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Forms of Communication .pdf (MODULE 3 SPEAKING AND WRITING)
- 2. Objectives: distinguish between verbal and non-verbal communication give examples of both verbal and non-verbal communication explain what is paralanguage and give examples define the following terms: body language; proxemics; kinesics; chronemics; dress; graphics
- 4. Verbal Communication This form of communication is characterized by the use of oral and written language. In this form of communication words are used to bring across a certain message. There are two main ways in which human beings communicate verbally, that is, through speech and writing.
- 5. Verbal communication is both oral and written. Can you give some examples of each?
- 6. Written Essays Memos Reports Tweets blog post Letter text journals minutes books notice/ sign Speaking conversation Speeches debates Sermon Preaching Press conference/ briefing Performance (singing, play, spoken word poems, dub poems)
- 7. Note For communication to take place, both writing and reading skills must be employed.
- 8. Who do you agree with? and why> Jim: Let us do it in the form of a speech. Joy: No, that will not be effective. Let us try a discussion. We can have the class create a circle and just talk. Jim: Why are you making things complicated? Let's just present our findings. Joy: But Miss says we need to get the entire class involved and hear their point of view. Jim: Just add a question and answer section at the end.
- 9. Features of Writing Reflective Professional Academic Creative/ entertaining
- 10. Context Always remember that contexts plays a huge role in how we used verbal communication. It can be formal or informal. Next week we will look more at the contexts of communication. What would make communication formal vs informal?
- 11. Activity An overseas student has just joined your school as part of the school's annual student exchange programme. She believes that she is not welcome at the school. State THREE verbal ways/ things the class could do that might make the student feel welcome. The overseas student has been asked to inform an assembly of students about her culture. Identify FOUR verbal means that the student could use.
- 12. Oral communication Disadvantages • Depending on the context it can be time consuming • Can be difficult to meet the objective of communication • Poor presentation of message can result in misunderstanding and undesired responses • Usually there is no record to some forms of oral communication • Advantages • Can enable speedy exchange • Immediate feedback is possible • People can ask questions and clarify points • In face to face interactions, the effect of the message on the audience can be noted • The sender is able to check whether that message is clear or had created confusion. • Spoken instructions are flexible and easy adaptable to many diverse situations. • • • •
- 13. Written communication Advantages • Good for complicated and or vital instructions. They can be given in precise uniform manner and they can be referred back to. • There is less chance of that message being misunderstood • Written communication provides a record of communication • The messages can be carefully prepared and direct to a large audience through mass mailing. • Written communication can also promote uniformity in policy and procedures. Can reduce cost in some cases Disadvantages • People may not always read written communication • There is no immediate feedback • It is not possible for the receive to obtain immediate clarification if they don't understand the message • It may create mountains of paperwork • It can be poorly expressed by ineffective writers
- 14. How to improve verbal communication Reinforcement Questioning Reflecting Clarifying
- 15. Reinforcement Reinforcement is the use of encouraging words alongside non-verbal gestures such as head nods, a warm facial expression and maintaining eye contact. All these help to build rapport and are more likely to reinforce openness in others. The use of encouragement and positive reinforcement can: Encourage others to participate in discussion (particularly in group work); Show interest in what other people have to say; Pave the way for development and/or maintenance of a relationship; Allay fears and give reassurance; Show warmth and openness; Reduce shyness or nervousness in ourselves and others.
- 16. Reflecting and Clarifying Reflecting is the process of feeding back to another person your understanding of what has been said. Reflecting is a specialised skill often used within counselling, but it can also be applied to a wide range of communication contexts and is a useful skill to learn. Reflecting often involves paraphrasing the message communicated to you by the speaker in your own words. You need to try to capture the essence of the facts and feelings expressed, and communicate your understanding back to the speaker. It is a useful skill because: You can check that you have understood the message clearly.
- 17. Questioning Questioning is broadly how we obtain information from others on specific topics. Questioning is an essential way of clarifying areas that are unclear or test your understanding. It can also enable you to explicitly seek support from others. On a more social level, questioning is also a useful technique to start conversations, draw someone into a conversation, or simply show interest. Effective questioning is therefore an essential element of verbal communication.
- 18. Activity You are teaching a class and you see a few students looking puzzled. Which two methods if improving verbal communication do you need to use and why?
- 21. Non-verbal communication This form of communication relies on elements other than speech and writing. Non-verbal communication is equal in importance to verbal communication. According to Leathers (1992), non-verbal communication is the use of interacting sets of visual, vocal, and invisible communications systems to convey and interpret meaning. For example, if you are making an apology to someone for a wrong done with a smirk on your face, the person may not believe that you are serious and genuinely apologetic.
- 22. Time to think An overseas student has just joined your school as part of the school's annual student exchange programme. She believes that she is not welcome at the school. (a) Suggest THREE non-verbal cues from students that might make the overseas student feel unwelcome. What are three non-verbal cues could you do to make her feel welcome ?
- 23. KINESICS Kinesics is the broad field of nonverbal communication solely concerned with the interpretation of nonverbal behaviours that are associated with body movement gestures posture, facial expression, and eye contact.
- 24. Gestures Gestures Gestures are the movements of hands, face, or other parts of the body in a way that conveys meaning, either in conjunction with verbal communication such as frowning while saying harsh words against someone, or in isolation such as smiling at a stranger to express pleasure at ones presence.
- 25. Posture Posture communicates a great deal of information about you. The way in which you sit, stand, slump or slouch provides information about your sex, status, self-image, attitudes and emotional state. For example, sitting with your head in your hands often indicates that your are feeling low, whereas sitting with your feet on the desk may be interpreted by others as a sign of your feeling of superiority.
- 26. Oculesics Oculesics, a subcategory of kinesics, is the study of eye movement, eye behavior, gaze, and eye-related nonverbal communication.
- 27. Read and Think What do you think the individuals in the following scenario want to communicate? (a) David’s mother is about to leave home and reminds him to take out the garbage. He throws his hands into the air and wears a frown. What is he communicating? (b) Vishnu sits slumped in his chair at his desk in the classroom during Communication Studies class. What might the teacher infer that Vishnu is communicating?
- 28. Paralanguage Paralanguage is the technical term for the voice cues that accompany spoken words. It is concerned with the sound of the voice and the range of meanings that people convey through their voices rather than the words they use. For example, the word “Yes”, can completely convey different meanings, even in the exact same sentence, depending on how it is said—whether it is spoken sincerely or sarcastically.
- 29. Proxemics Proxemics This is the use of space to communicate. For example if someone comes to sit next to you in the library when the whole table is empty it can communicate a range of things about relations/interests/personality types. Personal space or proxemics, a form of non-verbal communication, is the space surrounding each person. Zones: Broadly, the four distinct zones are: Intimate (0-2 ft.), Personal (2-4 ft), Social (4-12 ft.) and Public (more than 12 ft.).
- 30. Maya and Zoe are sitting on a bench talking about their coming weekend activities. Kemi sits next to Zoe and says hi to both girls. Zoe and Maya slide further along the bench away from Kemi.. What is being communicated?
- 31. Chronemics Time/Chronemics The way you use time, or chronemics, can communicate attitude or status. For instance, one may show/communicate respect by being early for an appointment or job interview. Conversely, lack of respect may be communicated by turning up half-an-hour late for a class.
- 32. Artifacts Artifacts are those items, such as jewelry, clothing or a vehicle that may communicate something about the type of person you are. If a male wears extremely tight pants or shaves his eyebrows, it may communicate something about him to others.
- 33. Haptics Haptics is the study of touching as nonverbal communication. Touches that can be defined as communication include handshakes, holding hands, kissing (cheek, lips, hand), back slap, "high-five", shoulder pat, brushing arm, etc. Each of these give off nonverbal messages as to the touching person's intentions/feelings.
- 34. Senses- Finally, messages can be sent through the five senses – taste, touch, smell etcetera.
- 35. Others Auditory symbols Sirens, whistles, bells and buzzers, beeps, tunes are used as auditory symbols. Diagram A diagram is a figure consisting of simple line drawing made to accompany and illustrate the parts and the operation of something. The different types of diagrams are: Graphs and charts: The different graphs and charts are bar graphs, line graph (Compares two variables), pie chart (Displays percentage), flow chart (Indicates the procedures). Colour It has psychology effect; it is associated with diff. moods and feelings It is an important means of communication; used for classification and identification of different products; make products attractive
- 36. Activity The overseas student has been asked to inform an assembly of students about her culture. Identify FOUR non- verbal means that the student could use to enhance her presentation . State FOUR elements in the communication process that she needs to consider before making her presentation. (recap)
- 37. Functions of non-verbal communication Substituting is where we use non-verbal communication to replace verbal communication. Waving goodbye instead of saying it out loud is one example of this. ii. Reinforcement. We also use non-verbal communication to reinforce or complement our verbal communication. Pounding your hand onto a table when arguing may reinforce whatever point you’re making. iii. Regulating. The regulating function of non-verbal communication is used mostly in conversation to control the flow of messages. Raising your hand to answer or ask a question in class helps to regulate the communication going on in the room. iv. Contradiction. Sometimes we use non-verbal communication to contradict our verbal communication. The most common example of this is using vocalic sarcasm – when you say one thing, but your tone of voice says the opposite. Manage Impressions. We often manage impressions through the use of non-verbal communication. The way we dress, for example, often coincides with the impression we want others to have of us. vi. Establish Relationships. Finally, we use non-verbal communication to establish relationships. The wearing of a wedding band is a non-verbal indication that the person is married.
- 38. Graded Presentation: Students will form groups of 4. Each group will create a scenario where they use both verbal and nonverbal communication to communicate within a specific context. Their presentation should use at least three nonverbal communication methods and at least two purposes of nonverbal communication should be seen.