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Fluid Mechanics Course - Civil Engineering -Lec 02
- 1. Fluid mechanics Lecture 2 Dr.Ahmed Adel Saleh
- 2. Course Contents Introduction, Dimensionsand units, Fluid physical properties Fluid Statics Fluid Kinematics Fluid Dynamics Momentum analysis of flow Systems Flow through pipe lines
- 3. Course Contents -detailed Introduction, Dimensions and units, Fluid properties •density, •specific weight, •specific gravity, •specific heat, •vapor pressure •compressibility, •viscosity, •surface tension Fluid Statics •absolute and gage pressure, •pressure at a point, •pressure transmition •pressure measurements, •pressure prism, •hydrostatic force on a plane surface, •hydrostatic force on a curved surface, •buoyancy, •flotation, and stability •Rigid body motion of a fluid, Fluid Kinematics •continuity equation, •steady and unsteady flow, •laminar and turbulent flows, •path line and stream line, •ideal and real, •rotational and ir- rotational flow, Fluid Dynamics •Bernoulli’s Equation, •total and hydraulic gradient lines, •application of Bernoulli Equation, •Pitot Tube, •stagnation point, •Venturi Meter , •orifice , •nozzles , •flow over notches and weirs Momentum analysis of flow Systems •conservation of momentum, •control volume, •forces on control volume, •forces acting on plates •turbines concept, •forces acting on bends & reducers , •calculations of minor losses Flow through pipe lines •Reynold's Number, •Darcy-Weisbach Equation, •friction head losses, •Moody Charts, •design of pipe flow system, •branching pipe, •pipes in series and in parallel, •head loss problems, •discharge problems, •sizing problem, •reservoir system
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- 6. SI base unit SymbolName Quantity s second time m metre length kg kilogram mass A ampere electric current K kelvin temperature mol mole amount of substance cd candela luminous intensity
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- 8. Deriving dimensions Length {L}, time{t}, temperature {T} velocity, {Lt−1} acceleration, {Lt−2} Base dimensions Supplementary dimensions
- 9. System of measurement Source:https://slideplayer.com/slide/6936847/
- 10. Psychological • old habitsand customs are hard to change. Economics • existing unit systems entail massive capital investments Relevance • certain classes of problems are easier to solve in • specific unit systems.
- 11. Unit Conversions • theconcept of multiplication by unity.
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- 14. Fluids physical properties density,specific weight, specific gravity, viscosity,
- 15. Measures of FluidMass and Weight • Density PropertiesofFluids ρ https://www.nuclear-power.net https://www.instructables.com/ rho A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid
- 16. Measures of FluidMass and Weight • The specific weight PropertiesofFluids γgamma A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid
- 17. Measures of FluidMass and Weight • Vertical cylindered tank (d=7m,H=12m) • Completely filled with water • @ 20°c • Heated to 50°c • How much water will be spilled over? PropertiesofFluids A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid
- 18. Measures of FluidMass and Weight PropertiesofFluids A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid
- 19. Measures of FluidMass and Weight • Volume Tank= 𝜋( 7 2 )2 ∗ 12 = 461.82 m3 • Weight of the water in the tank = γ*V = 9.789*461.82 = 4520.76 kN • Volume of the same weight @ 50°c • 4520.76/9.69 = 466.54 m3 • Volume of water spilled • 466.54 - 461.82 = 4.72 m3 PropertiesofFluids A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid
- 20. Measures of FluidMass and Weight PropertiesofFluids • The Specific Gravity a dimensionless ratio to express density A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid
- 21. Measures of FluidMass and Weight PropertiesofFluids • Viscosity μ A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid mu
- 22. Measures of FluidMass and Weight PropertiesofFluids • Viscosity μ A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid Fluids for which the shearing stress is linearly related to the rate of shearing strain ( Newtonian fluids ) most common fluids, both liquids and gases, are Newtonian. mu
- 23. Measures of FluidMass and Weight PropertiesofFluids • Viscosity μ A measure of the “heaviness” of the fluid mu rate of shearing strain (velocity gradient) the absolute viscosity the dynamic viscosity the viscosity the shearing stress μ of a fluid is a measure of the internal resistance (“fluidity” or “internal stickiness”) to shear or angular deformation
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- 27. • used todisplay laminar and turbulent flows. • the Reynolds number where: •ρ is the density of the fluid (SI units: kg/m3) •V is the velocity of the fluid with respect to the object (m/s) •L is a characteristic linear dimension (m) •μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa·s or N·s/m2 or kg/m·s) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number
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- 29. Munson, Bruce Roy,et al. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. ρ the fluid density, V the mean fluid velocity, D the pipe diameter, and μ the fluid viscosity.
- 30. Munson, Bruce Roy,et al. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.
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- 32. One, two andthree dimensional flows