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Food Safety management System - Pest Management
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- 2. PEST MANAGEMENT • Topics •Insects as Pests • Effects of Insecticides • Integrated Pest Management • Chemical Control • Biological Control • Host-Plant Resistance to Insects • Physical Control • Cultural Control • Pheromones and Attractants • Genetic Manipulation of Pests
- 3. PEST MANAGEMENT • Become‘pests’ when they interfere with welfare, aesthetics, or profits • Defined from a purely anthropocentric point of view • Pest can be a normal insect in the wrong place or numbers • Main pests are of crops and health
- 4. INSECTS AS PESTS •Assessment of pest status • Injury vs. damage • Most plants tolerate injury without loss of vigor • Level of injury for fruits is much lower (due to blemishes) • Control becomes economic when: • Financial loss outweighs cost of control • Economic injury level (EIL): EIL = C / VDK • C = cost of control measure • V = value in market per unit • D = yield loss per number of insects • K = reduction of pest numbers by control measure
- 5. INSECTS AS PESTS •Assessment of pest status • EIL will not be the same in all (or even similar) conditions - Miridae • Varies based on many conditions • Economic threshold (ET): • Different level than EIL and is predictive
- 6. INSECTS AS PESTS •Assessment of pest status • Pests can be: non-economic, occasional, perennial, or severe / key
- 7. INSECTS AS PESTS •Assessment of pest status • EIL does not consider external factors such as: • Natural enemies • Insecticide resistance • Adjacent control areas • Developed mostly as a means for more sensible pesticide use • EILs largely relevant only to agriculture • Limited when multiple pests are present
- 8. INSECTS AS PESTS •Why insects become pests • Insects become pests for many reasons: • Harmless insects are introduced to areas outside their native range • Previously harmless insects become vectors of pathogens • Move from feeding on native plants to introduced ones • Monocultural ecosystems create dense aggregations of predictable resources • Cultivation methods lead to increase in pest status and numbers • Continuous cultivation without a fallow period – broccoli, potatos, herbs, etc • Prolonged use of insecticides
- 9. EFFECTS OF INSECTICIDES •Many insecticides developed during the 1950’s and 1960’s • They are still the main tactic used today • Undesirable effects of insecticides include: • Selection for genetically resistant insects • Collateral damage of non-pests • Pest resurgence • As a result of resistance and elimination of predators • Natural enemies often recover more slowly • Secondary pest outbreak • Economic contamination and biomagnification • Danger to human health • Pest damage continues to increase despite heavy pesticide use
- 10. EFFECTS OF INSECTICIDES •Biomagnification
- 11. EFFECTS OF INSECTICIDES •Insecticide resistance • Insecticide resistance: insects that are predisposed genetically to survive insecticide; develops over time, essentially a selection of a specific biotype • Tolerance: the ability to survive insecticide at some level; a natural tendency and not a result of selection pressure • CO potato beetle is resistant to nearly every chemical control • Multiple resistance: resistance to many different insecticides
- 12. EFFECTS OF INSECTICIDES •Insecticide resistance • 4 mechanisms of insecticide resistance • Tobacco hornworm • Polyphagous insects are pre-adapted to evolve resistance • Problem of “kill-all” applications • This and other factors have led to other control methods
- 13. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT •IPM: a broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests • Aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level (EIL) • Successful IPM requires knowledge of several key factors • Key concept: compatibility of pest-management tactic • Philosophy that may approach organic farming • Allows for safer pest control • Implementation of IPM has been slow • Reasons why the adoption rate of IPM is low
- 14. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT •IPM system is designed around 6 basic components: • Acceptable pest levels • Emphasis on control, not eradication • Annihilation can be costly and unsafe • Preventive cultural practices • Sanitation • Monitoring • Inspection and identification • Mechanical controls • Barriers, traps, picking, tillage, etc. • Biological controls • Natural processes and materials • Responsible use • As required and at specific times
- 15. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT •Control measures of IPM include: insecticides, biological control, cultural control, plant resistance, genetic modification, pheromones, and growth regulation
- 16. CHEMICAL CONTROL • Despitethe hazards, some use is unavoidable • Carefully timed doses reduce ecological damage • Chemicals enter the insect in 1 of 3 primary ways: 1. Cuticle • Contact poisons 2. Trachea • Inhalation poisons • Fumigants 3. Mouth • Stomach poisons • Some may act as all 3 simultaneously • Typically attack the nervous system
- 17. CHEMICAL CONTROL • Chemicalinsecticides • Alkaloids • Used since 1600’s • Natural, plant-derived; from nicotine in tobacco • Pyrethrins • Kills effectively on contact at low dosage • Low environmental persistence • Low mammalian toxicity • Nicotinoids / Neonicotinoids • Synthetic, modeled on natural nicotine • Carbamates • Organophosphates • Malathion, parathion • Organochlorines • DDT • Phenylpyrazoles • New class • Frontline, Maxforce
- 18. CHEMICAL CONTROL • Chemicalinsecticides • Formulation: components and proportions of additional substances that accompany an insecticide when prepared for application • Modes of application: • Solutions or emulsions • Unwettable powders dispersed in water • Dusts or granules • Gaseous fumigants • Can be formulated in different ways • Concern about sublethal effects of pesticides on non-target organisms (honey bees) • Sublethal effects generally not considered
- 19. CHEMICAL CONTROL • Insectgrowth regulators • “IGR” – compound that inhibits an insect’s growth or development • Very efficient against specific stages of an insect pest • 2 types of IGRs, distinguished by their mode of action 1. Chemicals that disrupt the hormonal control of metamorphosis • Insect fails to reach adulthood, or is sterile and malformed • Useful when the adult is the pest 2. Chemicals that prevent the formation of chitin / cuticle • Insects die at or immediately after the molt • Useful for larval pests • Can result in severe pest outbreaks
- 20. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL • Biologicalcontrol: the establishment of natural enemies to control pests • Deliberate human intervention • Goal is reduction, not elimination • 3 types of biological control: 1. Classical biological control aka importation • Appropriate for when insect spread outside their natural range • Some great successes, many failures • Disastrous side effects (Hawai’I, Fiji) • Neoclassical biological control: importation of non-native species to control native ones • High risk
- 21. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL • 3types of biological control: 1. Classical biological control aka importation • Vedalia beetle and cottony-cushion scale • Great success story of classical biological control • Scale was devastating the California citrus industry in the late 1800's • Vedalia ladybug and parasitoid fly were introduced • Controlled the scale population within just a few years • DeBach and Rosen suggested this “established the biological control method like a shot heard around the world”. (1991, Biological control by natural enemies, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press)
- 22. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL • 3types of biological control (continued): 2. Augmentation: supplementation of existing natural enemies • Periodic release • Inoculation • Inundation • Can be helpful in reducing pesticide use 3. Conservation: protect or enhance activities of natural enemies, reducing pest effects • Preservation • Environmental manipulation – to improve conditions for predators and parasitoids • Failure in systematic studies can be very costly
- 23. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL • Arthropodnatural enemies • Predators • Spiders • Diverse and efficient predators • Great impact on insect populations • Lack of feeding specificity • Many predators are polyphagous • Unsuitable for targeting particular pest species • Parasites and parasitoids • Most important biological control agents are wasps and flies • Complexities of food webs and complications
- 24. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL • Microbialcontrol • Includes: nematodes, fungi, bacteria, viruses, protists • Many are specific to a particular genus or family of insect • Entry mode • Strategies of control mimic those used with natural enemies • Nematodes • Desiccation restricts use to moist environments • Other environmental restrictions • Fungi • Most common disease organisms in insects • Ability to infect insect during any stage
- 25. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL • Microbialcontrol • Bacteria • Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt • Mode of action • Control is dependent on several factors • Increasingly used for control • Some resistance • Optimism that high levels of resistance is unlikely • Colorado potato beetle • Viruses • Considered safe because of their restriction to insects • Mode of action and persistence in the environment
- 26. HOST-PLANT RESISTANCE TOINSECTS • Plant resistance: mechanisms by which plants resist insect attack • 3 types of plant resistance: 1. Antibiosis: plant negatively affects the biology of the insect • Factors include: toxins, growth inhibitors, low nutrients, trichomes, indigestibles 2. Antixenosis: plant deters insect feeding due to being a poor host • Factors include: repellents, deterrents, trichomes, waxes, thickness, toughness 3. Tolerance: plant is able to withstand or recover from insect damage • Involves only plant features and not interactions with insects
- 27. HOST-PLANT RESISTANCE TOINSECTS • Insect-resistant varieties of: corn, cotton, tobacco, tomato, potato • 2 methods of gene insertion into plants • Advantages over insecticides • Exacerbation of the situation by negatively affecting predators • Environmental risks from the use of transgenic plants: • Genes may transfer to other plants • Plant my become weedy itself • Non-target organisms may be affected
- 28. PHYSICAL CONTROL • Non-chemicaland non-biological methods • Indoors and outdoors • Fences, traps, trenches, packaging, swatters • Insect zappers • Should probably not be used • Statistical studies
- 29. CULTURAL CONTROL • Croppests • Crop rotation, tillage, burning of stubble, synchrony avoidance, plants for natural enemies, pest-free seeds • Intercropping • 4 hypotheses • Medical pests • Draining marshes • Container removal • Livestock pests • Removal of dung • Walk-throughs and dipping
- 30. PHEROMONES AND ATTRACTANTS •Sex pheromones can be used with great success • Other attractants such as food baits or oviposition sites can be used • 3 main uses for pheromones: 1. Monitoring 2. Mass trapping • Attraction-annihilation 3. Mating disruption • Pheromone dispensers create “noise”
- 31. GENETIC MANIPULATION OFPESTS • Screw-worm fly • Devastating pest • Eradication in US • Female mates only once • Swamping with infertile males • Sterile insect technique (SIT, SIRM) • Gamma irradiation • Tsetse fly • Other successes around the world • Lack of success can be due to many factors
- 32. PICTURES BY SLIDE NOMODIFICATIONS WERE MADE TO ANY PICTURES ON ANY OF THE SLIDES 1. (no picture) 2. (no picture) 3. The Far Side Gallery 2 by Gary Larson, 1986, page 93 4. (no picture) 5. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Miridae_fg01_20060505_Nied_Selzerbrunnen.JPG 6. Wiley Blackwell: The Insects: An Outline of Entomology, 4th edition – Figure 16.1 7. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SHOOT_TO_KILL_-_PROTECT_YOUR_VICTORY_GARDEN_-_NARA_-_515408.tif 8. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Potato_Crop,_Benacre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_470970.jpg 9. The Far Side Gallery 2 by Gary Larson, 1986, page 11 10. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bioakkumulation_von_schadstoffen.png 11. Wiley Blackwell: The Insects: An Outline of Entomology, 4th edition – Figure 16.2 12. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pesticide_resistance.svg 13. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NRCSAZ02083_-_Arizona_%28449%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg 14. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IPMtrap4854.JPG 15. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marienk%C3%A4fer_%2B_Blattlaus-3504.jpg 16. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tent_fumigation.jpg 17. Chemical Control 1. https://faa81132b7.site.internapcdn.net/products/Ortho/US-Ortho-Home-Defense-Max-Insect-Killer-For-Indoor-And-Perimeter-1-0196810-Main-Lrg.png (permission: I called number 866- 324-9192 and spoke to Candice & her supervisor @ 3:01-3:14pm on 5/31/16) 2. http://www.gardentech.com/media/Files/GardenTech/Product%20Images/Sevin%20Ready-To-Use%20Bug%20Killer.jpg 18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Besticidesandbees.jpg 19. (my picture) 20. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Corn_borer.jpg 21. Biological Control 1. Wiley Blackwell: The Insects: An Outline of Entomology, 4th edition – Box 16.3 2. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vedalia_Beetle_%2815959056801%29.jpg 22. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_bugs_are_a_beneficial_insect_commonly_sold_for_biological_control_of_aphids..jpg 23. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spiral_Orb_Webs.jpg 24. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cordyceps.jpg 25. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Krumplibog%C3%A1r2.JPG 26. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cap1033-botao1.jpg 27. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Danaus_plexippus_on_Asclepias_incarnata_4999.jpg 28. The Far Side Gallery 3 by Gary Larson, 1988, page 96 29. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cattle_tick_treatment.jpg 30. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hagnau-9702.jpg 31. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cochliomyia_hominivorax_%28Coquerel,_1858%29.jpg
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