuretic ◾ IV calcium gluconate administration in serum potassium level are dangerously elevated
- 23. ◾ Hypo kalemiacan results from abnormal losses of potassium from a shift of potassium from ECF to ICF or rarely from deficient dietary potassium intake ◾ deficiency of potassium in the bloodstream. ◾CAUSES ◾ Potassium loss ◾ Shifts of potassium into cells ◾ Lack of potassium intake
- 24. ◾ It istreated with oral or IV replacement ◾ Administer 40 to 80 meq milliequivalent / day of potassium ◾ When oral administration of potassium is not feasible the IV route is indicated For patient at risk for hypokalemia diet containing potassium should be provided
- 25. ◾ More tan99% of the body’s calcium is located in skeletal system ◾ It is a major component of bone and teeth, about 1% of skeletal calcium is exchanged with blood calcium ◾ Calcium plays a major role in transmitting nerve impulses and helps to regulate muscle contraction and relaxation, including cardiac muscle
- 26. ◾ Any conditionthat causes a decreased in the production of PTH may result in the development of hypocalcemia ◾ A long-term calcium deficiency can lead to dental changes, cataracts, alterations in the brain, and osteoporosis, which causes the bones to become brittle.
- 27. CAUSES ◾Multiple blood transfusion ◾Chronicrenal failure ◾Elevated phosphorous ◾Chronic alcoholism ◾Alkalosis is a condition in which the body fluids have excess base (alkali).
- 29. CHVOSTEK SIGN The Chvosteksign is a clinical sign of hypocalcemia. It is evidenced by the twitching of muscles innervated by the facial nerve It refers to an abnormal reaction to stimulation of the facial nerve
- 30.
- 31. TROUSSEAU'S SIGN Trousseau's signrefers to the involuntary contraction of the muscles in the hand and wrist (i.e., carpopedal spasm) that occurs after the compression of the upper arm with a blood pressure cuff..
- 32.
- 33. ◾ IVAdministration ofcalciumlike calcium gluconate calcium chloride calciumgluceptate ◾ Vitamin D therapy be initiatedto increase calcium absorption fromGI tract ◾ Increasing the dietary intake of calcium at least 1,000 to 1,500mg/day
- 34. Hypercalcemia is acondition in which the calcium level in blood is above normal. Too much calcium in blood can weaken your bones, create kidney stones, and interfere with how your heart and brain work. Hypercalcemia is usually a result of overactive parathyroid glands
- 35. ◾Hypercalcemia [excess ofcalcium in the plasma] is dangerous imbalance when severe ◾Hypercalcemia crisis has a mortality rate ( death rate ) as high as 50% if not treated properly
- 36. ◾CAUSES ◾Multiple myeloma ◾Prolonged immobilization ◾VitD over dose ◾Thiazide diuretics [slight elevation]
- 37. ◾ Administer fluidsto dilute serum calcium and promote its excretion by the kidney ◾ IV administration of 0.9% sodium chloride solution temporarily dilutes the serum calcium level ◾ Administering furosemide increases calcium excretion ◾ Calcitonin is administered to lower the serum calcium level
- 38. COMPLICATION Severe electrolyte imbalancescan cause serious problems such as coma, seizures, and cardiac arrest.