Fundamentals of demography

Fundamentals of Demographyby Dr MohdZulkifleHOD Dept of TSTNIUM, Bangalore

Demography- deals with study of population in a given area during a given year with reference to size, composition, behavior and distribution.Size- Total no. of persons obtain by censusComposition- Stratification of population- Age, sex, literacy, occupation, income, religionBehavior- Population growth over a period & decadeDistribution- Population density, R-U ratio, topographic location

Population dynamic- Study of processes that influence the characteristic of population marriage, births, deaths, migration, social mobilizationPopulation statistics- In statistical study of all components of population and their related factors, study of vital events in vital statistics

Demographic cycle ( stages): Better word in stages, no country ever enter first stage after final. Occurrence of changes in growth of population in various stages. Theory of demographic transition. There are five stagesHigh stationaryEarly expandingLate expandingLow stationaryStage of decline

Census- Collection, compilation, publication of social, economic and demographic data of all individuals of a country during a particular time.Since census is difficult, massive and stupendous task so carried out once in 10 years. First census in India was conducted on 01.03.1981Defacto system- upto 1931De- yure system- since 1941Deaths and births upto 1st march are includedCensus commisssioner is incharge of whole processes

Limitations of censusInfants are generally under enumeratedExact age cant be knownOld persons increase their oldnessInformation about handicapped is incompleteInformation about work status is distorted

Uses of census-Provides social, economic and demographic data of countryProvides information on compositionHelp to estimate mid year populationHelp to assess the trend of populationHelp to formulate population policiesHelp to plan health and welfare measuresHelp in international comparisionHelp to formulated social security measures- insuranceHelp to assess to evaluate population control programmeHelp to know quality of life

Population trend in India-In first census population was 20 crores, in 1901 it was 23 crores and almost stationary between 1911-1921 at 24-25 crores. After 1921 there was sudden increase so thri year 1921 called year of big divide.Age and sex composition- represented in population pyramid. Male on right and female on left side by horizontal bar. This help in calculation Age- sex specific death rate and age specific sex ratio as well as standardization of death rate.

Literacy level- Ability to read and write. Lowest in Bihar 49%. Literacy is most crucial in etermining progress and development of country.Dependency ratio: ratio between adult of economically productive age and dependent i.e. children below 15 and older above 65 years. It is expressed as per 100 adults. It was 65.5 in 1996.Occupation- professional, managerial, clercial, skilled, semiskilled, unskilled, unemployed.Socioeconomic status- Different workers have given the status considering c.p1 and percapita income. B.G Parsad, Kuppuswami, Pareek classification are in use.Nearly 40 % population are BPL.

Housing- Assessed as good, satisfactory and poor by scoring method based on construction light, ventilation, overcrowding, drainage, source of water, sanitary latrine, breedingPlaces and live stock. Indraayasyojna working forwards betterment of housing of poorMarital status- Known to implement welfare programmes, married, unmarried, divorce, widow, widowerReligion related and language spoken related data are also collected in census

Life expectancy: Average no. of years a person is expected to live according to existing mortality pattern. Expressed as Leo and LE1, max in Japan 80 years, least in Nepal 58 years.Family size- Total no. of children a women has borne at a given point of time. It depends upon age of marriage, duration of married life, literacy rate, availabity of F.W services and preference for male child, least in Japan 1.4, max nepal 4.7. India 3.1

Disribution: Urban, rural, tribal, slum and density /sqkm. Living together may be concentration as in cities or centralization, segregation- same cultural habit. Growth rate and migration determine the density. It is 324/sqkm.Urbanization: Community population more than 5000, at least 75% male working nonagricultural work and density is 400/sqkm. Birthrate and migration determine the size of urban population. Factors are employments, education, facilities, health, transport.1901 U:R= 11:89, 2001 31:69Population more than 10 million make megacity- Delhi, mumbai, kolkatta

Population dynamics- Study of factors responsible for change in population characters. Marriage, birth, death, migration and social mobilization.Marriage- Legally and socially accepted way of entertaining the right of procreation. M.rate is no. of marriage during a given year/1000 MYP. G.M.R- marriage of marriageable/ 1000MYPFertality- Actual bearing of children and fecundity- capacity to bear children. Factors for fertility- age of marriage, duration, literacy, spacing,economic status, religion, nutritional status, family welfare services.

Measurement of fertilityCrude birth rate and general fertility rateGeneral marital fertilty rate (GMFR)Age specific fertility rate (ASFR)Age specific marital fertility rate (ASMFR)Total fertility rate (TFR)Total marital fertility rate (TMFR)Gros reproductive rate (GRR)Net reproduction rate (NRR)Child woman ratio CPR or failure rate of contraceptionAbortion rateAbortion ratio to live birth

Crude death rate and infant mortality rates are important demographicallyTo obtain precise mortality data death certificate is important document. It issued as per internation std.D.C. provides information about Direct causes of death- Immediate, antecedent and contributory and duration between onset of cause and death e.g M1-HT-obesity, PE- fracture of femur,epilepsy, shock- dehydration due to diarrhoea-malnutritionIMR and BR are closely related

Migration- Movement of population from regular areaof residence into another territorial area temporarily or permanently- immigration and emmigration. Netmigration is equal to immi-emmi.

Population explosion: Depend upon difference between CBR and CDR ( demographic gap in graph) and migration.Till the country resources are sufficient to support the population basic need. It is growthWhen natural resources fail to support the basic need of population- explosionPresent P.G.R is 9.2 crores/ year 37 children secondAs growth rate increases, doubling time becomes shortesExplosion results from high BR and low DR

Causes of High B.rateEarly onset of puberty and early marriage- too early, too many, too frequent pregnanciesUniversality of marriageHigher proportion of adultSocial and cultural factor

Causes of Low death rateDecreased frequency of natural calamitiesAdvancement in medical scienceHealth awarenessAvailability of better health servicesLaunch of various national programmesInternation aid

Hazard of population explosion:Housing problemEnvironmental problemVector problemAlcohlismBroken homeCorruptionDivorceDrug abuseGamblingTheftMurder and sexcrimesBehavioural disorder Mental illnessAnxiety, tension. WorryMalnutritionInfectionsSTDsAccidentsEpidemicsHypertensionDiabetes

Population stabilization: Can be achieved by equalizing death and birth rate. Population cant be reduced intentionally but can be stablized.Reduction of birth rate may be obtained by two stratgies. Non birth contrl measure (S.W.M) Birth control measure (B.C.M)

Non birth control measuresRaising age at marriageEradicating illeteracyImprovement of economic statusRaising housing standardImproving the status of womanAdopting one child norm I.E.CImproving quality of health services. M.C.H- child borne must survive to adulthood.Contribute and share in country development not in self growth

Fundamentals of demography

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Fundamentals of demography