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BALBHARTI’S
M. J. PANCHOLIA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

Fundamentals of Computer
• Data, Information & EDP
– Introduction
– Need and Concept of Data
• Electronic Data Processing
– Definition
– History of EDP
• EDP in the Modern Era
• EDP and the Paperless Business
• Number System & Codes
– Binary Numbers System (Base 2)
– Decimal Number System (Base 10)
– Number Systems (Base N)
– Octal Numbers (Base 8)
– Hexadecimal Numbers (Base 16)
• BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) Number System
• ASCII Code – American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Data, Information & EDP
• INTRODUCTION
– Data are plain facts. The word “Data” is the plural for “datum”. Data are the
pieces of information that represents the qualitative or quantitative attributes
of a variable or set of variables. When data are processed, organized,
structured or presented in a given context so as to make them useful, they are
called Information. Information is more meaningful than data
• NEED AND CONCEPT OF DATA
– Collection of facts, figures and statistics
– Process to create useful Information
– Valuable asset for organization
– Perform effective and successful Operations of Management
– View of past activities, rise and fall of an organization
– Better decision for future
– Generate Reports, Graphs & Statistics
– Data is viewed from the lowest level of abstraction from which information
and knowledge is derived.
– Data is raw material to create information.

Electronic Data Processing
• Electronic Data Processing (EDP) can refer to the use of automated methods
to process commercial data. Typically, this uses relatively simple, repetitive
activities to process large volumes of similar information. For example:
stock updates applied to an inventory, banking transactions applied to
account and customer master files, booking and ticketing transactions to an
airline's reservation system, billing for utility services.

• EDP (electronic data processing), an infrequently used term for what is
today usually called "IS" (information services or systems) or "MIS"
(management information services or systems), is the processing of data by
a computer and its programs in an environment involving electronic
communication. EDP evolved from "DP" (data processing), a term that was
created when most computing input was physically put into the computer
in punched card form and output as punched cards or paper reports.

Electronic Data Processing
History

The first commercial business computer was developed in the United Kingdom in 1951, by the J. Lyons and Co.
catering organization. This was known as the 'Lyons Electronic Office' - or LEO for short. It was developed
further and used widely during the 1960s and early 1970s. (Joe Lyons formed a separate company to develop
the LEO computers and this subsequently merged to form English Electric Leo Marconi and then International
Computers Ltd.)[1] Early commercial systems were installed exclusively by large organizations. These could
afford to invest the time and capital necessary to purchase hardware, hire specialist staff to develop bespoke
software and work through the consequent (and often unexpected) organizational and cultural changes.

At first, individual organizations developed their own software, including data management utilities,
themselves. Different products might also have 'one-off' bespoke software. This fragmented approach led to
duplicated effort and the production of management information needed manual effort. High hardware costs
and relatively slow processing speeds forced developers to use resources 'efficiently'. Data storage formats
were heavily compacted, for example. A common example is the removal of the century from dates, which
eventually led to the 'millennium bug'.

Data input required intermediate processing via punched paper tape or punched card and separate input to a
repetitive, labor intensive task, removed from user control and error-prone. Invalid or incorrect data needed
correction and resubmission with consequences for data and account reconciliation. Data storage was strictly
serial on paper tape, and then later to magnetic tape: the use of data storage within readily accessible memory
was not cost-effective.

Introduction to Computers
• What is a Computer?
• Advantages/Features of Computer
• Definition of Computer
• History of Computer
• Generations of Computers
• Types of Computer
• Hardware & Software
• Parts of Computer (Block Diagram)
• Storage (I/O) Devices
• Software – System Software & Application Software
• Operating Software

What is a Computer?

The computer is one of the greatest
inventions in the history of humankind.
Computers have applications in all fields
of knowledge and therefore touch all
aspect of our life whatever may be our
field of activity.

The computer can be defined as a
machine that can do calculations,
comparisons, reading and writing on a
given set of data at a very high speed,
logically and intelligently in a desired
manner.

Advantages / Features of Computers

Speed – A computer performs operations with great
speed.
Accuracy – The computer gives accurate results
according to the instruction provided.
Storage – The storage capacity of the computer is
very large
Versatility – Computers are used in vide areas of
human activities.
Automatic – The computer performs all the
instructions provided to it automatically.
Diligence – After long hours of work human being
gets tired but a computer never gets tired.

Definition of a Computer

A computer is an electronic device,
which can perform arithmetic and
logical operations with a high speed
as per instructions given.

History of Computer

• 1642 – Pascal built Mechanical
Calculating Machine
– mechanical gears, hand-crank,
dials and knobs
– other similar machines followed

• 1805 – First Programmable
device, Jacquard Loom
 wove tapestries with elaborate,
programmable patterns
 pattern represented by metal punch-cards,
fed into loom
 could mass-produce tapestries, reprogram
with new cards

History of Computer

• Mid 1800's – Babbage designed
"analytical engine"
 expanded upon mechanical calculators, but
programmable via punch-cards
 described general layout of modern computers
 never functional, beyond technology of the day

• 1890 – Hollerith invented tabulating
machine
– used for 1890 U.S. Census
– stored data on punch-cards, could
sort and tabulate using electrical pins
– finished census in 6 weeks (vs. 7
years)
– Hollerith's company would become
IBM

History of Computer

• 1930's – several engineers
independently built
"computers" using
electromagnetic relays
 physical switch, open/close via electrical
current
 Zuse (Nazi Germany) – destroyed in WWII
 Atanasoff (Iowa State) – built with grad
student
 Stibitz (Bell Labs) – followed design of
Babbage

Generations of Computers

Generation 1: Vacuum Tubes (1945-1954)
• mid 1940's – vacuum tubes replaced relays
– glass tube w/ partial vacuum to speed electron flow
– faster than relays since no moving parts
– invented by de Forest in 1906

• 1940's – hybrid computers using vacuum tubes and relays
were built

COLOSSUS (1943)
 built by British govt.
(Alan Turing)
 used to decode Nazi
communications
ENIAC (1946)
 built by Eckert &
Mauchly at UPenn
 18,000 vacuum
tubes, 1,500 relays
 weighed 30 tons,
consumed 140
kwatts


Generation 2: Transistors (1954-1963)
• mid 1950's – transistors began to replace tubes
– piece of silicon whose conductivity can be turned on and
off using an electric current
– smaller, faster, more reliable, cheaper to mass produce
– invented by Bardeen, Brattain, & Shockley in 1948 (won
1956 Nobel Prize in physics)

• computers became commercial as cost dropped high-level
languages were designed to make programming more natural

 FORTRAN (1957, Backus at IBM)
 LISP (1959, McCarthy at MIT)
 BASIC (1959, Kemeny at Dartmouth)
 COBOL (1960, Murray-Hopper at DOD)

the computer industry grew as businesses could buy
Eckert-Mauchly (1951), DEC (1957)
IBM became market force in 1960's


Generation 3: Integrated Circuits (1963-1973)
• integrated circuit (IC)
– as transistor size decreased, could package many
transistors with circuitry on silicon chip
– mass production further reduced prices

1971 – Intel marketed first microprocessor, a chip w/ all the
circuitry for a calculator

• 1960's saw the rise of Operating Systems
 an operating system is a collection of programs that
manage peripheral devices and other resources

 allowed for time-sharing, where multiple users share
a computer by swapping jobs in and out

 as computers became affordable to small businesses,
specialized programming languages were developed
Pascal (1971, Wirth) C (1972, Ritche)


Generation 4: VLSI (1973-1985)
• Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
– by mid 1970's, could fit hundreds of thousands of transistors w/
circuitry on a chip
– could mass produce powerful microprocessors and other useful
IC's
– computers finally affordable to individuals

• Late 1970's saw rise of personal computing
 Gates & Allen founded Microsoft in 1975 Gates wrote BASIC
compiler for personal computer would grow into software giant,
Gates richest in world
http://www.webho.com/WealthClock

 Wozniak and Jobs founded Apple in 1977 went from garage to $120
million in sales by 1980

 IBM introduced PC in 1980 Apple countered with Macintosh in 1984


Generation 5: Parallelism & Networking (1985-????)

In this generation the computers are supposed to use
Artificial Intelligence.

Japan initiated the fifth generation computer project it
was also known as knowledge processing system. It used
a very large scale parallel processing technologies and
incorporated Artificial Intelligence.

Types of Computer

Computers can be classifies as follows:

Analog Computers: are used for
processing data that vary
continuously such as speed,
humidity etc. in such computers
data is given in continuous form.
These computers are not capable
of taking decisions but still are
used in scientific and industrial
establishments.

Types of Computer

Digital Computers: Digital computers perform
calculations by counting and are used for
manipulating data with great accuracy. Digital
computers are further classified into:
a) General Purpose – computers are able to
handle many complicated problems by using
programs which are specially prepared for
solving complicated problems
b) Special Purpose – computers are found in
various consumer appliances, these are
different from the computers used by business
organization e.g. computers to identify mobile
problems.

Types of Computer

Hybrid Computer: It is a combination of Analog and
Digital computers. Hybrid computer are used where
continuous and digital processing is required e.g. to
monitor weather the analog devices may measure
the humidity, temperature etc. the numbers are
further converted into numbers and supplied to
digital component of the system.

Types of Computer

Based on the other features of the computer such
as speed, memory, processing power and cost
computers are classified as follows:
a) Micro Computer (Personal Computer)
b) Desktops
c) Workstations
d) Multimedia
e) Laptops
f) Palmtops
g) Servers
h) Mini Computers
i) Mainframe Computers
j) Super Computers

Hardware & Software

i) Hardware : The hardware
consist of the physical parts
of the computer which can
be touched, seen and felt.
ii) Software: The full set of
instructions and procedures
to be used on the computer
is called software. Software’s
can be classified into:
i) System Software (Operating System)
ii) Application Software

Parts of Computer (Block Diagram)

ALU
Arthematic & Logical Unit

INPUT OUTPUT
CU
Control Unit

MU
Memory Unit
RAM & ROM

Input Devices

• You use an input device, such as a
keyboard or a mouse, to input data and
issue commands
– Keyboard
– Mouse
– Game Controller (Joystick)
– Bar Code Reader
– Scanner
– Trackball
– Touch Screen
– Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
– Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
– Pen Input
– POS Terminals (Point of Sales)
– Digital Camera
– OCR (Optical Character Recognition)
– Microphone

CPU – Central Processing Unit

Data which is entered in the computer is processed in a component of the
system unit called Microprocessor.

The CPU consist of ALU (Arthematic & Logical Section which is used for
computations, CU (Control Unit for monitoring the sequence of
instructions or programs and controlling the other devices connected to
the computer.

The CPU also consist of MU (Memory Unit) which is used to store data as
well as the results given by the computer. The memory unit is classified
into two types:

RAM (Random Access Memory)
Volatile Memory
Data is lost when the lost is switched off.

ROM (Read Only Memory)
Permanent Memory
BIOS (Basic Input Output System)
CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)

Output Devices

• Output devices show you the results of processing data
– VDU (Visual Display Unit) or CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) or
Monitor
– LCD
– Sound System
– Printer
• Impact Printers
– Dot Matrix
• Non-Impact Printers
– Laser
– Inkjet / Bubble Jet
• Computer Output Microfilm(Com) Devices
– Plotters
– LCD Projectors
– Communication Device
• Modems
• ISDN
• Broadband Services (Cable Modems)

PROCESSORS
A Silicon Chip that contains in the CPU. Microprocessor also control the logic of almost all
digital devices.

Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessor:

a) Instruction Set
a) The set of instructions that microprocessor can execute
b) Bandwidth
a) The number of Bits processed in a single instruction.
c) Clock Speed
i) Given in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz), the clock speed determines how
many instructions per second the processor can execute.
ii) Also called as clock rate, the speed at which the microprocessor executes
instructions
iii) CPU requires a fixed number of clock ticks (or clock cycles)

PROCESSORS
Different kinds of Processors:

1) AMD (ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES) Inc.
a) American semiconductor company based in Sunnyvale, California
b) AMD is second largest global supplier of Microprocessor based on x86 architecture after Intel.
c) AMD Opteron, AMD Athlon …….. are a few types of processors.
d) K6 introduced in 1997
i) Pentium Class Microprocessor
ii) Co-developed by Vinod Dham lead designer for Pentium Processor
iii) Compatible with INTEL Motherboards
e) Athlon made its debut in June 23 1999, ancient Greek word for “Champion / trophy of games”.
x86 Processors and first to lead over the performance of Intel’s Processor.

2) CYRIX
a) Manufacturing of the CPU began in 1978 in Richardson, Texas
b) Founder is Jerry Rogers
c) High performance co-processors for 286 and 386 systems.
d) FasMath was the fastest 386-compatible 50% more performance than Intel 387DX processor

3) CELERON
a) x86 CPU from Intel
b) Performance was lower compared to similar high priced Intel CPU brands.
c) April 1998 – first Celeron branded CPU was based on Pentium II branded core.
d) 25% as much cache memory

PROCESSORS

4) PENTIUM
a) Intel single-core x86 microprocessor based on P5.
b) Derived from Greek word “pent” meaning “five” and the Latin ending “ium”
c) Pentium succeeded the Intel486 – fourth generation
d) 1996, the original Pentium was succeeded by Pentium MMX branded CPU
e) 1995, Pentium registered trademark x86 processors branded as :
i) Pentium Pro
ii) Pentium II
iii) Pentium III
iv) Pentium IV
v) I3
vi) I7
f) Vinod Dham father of Intel Pentium Processor, including many other people like
John H. Crawford.
g) Pentium were released at the clock speeds of 66MHz and 60MHz, later 75 – 300
MHz were released

PROCESSORS

5) Intel Core DUO
a) A dual-core processors is a CPU with two processors
b) They can perform operations upto twice as fast as a single processor can.
c) Core brand refers to Intel 32-bit mobile dual core x86 CPUs that derived from the Pentium M branded
processor
d) Core brand comprises of two branches:
i) DUO (dual-core)
ii) Solo (DUO with one disabled core)
e) Core DUO is first Intel Processor used in Apple Macintosh.

6) CORE 2 DUO
a) 2 x 2 MCM (Multi Chip Module)
b) Quad Core CPUs
c) Introduced in July 27 2006, comprising of following:
i) Solo (Single Core)
ii) DUO (Dual Core)
iii) Quad (Quad Core)

7) CENTRINO
a) Technology package from Intel
b) Wireless support for Laptop with full day running without battery recharge.
c) The Centrino package consists of:
i) The Pentium Processor
ii) 855 Chipset Family
iii) The Pro Wireless Network connection

Data Representation

Computer understands only one language i.e. 8 Bits = 1 Byte
machine language. It is made up of Binary Digits (0
& 1). 1024 Bytes = 1 KB

1024 KB = 1 MB
The computer stores data in form of Binary Digits,
each digit is known as Bit. Each character stored in 1024 MB = 1 GB
computer is a combination of 8 Bits (see the table
below for example) 1024 GB = 1 TB

ASCII
American Standard Code for
Information Interchange

Storage Devices

The device on which is stored permanently,
which can be used as future reference. Storage
devices are Input / Output devices. The devices
are:
•Magnetic Tapes
•Magnetic Disk
–Floppy Disk
–Hard Disk
•Optical Storage device
–CD
–DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
•Flash Memory
•Memory Card

PRINTERS

Printer Technologies

PRINTERS

Printers are used to create a hard copy of a document or image. Printers vary by
speed, quality, and price.

The most popular types of printers are

1) Impact Printers

2) Non-Impact Printers

PRINTERS – IMPACT PRINTERS

Impact printers leave an image on the paper by
physically striking an inked ribbon against the
surface of the paper
 Used for multipart forms
 Relatively slow and noisy
Daisy-wheel and dot-matrix are two prominent
types of impact printers

PRINTERS – DOT MATRIX PRINTERS

Dot-matrix printers

More flexibility than daisy-wheel printers

Use an array of pins known as printwires to strike an inked printer ribbon and
produce images on paper.

The case that holds the print wires is called the printhead

Use either 9-pin (draft quality) or 24-pin (letter or near-letter quality)

PRINTERS – INKJET PRINTERS (NON IMPACT PRINTER)

Inkjet printers are simple devices that consist of the printhead
mechanism, support electronics, a transfer mechanism, and a
paper feed component

Work by ejecting ink through tiny tubes

Ink is heated by tiny resistors or electroconductive plates at the
end of each tube

The resistors or plates boil the ink which creates a tiny air bubble
that ejects a droplet of ink on the paper

Ink inside the jets tend to dry out when not used

Most color printers are ink-jet and produce a high-quality image

PRINTERS – THERMAL PRINTERS (NON IMPACT PRINTER)

Thermal printers

Two types: Direct thermal and Thermal wax

Use a heated print head to burn dots into the surface of
special heat-sensitive paper

Still used for receipts at some businesses

PRINTERS – LASER PRINTERS (NON IMPACT PRINTER)

Laser printers use a mechanism called electro-photographic
imaging, to produce a high quality and high-speed output of
both text and graphics

More expensive than ink-jet or impact printers

Use lasers as a light source

The toner cartridge contains the parts that suffer the most
wear and tear

Definition of Software

• Instructions and associated data,
stored in electronic format, that
direct the computer to accomplish
a task.

Software

SOFTWARE

Classification of Software

System Application

Hardware cannot work without a Software. System software
is used by the computer to interact with hardware.
Application Software (e.g. MS-Office) cannot be executed
without the installation of system software. An operating
system is system software.

Introduction to Computers Components of OS
System Software File Manager
Stores information on

• An Operating System (OS) is the various secondary
storage devices e.g.
master controller within a FDD, HDD…. etc
Process Manager
computer. To share several
programs / processes to
EX: Windows, MacOS, DOS (Disk run at the same time
Operating System), UNIX, Linux the operating system
has to share out
• An operating system interacts microprocessor time.
Device Manager
with: The device manager
– All hardware installed in or handles communication
between the
connected to a computer system. peripherals and the
– All software installed or running microprocessor.
Memory Manager
from a storage device on a Various programs are
computer system. allocated memory in
such a manner that no
clash occurs.

System Software

• Types of Operating System
– CUI (Character User Interface) Based
Operating System
– GUI (Graphics User Interface) Based
Operating System
– Single Task Operating System
– Multitasking Operating System
– Single User Operating System
– Multi User Operating System

System Software - OS
• DOS (Disk Operating System)
– Developed by IBM
• Windows 95/98/XP/VISTA
– GUI
• Windows NT
– Multiuser
– Multitasking
– Networking
– Available in different languages
• Windows 2000
– Windows NT 5.0 – Windows 2000
– Provided more Security
– Available in different local languages.
• UNIX
– Developed by Bell Labs in 1969 – Dennis Ritchie & Ken
Thompson rewrote in C language
– CUI
– UNIX interface is called as Shell

System Software - OS

• LINUX
– Alternate to UNIX
– GUI
– Created by Linus Torvalds – University of Helsinki – 1991.
– Vendors are Red Hat, Caldera Systems, Mandarake … etc.
• SOLARIS
– Sun Micro Systems deleoped in 1991
– Features of UNIX
– LINUX & Java are also Compatible
• MAC Operating System
– Introduced in 1983 by Apple
– GUI
– Used in Creative Works

Application Software

• Accomplishes specific tasks for Application Software
is further Classified
users. into:
• Enables a computer to become a
1) Propriety
multi-purpose machine.
2) Off the Shelf
 Produce  Create flow charts
worksheets and and graphic
reports. organizers.
 Automate record  Communicate
keeping like worldwide.
attendance and
grades.

Personal Operating Software

• Word Processor
• Spreadsheet
• Presentation
• Financial Management
• ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)
– Raw Material Planning
– Checking Stock & Inventory
– Production & Planning
– Finished Goods Planning
– Sales
– Delivery

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