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Gastric function tests
This document summarizes various gastric function tests used to evaluate acid secretion in the stomach. It describes: 1. The anatomy and functions of the stomach, including acid secretion by parietal cells. 2. Indications for gastric function tests such as diagnosing ulcers, pernicious anemia, or post-surgery evaluation. 3. Types of tests including analysis of fasting gastric contents, fractional or stimulated tests using substances like alcohol, caffeine, or histamine to measure acid levels.
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Gastric function tests
- 1. GASTRIC FUNCTION TESTS Dr.RittuChandel M.D. Biochemistry (second yr) Grant Govt. Medical College Mumbai -400008 24-09-13
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- 3. functions 1. Reservoir ofingested foodstuffs 2. Mixing of food with gastric secretion until it forms a semifluid mixture called chyme 3. Secretes substances which are responsible for initiation of digestion
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- 5. Secretion of gastricHCl • • • • Parietal cells ----------HCl pH in gastric lumen ------- 0.8 (very low as compared to blood pH ---- 7.4) Hence protons are transported against concentration gradient by active process
- 7. Indications of gastricfunction tests 1. Diagnosis of gastric ulcer 2. Exclusion of diagnosis in pernicious anemia 3. Presumptive diagnosis of Zollinger – Ellison syndrome 4. Determination of completeness of surgical vagotomy
- 8. classification 1.Examination of restingcontents in resting juice 2.Fractional test meal 3.Examination of contents after stimulation alcohol stimulation caffeine stimulation histamine stimulation augmented histamine test insulin stimulation test pentagastrin test 4.Tubeless gastric analysis
- 9. Collection of sample •Collection of contents of stomach After overnight fast After test meal • Types of stomach tubes Rehfuss tube Ryles tube • Markings on tube Single ring reaches lips Tip reaches cardiac end Double ring reaches lips Tube in body of stomach
- 10. Examination of restingcontents 1.Volume Normal ----20 – 50 ml Abnormal -----greater than 100 – 120 ml Hypersecretion of gastric juice Retention of gastric contents due to delayed emptying Due to regurgitation of duodenal contents 2.Consistency Normal -----fluid Abnormal ----food residues
- 11. 3.Colour Normal -----clear orcolourless Abnormal ------bright red/dark red/brown colour 4.Bile 5.Blood 6.Free and total acidity Determined by titrating a portion of the filtered specimen with standard solution of NaOH
- 12. Two indicators areused in succesion indicators Measures pH Methyl orange 2.9 to 4.4 (red ------yellow) phenolphthalein 8.3 to 10 inferences (yellow ----- red ) Free acidity First titration 0 – 30 mEq/L Total acidity Complete titration 10 – 40 mEq/L Combined acid Difference between two titrations
- 13. 7. Mucus 8.Organic acids Absenceof HCl ------micro organisms thrive and ferment food residues to produce organic acids, lactic acid and butyric acid
- 14. Fractional gastric analysis/fractional testmeal Introduction of ryles tube in stomach of fasting patient Removal of residual gastric contents and its analysis Ingestion of test meal Analysis of samples
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- 16. Abnormal responses Hyperacidity/hyperchlo Maxfree acidity exceeds Duodenal ulcer rhydria 45 mEq/L Gastric ulcer Gastric carcinoma hyperirritability hypoacidity Free acid below the normal range Pernicious anemia achlorhydria No secretion of HCl but enzyme pepsin is present Carcinoma stomach Partial gastrectomy Pernicious anemia Hyperthyroidism myxedema Achylia gastrica – both enzymes and acids are absent indicating complete absence of gastric secretions Advanced gastric cancer Typically seen in pernicious anemia and subacute combined degeneration of spinal
- 17. Stimulation tests –alcohol stimulation test Overnight fast, ryles tube passed – • Alcohol stimulation test resting contents removed for analysis 100 ml of 7% ethyl alcohol is administered Samples removed after every 15 mins and analysed for free and total acidity, presence of bile, blood and mucus
- 18. • Caffeine stimulation Stimulus----caffeine sodium benzoate (500 mg in 200 ml water) given orally • Histamine stimulation test Powerful stimulant for HCl in normal stomach Acts on receptors of oxyntic cells, increasing cAMP, which causes secretion of increased volume of high acidic gastric juice with low pepsin content Best to differentiate between true achlorhydria from false achlohydria
- 19. • Augmented histaminetest Normal persons Upto 10 mEq/hr acid is present in pre histamine specimen , with 10 -25 mEq in post histamine specimens Pernicious anemia No free HCl secreted Duodenal ulcer > 100 meq Now histalog ( 3β –aminoethylpyrazole) is used in place of histamine
- 20. Insulin stimulation test(hollander’s test) • Potent stimulus for gastric acid secretion – hypoglycemia • Indication To check the effectiveness of vagotomy in patients with duodenal ulcer Stimulus – 15 unit of soluble insulin iv
- 22. Pentagastrin test • Syntheticpeptide • N terminal ----butyloxycarbonyl –β alanine • C terminal ---- Trp – Met – Asp – Phe • Measure of total parietal mass • Stimulus – 6 micg/kg body wt given sc
- 23. condition Basal secretion Maximal scretion normal 1– 2.5 mEq/hr 20 – 40 mEq/hr Duodenal ulcer Above 40 mEq/hr Gastric cancer True achlorhydria Pernicious anemia True achlorhydria
- 24. Tubeless gastric analysis •Quininium resin given orally • in stomach quinine ions liberted at pH < 3 • Quinine liberated forms quinine HCl which is excreted in urine • Quinine is extracted and determined fluorimetrically • Thus it gives indirect measure for acid secretion
- 25. • Only ascreening test • Positive result – acid being secreted • Negative result - unreliable indicator of true achlorhydria • Test not reliable in patients suffering from renal diseases, urinary retention, malabsorption
- 26. biblography • Guyton • Satyanaryan •Ranna shinde • THANK YOU