Fundamentals or Basics of Cloud Computing.pdf

FUNDAMENTALS OF CLOUD
COMPUTING
by
Amol S. Gaikwad
Lecturer
Government Polytechnic Gadchiroli
Maharashtra

Learning Outcomes
Explain characteristics of Cloud computing
Compare Cloud deployment models on the given services
Explain the given service offered by identified Cloud service model
Explain components of Cloud computing architecture

Introduction To Cloud Computing
Cloud computing uses internet and servers to support applications and data
User can use these applications and data on the cloud from any workstation
(computers) using internet
Cloud computing means providing on demand computing facilities, IT
infrastructure and services using internet.
Cloud computing defined by NIST (National Institute of Standards and
Technology) is as below -
“Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand, access to a
shared pool of configurable computing resources (eg- networks, servers,
storage, applications and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minmal management effort or service provider interaction”

According to this definition cloud computing provides various resources like
networks, servers, storage, applications and services over some network like
internet
Introduction To Cloud Computing
Cloud users are not required to know about the details of the cloud like its
infrastructure or cloud site.
Users can access(use) cloud applications using various interfaces like desktop,
mobiles, web-browsers etc.
Business data and applications are stored on cloud servers.
Cloud computing performs task at faster rates
Cloud is a set or collection of hardware, network, storage, services and
interfaces that facilitates the service

Basic Structure of Cloud Computing
Facilities
(Paas+SaaS+IaaS)
Cloud user 1
(using mobile)
Cloud user 2
(using desktop)
Cloud user 3
(using laptop)
Cloud computing
Cloud providers
(offers facilities)

Cloud providers provide various facilities services to the users
Various users use these services from different locations and devices like -
mobiles, desktop computers and laptops
Basic Structure of Cloud Computing

Cloud consumer - An individual person or organisation using services provided
by cloud provider as their business relationship
Terminologies used in Cloud Computing
Cloud provider - An individual person or organisation who provides service and
responsible for those services to those who demand it
Cloud auditor - A party that checks (evaluates) cloud services such as
performance, working (operation) on various systems, security etc.
Cloud broker - Management between cloud providers and cloud consumers,
they present and deliver various services
Cloud mediator - Responsible for connectivity and transport of cloud services
from service providers to cloud consumers

Due to following challenges there is need of cloud computing -
Need of Cloud Computing
Software licensing and support - In data centre licensing is required for every
application but in cloud computing only a single licensing is required.
Scalability - Conventional infrastructure cannot be extend easily at a
particular time how much to scale (expand) also changes with time
Accountability - Conventional infrastructure don’t have accountability
(responsibility)
Modifiability - When changes are needed, its cost extra charges for changing
applications

Physical Security - Maintaining physical security is a difficult task
Need of Cloud Computing
Cost-effective management - To make the application available for users all
the time, replication of data is required from time to time which is very costly
for organisations

Cloud computing reduces cost of companies for storing data.
Reduces total investment in hardware and software for an organisation
Benefits (Advantages) of Cloud
Computing
Improves operational expenses, renewing charges and capital expenses of an
organisation
Hotmail, gmail, yahoo mail are all examples of cloud computing - software and
servers of these emails are on the cloud and users can access them from any
where
Reduced costs - Expenses of maintenance and upgradation are handled by the
cloud providers. Cloud reduces server’s cost, maintenance fees, data centre
space, software licences etc, many cloud computing applications are provided
free.

Scalability - Cloud computing permits businesses to pay as per work and and
other resources they use. RAM space, storage space etc are simple to use and
expand which can be done in hours rather than days. Businesses pay as per
their demand, pay more for more demand and less for less demand
Remote Access - Data can be easily synchronised and effortlessly shared
between international offices, any tool can be used any time and at any place
(isolated access)
Isolated access - 1) Streaming of data - online radio station or movie
2) Web application interface - online store / search engine
3) Desktop sharing and isolated control software
Computing

Disaster Relief - Cloud virtualization techniques permit restoration, backup
and flawless migration of application and protects from natural calamities like
earthquakes, floods, internal troubles and wars.
Ease of implementation - cloud applications do not need to be upgraded, fixed
or downloaded, easy to learn, cost free trail and small enterprises (businesses)
Skilled Vendors - Cloud computing suppliers maintains professional workers
with them
Response time - Response time is faster when compared to normal hardware
and servers
Computing

Easy to customize - customization of resources is possible upto some level as
per need. Pre-configured operating system, committed IP addresses for cloud
servers, conversion between servers of similar cloud free and at high speed,
allocation/replication at many remote sites
Virtual Provisioning - Storage space is allocated on demand to various devices
on the virtual storage network. Virtualized network for controlling, monitoring
and maintaining physical disk storage connected with virtual machines
Fully Automated Storage Tiering (FAST) - Shifts active data to storage tiers with
high performance computing and stationary data to different storage spaces
at low cost
Computing

Pay as per use - pay for only those resources which are required and release
them after use.
Benefits of Cloud Computing
Accessibility from anywhere - Resources can be used (accessed) from any
location and any device
Increased scalability - resources can be easily scaled (expand) without much
time, cost and efforts
Increased availability and reliability - Resources are available all the time and
whenever any component fails, it is immediately separated and replaced by
cloud provider
Dynamic provision - It is perception (imagination) of having unlimited
computing resources available on demand and no need to plan for it.

Data lock-in - Shifting of data and application is challenging to the cloud
provider provider particularly for big organizations
Limitations/disadvantages of Cloud
Computing
Data Segregation - Separating cloud users from one another is difficult as it is
difficult to separate memory or storage among different users
Privilege Neglect - malicious insider with access to confidential data is threat
to data security of companies
Cloud does not scale up (expand) resources rapidly
Data location - Geographical locations of data is challenging as different
countries may have different rules and strategies.

Deletion of data - If the data is not deleted properly or not migrated
completely from the cloud then that data may be used by malicious user
Limitations/disadvantages of Cloud
Computing
Recovery of data - Keeping the data of consumer safe at different locations for
easy recovery and backup is a big challenge
Internet connection is required for using cloud services, which may not safe
and feasible (practical)
Unpredictable performance - Cloud performance depends on many aspects
and the end user has no control on many of them

Cloud Architecture
Client infrastructure
Application
Service
Cloud Runtime
Storage
Infrastructure
Management Security
front end
back end
Internet
Fig : Cloud Architecture

Cloud architecture can be divided into two main parts - front end and back end
Cloud Architecture
Front end - It is client side of cloud computing and includes all the interfaces
and applications client uses to access cloud resorces, for ex- web browsers
Back end - It is cloud itself and contains many resources like storage, virtual
applications, virtual machines, security, management, networking etc.
Different components of cloud architecture are as below -
1) Client Infrastructure - It is a part of front end, it contains user interfaces (GUI)
and applications require to interact with cloud.
2) Application - It is a backend part. It is a software or application used by client. It
provides service to client as per its requirements.

3) Services - It refers to services and their management provided in the back end
like PaaS, SaaS and IaaS
Cloud Architecture
4) Runtime Cloud - It is backend part and provides runtime platform/environment
to virtual machines
5) Storage - It provides scalable storage devices and management of stored in the
backend
6) Infrastructure - It is a back end part and refers to hardware and software
components of cloud like - servers, storages, network devices, virtualization
software etc.
7) Management - It refers to the management of backend components like
storage, infrastructure, applications , services, runtime cloud, security
mechanisms etc.

8) Security - It is a backend components and it provides different mechanisms to
cloud users for secure access to cloud resources, files, storage, infrastructure etc
Cloud Architecture
9) Database - Database at the back end is used for storing structured data like
SQL, NOSQL. Amazon SQL, Microsoft Azure SQL, Google cloud SQL are examples of
database services
10) Networking - It is a backend part. It provides networking infrastructure to
cloud applications like - load balancing, DNS and Virtual Private Network (VPN)
11) Internet - It connects the front end to the back end of cloud. Cloud users use
all the resources and services of the cloud using internet

Cloud infrastructure means all the hardware and software components
reuired to creat a complete cloud system
Infrastructure components of Cloud
Computing
Management Software Deployment Software
Hypervisor
Network Server Storage
Fig : Infrastructure Components of cloud Compunting

Management Software - It helps in maintaining and configuring of cloud
infrastructure. It controls and optimizes resources such as data, applications
and services
Computing
Deployment Software - It helps to deploy and integrate the application on
cloud
Hypervisor - It is a firmware (low level program) which divides and allocates
cloud resources to several customers. It monitors and manages cloud
resources hence it is also called as Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) or Virtual
Machine Manager (VMM)

Network - It connects the cloud with customers (internet) or different internal
components of cloud with each other
Computing
Server - Servers provides services such as resource sharing, allocation and
deallocation of resources, managing, monitoring and security
Storage - It refers to the tools which saves the data. Which storage to use
depends on the amount of data and time period it is to be saved

On-demand self-service
Characteristics of Cloud Computing
- Cloud customers can use, manage, monitor, provision cloud resources
without requirement of humans interference
- Customers can scale up or scale down services as per their demand (on-
demand)
Broad Network Access
- Cloud services can be used (accessible) by many tools like mobile, PCs,
laptop computers etc.
- Cloud applications and services are available over the network

Resource Pooling
- Computing resources of the cloud are grouped together and shared among
customers as per their requirments.
- Resources such as memory, storage, processing, network bandwidth, mail
services, virtual machines are shared among customers
Quick Elasticity
- Computing resources should be flexible, they should scale out (expand)
when uses increases and scale in when usage decreases

Calculated Services
- Cloud computing resources can be controlled and reported, providing
transparency of the used service to both customer and cloud providers
- Cloud computing services use metering facility - it means just like
electricity, IT services are also charged as per the usage , more usage more
pay and less usage less pay
Multi-persistant
- Customers from different companies or from different business entities of
different management departments can share same infrastructure between
them

Dynamic computing Infrastructure
- Cloud providers use virtualisation technology which abstracts hardware
resources and present them as logical resorces to the customers
IT Service-centric Approach
- Cloud users may effortlessly access strong, predefined, computing
situations designed particularly around their service
- The IT service centric method allows user acceptance and business
flexibility

Self-service Based Usage Model
- It offers users the ability to assemble, upload, plan, install, control, and
report on their company service on demand
- A self service cloud offers simple-to-use, normal user interface, which
allows users to effectively control the life cycle of service delivery
- It saves time, money and less participation of management teams
Self-managed platforms
- Clouds provides self-administration through software automation
- Tasks such as managing, configuring, planning, accessing and reporting are
done through software automation

Standardized Interfaces
- Cloud services should have consistent APIs that decides how two data
sources or applications can work with each other
- A consist interface allows cloud users to connect to cloud services together
- API - Application Programming Interface

Service Models of Cloud
SaaS
PaaS IaaS
SaaS
( Email, virtual desktop, games )
PaaS
( Database, web server, development tools )
IaaS
(Servers, storage, virtual machines, network, etc)
Layer-3
Layer-2
Layer-1

In SaaS applications are hosted (provided) by vendors or cloud providers and
made available to customers over internet
Software as a Service (SaaS)
It is responsibility of cloud suppliers to manage and control the software in
cloud
Cloud users do not manage the cloud platform and infrastructure on which
the app is working
There is no requirement to deploy and operate the application on personal
computers of cloud users
Cloud applications are multi-tenant, it means one machine can serve lagre
number of cloud users

In SaaS applications are hosted (provided) by vendors or cloud providers and
made available to customers over internet
Some applications of SaaS are -
Complaint resolution system
Employee management system
E-police, E-court
Water board, billing, payment systems
District management solutions
Service desk

Size of SaaS infrastructure is large compared to client-server architecture
technology
Physical resources
Cloud provider
Virtual resources
Software
Cloud client
Fig : Software as a Service

Examples of SaaS - Gmail, Google Apps, Netflix, Microsoft Office 365,
Photoshop, Google docs, Dropbox etc.
Advantages of SaaS -
Straightforward expenses are nil
It doesn’t require hardware purchase or software installation, only
webs browser required to access the application
Quick operation service
Extremely scalable (expandable)
Multi-tenant (multi-user) design
Technical modernisation is efforlessly incorporated by the cloud
supplier

Characteristics of SaaS
Its applications are not complicate to manage and simple to use
Applications are service oriented and modular
Product sold to customer is the access to the application
SaaS applications have integrated invoicing service
Applications are centrally managed
Data of every consumer is saved and protected
Applications require offering complicated business procedure arrangement for
customers
Examples of SaaS providers - NetSuite, Financial Force.com, Cuopa Software,
AT & T

Advantages of SaaS -
Pay-as-you-go (PAYG) pricing
Service level improvement
rapid implementation
Lessens licensing charge
Disadvantages of SaaS
Security - data is stored on cloud, so security of data is an issue
Latency issue - As applications and data are stored on cloud the response
time (latency) may increase while interacting with application
Without internet SaaS applications can be used
Switching between SaaS is difficult because of transferring and
importing of large data files over internet

Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Platform in computing is hardware architecture, operating system and
runtime libraries which are used together to create and run programs
PaaS model provides all the facilities to the programmer to develop, test ,
manage and deploy applications
Cloud suppliers in the PaaS model provides computing platform which
includes database, operating system, web server, programming language
implementations etc.
Application developers do not require to purchase basic software and
harwdware required to buit applications
Examples of PaaS - Heroku, Amazon Elastic Beanstalk, Google App Engine,
Microsoft Azure Mendix etc.

Operating System
Web-application
Database
Layer-2
Fig : Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Advantages or Features of PaaS
Application expansion structure - Cloud users can customize the
application as per the requirement
Simplicity to use - PaaS is user friendly, provides drag and drop options and
helps rapid development of application
Accessibility - Platform is reachable and available anywhere, anytime
Scalability - Platform is able to control and manage the infrastructure and
application loads
Comprehensiveness - The platform offers the facility to insert and
incorporate other applications set up on similar platforms

Advantages or Features of PaaS
Application expansion structure - Cloud users can customize the
application as per the requirement
Portability - The platform works with any any basic infrastructure and
corporations (organisations) can shift application from one IaaS to other
Porting devices - Porting devices are used for effortless data migration from
on-premise applications to other
Properly documented - It has properly documented API for for tasks such as
user verification, recovery, saving of files and calls to database

Disadvantage of PaaS
Vendor lock-in - Applications are written according to platform provided by
PaaS vendors, so migrating applications to another PaaS vendor is
problematic
Data Safety - Organisation data will be available on the cloud so there is risk
of data privacy
Integration with other applications - Using data from local application with
data which is in cloud can be complicated
Examples of PaaS providers - Google App Engine, PivotalLab, AppScale,
Flexiscale etc.

Features of PaaS for Application developers
- A virtual development environment
- Application principles based on developers requirements
- An interface with tools ‘virtual development’
- A ready to use tool for public application developers

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
IaaS provides computer infrastructure as a service
It provides computing resources as physical or virtual machines form
Resources provided by IaaS clouds includes virtual machines, storage,server,
network, software collections, firewalls, IP addresses, Virtual Local Area
Network (VLAN)
Cloud users install applications and operating system images on the cloud
Cloud user is responsible for patching (updating) the application and operating
system both.
Cloud users pay only for the amount of resources allotted and used by them

IaaS provides tools to access a fully virtualized infrastructure
IaaS is a combination of hardware and software resources
IaaS has a software called as ‘hypervisor’ which responsible for keeping record
of hardware resources and and distributing resources to different users called
as resource pooling
Hypervisor runs independent of operating system (does not depend on
operating system.
Hypervisor also known as virtual machine manager (VMM) provides guests
operating systems virtual operating platform and also controls
implementations of these guests operating system

Hypervisor are generally organised on server hardware
Examples of IaaS - Amazon EC2, Google Compute Engine, Rackspace cloud,
RightScale etc.
Physical resources
(server)
Virtual resource
cloud client
Storage
Fig : Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Cloud provider

Advantages of IaaS
- Cloud user can configure and select computing resources like
storage, network, server, CPU etc as per their needs
- IaaS cloud services are very easy to access (use)
- Corporations (organisation) do not need to invest on large IT
infrastructure, IaaS reduces their expenses on IT infrastructure
- Cloud infrastructure is managed and controlled by cloud providers
- Cloud users are charged according to resources allotted and utilized
by them

Disadvantages of IaaS
- Data security - cloud providers may have access to organisations
important data
- To access (use) IaaS clouds internet facility is required
- Depends on the availability of virtualisation services

Cloud Deployment Models
Cloud deployment means who will own, manage, control and where the cloud
infrastructure will be placed
Company select different cloud models depending on their requirements
There are generally four types of cloud deployment models as below
Public
cloud
Private
cloud
Community
cloud
Hybrid
cloud

Public Cloud
Public cloud infrastructure can be used by general public
Public cloud may be owned, managed, controlled and operated, business,
government organisations , academic organisations or combination of these
organisations
Public cloud infrastructure is located on the cloud providers place
Public cloud is not free, it charges some amount for usage
It is flexible and less expensive of establishing cloud services
Physical infrastructure of the cloud is possessed by the cloud provider
Cloud infrastructure, services and computing resources are available for all

Public Cloud
Examples of public cloud - Google, Microsoft, Amazon Elastic compute cloud,
Windows Azure services platform
User 1
User 2
User 3
Cloud provider
Fig : Public cloud

Public Cloud
Advantages of Public cloud :
- No initial investment is required to use any service from the cloud
- Cloud infrastructure is managed by the cloud provider
- Public cloud is highly scalable, companies can scale up or down the
resources easily as per their requirements
- Public cloud are reliable, if one resource fails other resource can be
made available quickly
- Public cloud is less expensive as it charges very amount at a lesser
rate

Public Cloud
Disadvantages of Public cloud :
- Public cloud are less secure as information and data are on public
platform
- It cannot be customized as per our requirements

Private Cloud
In private cloud, cloud infrastructure is exclusively used by a single
organisation. Multiple departments or units within that organisation can use
that cloud
It is owned, managed, controlled and operated by the organisation or third
party or combination of both
Cloud infrastructure may located on the premises of organisation or some
where else
Cloud infrastructure may located on the premises of organisation or some
where else
Growth and information are managed inside the private cloud without
restrictions on system bandwidth, authorization requirement and disclosure
of security procedures

Private Cloud
In private cloud, cloud infrastructure is exclusively used by a single
organisation. Multiple departments or units within that organisation can use
that cloud
In private cloud user can control the cloud infrastructure
Infrastructure is accessed only by the members of the organisation and
granted by third party
Private cloud is hosted in the data centre of the company
Private cloud is owned by the organisation but it is constructed, deployed and
directed by third party

Private Cloud
A new concept of ‘virtual private cloud’ is launched in which a private cloud is
provided inside public cloud infrastructure
In private clouds safety is stricter than in public cloud
Businesses which has safety concerns may use the power of private cloud
When applications or data need to follow some standards then organisations
may prefer private cloud for it
Examples of private cloud - Eucalyptus, Vmware, Microsoft, Elastra private
cloud etc.

Private Cloud
Different resources available
Cloud provider
Fig : Private cloud User 1
User 2

Private Cloud
Advantages of private cloud -
- Organisation have better control on the cloud infrastructure, they can
manage and operate the cloud
- Organisation can customize the cloud as per their needs
- private cloud provides high data security and privacy as only the
members of the organisation can access it
Disdvantages of private cloud -
- Private clouds are costlier than public as it needs infrastructure
expense as in IT infrastructure
- Private clouds are less scalable as the its resources are limited

Community Cloud
In community model, many corporations share the cloud infrastructure with
similar needs, strategy and agreement considerations
It reduces cloud cost as it is shared by a bigger group or cluster
Community cloud falls between private and public cloud category
When numerous consumers have similar requirements and necessities, they
may share infrastructure and also administration and arrangements of cloud
Cloud administration could be made by third party or by themselves
Community or groups can interconnected aim like non-competitive company
objectives, safety of resources etc.

Community Cloud
Community cloud network
Community members
User 1 User 2 User 3
Fig : Community cloud

Community Cloud
The physical infrastructure can be located on any location or third party
location
Advantages of community cloud -
- As the cloud is shared by a community or group it is less expensive
- Cloud resources and infrastructure is shared with multiple
organisations
- Better control as the cloud is controlled and administered by the
community or group
- Provides better security than public cloud

Community Cloud
Disadvantages of community cloud -
- Community cloud can be sometimes more expensive than private
cloud
- Running community cloud is difficult because of changing or
undefined responsibility and control
- Customization is difficult as changes required by one organisation may
affect other organisation

Hybrid Cloud
Hybrid cloud is a combination two or more clouds (community, private and
public cloud) which is mutually dependant on one another
In hybrid cloud model resources are provided on both on-premises and on
isolated server based cloud infrastructure
It provides flexibility of internal applications and scalability and error
tolerance features of cloud services
In hybrid deployment model, corporations may install less important software
applications on public cloud, where as critical (important) applications are
installed on private cloud located on premises
Hybrid cloud provides benefits of protected data and application on private
cloud and reduced cost by sharing data and applications on public cloud

Hybrid Cloud
This model is also used to manage loads, where private cloud is used to
support emergency loads, managing load between private and public cloud
without any trouble to users
Hybrid cloud can be consist of private and public clouds but it is administered
or managed as a single unit
Different clouds in hybrid model are bound by standardized technology that
enables data and application portability between them

Hybrid Cloud
Resources available on
private cloud
Resources
available on
public cloud
Public cloud
Private cloud
Organisation using hybrid cloud network (both
private and public cloud )
Fig : Hybrid cloud

Hybrid Cloud
Advantages of hybrid cloud
- hybrid cloud are scalable as it provides features of public cloud
- hybrid cloud provides better security as important data and
applications are installed on private cloud
- As hybrid cloud also uses public cloud it becomes more cost effective
disadvantages of hybrid cloud
- As hybrid cloud uses combination of different clouds networking
becomes complicated
- hybrid cloud are complex that may make data insecure and cause
security issue

Vendors of Cloud Computing
Vendors means companies which provides some services or product
Vendors of cloud computing provides cloud computing services to customers
Some popular examples of popular cloud computing vendors are -
Amazon Web Services - IaaS
Google - SaaS, PaaS
Microsoft Azure Services Platform - PaaS

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