Future Agenda Future Of Migration

Professor Richard Black
Head of School of Global Studies, University of Sussex and Director, Sussex Centre for Migration Research

Future of Migration

66

The Global Challenge

Immigrant integration and increasing diversity in Europe and the North are significant questions for today’s Is there scope
societies. However, I would like to focus on three other major challenges that are often ignored in public for relaxation
of controls on
debate. All rest on the assumption that migration is a challenge for poor countries too: migration,
particularly where
• First, most poorer people in the world are unable to • What is the role of education in giving poor people this can be
demonstrated to
migrate internationally, and so are unable to share in access to international migration opportunities, and
have beneficial
any benefits of international migration; and that even can policies on migration and education be combined macro-economic
where they do, the ability of their home communities in a way that gives rise to a ‘virtuous circle’, rather effects on
and families to benefit from this migration is than so-called ‘brain drain’? sending and
receiving
often limited. countries?
• How can migrants’ remittances to poor countries -
• Second, less visible forms of migration, such as which are currently greater in monetary terms that
internal, temporary, seasonal or child migration international aid flows - be built upon to stimulate a
usually offer much lower benefits, yet often carry wider process of development (whilst recognising
greater costs for poor people. that these are private rather than public flows
of capital)?
• Third, migration to newer regional centres in the
Middle East, Central, East and SE Asia or parts of Second, in relation to the less visible forms of migration
Africa give rise to new challenges in countries that that poor people do participate in:
have limited infrastructure or policies to deal with
• How can such forms of migration be facilitated in
immigrant rights, integration or ‘multicultural’
such a way that they deliver tangible benefits for
societies in the Western sense.
migrants and their families, as well as the wider
All three of these challenges impact a larger number of population in sending and receiving areas?
people, to a greater degree of significance, than the
• Is it possible to drive down the cost to relatively poor
‘classic’ challenges of integration and diversity that
people of sending relatively small amounts of money,
currently hold such a strong policy focus in the global
or to use such remittances to release capital
‘North’. If we focus on the consequences of migration
constraints, for example through stimulating the
for poor people and poor countries, then a number of
microfinance sector?
associated questions come into play that are of
importance over the next decade. • What forms of exploitation and abuse do internal,
temporary, seasonal or child migrants face, and how
First, in relation to the exclusion or limited involvement
can these be reduced or eliminated?
of poor people from international migration, questions
include: Third, in relation to those who migrate to emerging
regional centres in rapidly growing economies:
• Is there scope for relaxation of controls on migration,
particularly where this can be demonstrated to have • Are there lessons that can be learned from European
beneficial macro-economic effects on sending and or North American responses to immigrant
receiving countries? integration and diversity, or are entirely new models
required in other parts of the world?

Future of Migration 67

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Options and Possibilities

The major Although international migration has increased over the last few decades, it has done so slowly, rising from
‘channels’ of just 2% to around 3% of the world’s population over the period from 1970 to 2005. It seems highly probable
international
migration will
that this percentage will continue to rise slowly over the coming decade, or at least not fall, implying that by
be the same in 2020 there will be more international migrants in the world than there are today.
2020 as they
are today.
In addition, although it appears that new migration flows However, what is much more uncertain is the way in
- in terms of origins and destinations - are emerging all which sending and receiving societies might or might
the time, it also seems likely that the major ‘channels’ not benefit more from the migration into the future.
of international migration will be the same in 2020 as
For example, the ‘benefits’ of migration are often
they are today, with few new major ‘poles of attraction’,
indirect and therefore neither clear, nor easy to predict.
and few new emerging countries of emigration -
Few in the UK would now dispute that migration has
beyond the possibility of mass exodus associated with
had a significant and positive impact on the range and
economic or political collapse in a small number
quality of food in restaurants across the country. Yet
of countries.
there are almost certainly wider benefits ranging from
However, perhaps even more guaranteed is that there art and culture to entrepreneurship, technology and the
will be a greater proportion of the world’s population quality of healthcare that are difficult to measure (and
living in urban areas, both as a result of urban growth predict) but no less real. Such benefits are not limited
(an excess of births over deaths in many of the to the UK, or to international migration - for example
developing world’s major cities) but also as a result of the increasing presence of rural migrants in urban
continued rural-urban migration. This process of centres can lead to the development of trade links
urbanisation appears to be particularly strong in Africa, between rural and urban areas, as well as contributing
currently the least urbanised continent in the world, but to social and cultural transformations.
where the proportion of the population living in urban
There also appears to be a growing interest at
areas is expected by the UN to rise from around 35%
international level in the potential benefits of migration
in 2000, to around 45% in 2020 and 50% by 2030.
for development, as encompassed in initiatives such as
There is of course a degree of uncertainty even in the ‘Global Forum on Migration and Development’, a
relation to the points above. For example, the recent major international initiative to promote good policy
global economic crisis appears to have hit some poor practice in this field. Yet to date the translation of these
migrants particularly hard, as they often work in initiatives into changed policy at national level is highly
manufacturing and service industries that are orientated limited, with continued suspicion of migration and
towards global export markets that have been mobility amongst many policy-makers.
significantly affected by the downturn. The Chinese
authorities have estimated, for example, that as many
as 20 million migrant workers may return from urban
to rural areas as a result of the crisis. If such processes
were to turn into a medium-term trend, this could have
a major downward impact both on rates of urban
growth, and potentially on international migration.

68 Future of Migration

Proposed Path Forward

In the field of migration, talk of ‘solutions’ is not straightforward. For example, the issues involved are complex, In the field of
politically highly contentious, and research evidence is patchy. Indeed, there are few countries in which there migration, talk of
‘solutions’ is not
is a mature public debate about migration, whether this is movement of poor people from rural to urban areas, straightforward.
or immigration to new and emerging urban centres.

There is some prospect that the development of new information on safe migration - in practice, many
technologies might go some way to addressing the migrants and would-be migrants already use mobile
problems faced by poorer people in deriving benefits phones extensively to plan their journeys, and to make
from migration. For example, in the field of money the necessary contacts along the way to enable them
transfer by migrants, significant advances have been to continue towards their destinations.
made in terms of online and mobile-phone based
Solutions involving more rational public debate based
electronic transfers, sometimes to the benefit of very
on better research evidence are perhaps less probable,
poor people. The challenge is to make sure that these
but still eminently possible, at least in some contexts.
technologies are available to the poor, at low cost, and
To take one example, in Bangladesh, a mature public
functioning in ways that they engender trust that the
debate is emerging on the causes and benefits of
hard-earned cash of migrants is safe.
migration for the country, and successive governments,
However, in relation to all three challenges identified democratic and military, have taken at least some
above, ‘solutions’ are most likely to arise from a more action, based on emerging research evidence of the
mature public and policy debate, which in turn is likely significance of migration for the country’s economy and
to rely heavily on the availability of robust research society. This has led to some relaxation on the rules for
evidence. Yet there are many areas in which such travel overseas by women, with likely benefits in terms
evidence is lacking. For example, although the number of reduced exploitation of women who were previously
of international migrants in the world is now broadly forced to move illegally if they moved at all. A
accepted to be around 200 million people, these are combination of research and lobbying by organisations
figures for migrant stocks rather than flows; there is in such as the Refugee and Migratory Movements
contrast no consensus at all on how many people move Research Unit in Dhaka has also led to the granting of
across borders on a seasonal or annual basis, let alone citizenship to one of Bangladesh’s historic ‘migrant’
the numbers of people moving within their own groups - Urdu-speaking Biharis who moved to the
countries. Such data is not easy to obtain either: country during colonial times or around partition, many
borders are long, and often un-policed; few countries of whom had been confined to camp-like settlements
have the kind of residential registration systems that since 1971. Meanwhile, the country’s most recent
allow tracking of internal mobility, and in many societies Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper deals in depth with
such systems would either be impractical or meet fierce both internal and international migration, highlighting a
political resistance on civil liberties grounds. number of areas in which policy change might enhance
the benefits of migration to the poorest sections of
Technological advances are already proceeding fast in
society. These include investigation of labour demand
the field of migration, particularly in terms of migrant
overseas, improved services to overseas workers, and
remittances. There is the prospect too that the mobile
attempts to find innovative ways to finance the initial
phone in particular can become the source of trusted
cost of migration by the poor.


What do you think? Add your views to the global perspective on www.futureagenda.org

We need Yet the potential for global impact here is surely more associated with managing competing interests. For
compromise limited: out of a total of over 80 PRSPs completed in example, if new migrants arrive in a labour market, they
between
polarised
nearly 60 countries since 2001, little more than a clearly may compete for jobs with existing workers
positions that handful deal in any depth with the issue of migration (even if in some cases they do not, and in all cases,
seek to classify based on robust evidence. Most simply identify they also contribute to demand which stimulates overall
migration as
migration - and especially the internal movement of the employment). Where such competition does emerge,
‘good’ or ‘bad’ -
or between poor - as a problem, based on no hard evidence at all. it is likely to be felt most keenly by other recently-arrived
positions that migrants, often at the lower end of the labour market.
see migrants as
There is probably no ‘best’ path forward on migration,
‘deserving’ or nor is a world ‘free of constraints’ realistic. Migration In this context, I would argue for a more limited goal:
‘undeserving’. provides opportunities to some, but also poses creating the space in which well-informed debate about
challenges for others, such that the task of dealing with the benefits and costs of migration, and appropriate
it is always likely to be beset by the constraints policy responses, is possible.

Impacts and Implications

Ultimately, the biggest problem in finding solutions to the issues and challenges raised by migration is the
polarised nature of the debate. For many people, migration is a symptom of the failure of states or societies
to provide adequate living conditions so that people can stay in their home areas. In contrast, for many others,
migration is a ‘right’ that is limited by the actions of governments and societies that are xenophobic or racist.

Yet surely a middle ground needs to be found. For debates, to see the phenomenon of migration in a
many migrants, movement is an essential means of detached way, based on the best available evidence.
securing a livelihood or a better life, but migration is
The consequences of taking a more rounded view on
often also an undesired, and undesirable outcome of
migration are not easy to predict.
poverty, underdevelopment, environmental degradation
or armed conflict. Indeed, for an individual migrant, the Socially, a more open and tolerant attitude towards
desire to escape difficult conditions at home, and seize migration (whether or not numbers of migrants actually
opportunities elsewhere can easily go hand in hand. rise) could be at the cost of increased social tension, if
that process is poorly managed or explained. But
In this context, we need compromise between polarised
equally, it could almost certainly contribute to improved
positions that seek to classify migration as ‘good’ or
social relations, if understanding of the benefits of
‘bad’ - or between positions that see migrants as
migration and diversity can be clearly articulated. This
‘deserving’ or ‘undeserving’. That does, however,
is as relevant a conclusion for migrant-receiving areas
require policy-makers to rise above polarised public

70 Future of Migration

in the global ‘South’, such as commercial agricultural agricultural land for the production of biofuels); food Is migration a
plantations in Côte d’Ivoire or the slums of capital cities, insecurity is a classic cause of distress migration; both choice? That is
a key question.
as it is for economically-advanced societies in Europe too much water (floods) and too little (droughts) can be
and North America. associated with quite large migrations and
displacements; the influence of climate change makes
Economically, we still do not completely understand the
these particularly difficult to predict into the future;
broader consequences of migration, although there is
growing urbanisation contributes to one of the major
growing evidence of the benefits of migration both in
challenges facing the world in the 21st century - how
macro-economic terms, as well as for individual sending
to deal with rising urban waste; migration throws into
and receiving communities.
question established identities, and contributes to the
Finally, technologically, it seems clear that a more open creation of new, sometimes ‘hybrid’ identities; the use
approach to migration could contribute to the of new technology by migrants, and to control migrants,
stimulation of new technologies (such as the ‘skype’ raises significant issues to do with privacy; without
and other VOIP technologies, used intensively by many connectivity and transport, migration doesn’t happen;
families split across countries and continents) as well as with migration, connectivity and transport links can be
to new uses for existing technologies (such as the stimulated and developed; migration is blamed (not
growth of money transfer systems that use mobile entirely fairly) for decimating the health workforces of
phones and the internet). many smaller or poorer nations; in turn, without
migrants, Britain’s NHS and other advanced country
In terms of impacts on other issues, migration is
health systems would likely grind to a halt; cities are
perhaps the archetypal cross-cutting issue, and as
growing in the developing world, at least in part due to
such, it arguably impacts on all of the other topics for
migration; migrant remittances outweigh either
this initiative. Thus: in the energy world, the extraction
international aid, and/or foreign direct investment, in a
of raw materials for energy often provides a stimulus
significant number of countries and lastly; is migration
for inward migration, but equally can lead to the
a choice? That is a key question.
displacement of populations in affected areas (e.g.
through the building of dams, or conversion of


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