Gdsd workshow

Performance Management Input: Unsafe worker Process Output: Safe worker Chapter 7 Goal Directed Systems Design Part 1: Input – Process – Output Model

Table of Contents Definitions Check lists and rules Activity 1 Activity 2 Activity 3 Activity 4 Activity 5 Activity 6 Click to skip table of contents Click to go back to your previous slide

Table of Contents Activity 7 Activity 8 Activity 9 Activity 10 Activity 11 Activity 12 Click to skip table of contents Return to Table of Contents Click to go back to your previous slide

Table of Contents Review Section Click to skip table of contents Return to Table of Contents Click to go back to your previous slide

Table of Contents Definitions Processes Outputs, inputs, or goals Ultimate goal Goal-directed approach Final output Input-Process-Output Chain Main resources Production Distribution Research and Development (R & D) Click to skip table of contents Return to Table of Contents Click to go back to your previous slide

Table of Contents Check lists and rules Rules in outlining the structure of organizational goals Questions to ask yourself when making the outline of organizational goals Outline checklist Click to skip table of contents Return to Table of Contents Click to go back to your previous slide

Table of Contents Activity #1 #1 , #2 , #3 , #4 , #5 , #6 , #7 , #8 , #9 , #10 , #11 , #12 , #13 , #14 , #15 , #16 , #17 , #18 , #19 , #20 , #21 , #22 , #23 , #24 , #25 , #26 , #27 , #28 , #29 , #30 Click to skip table of contents Return to Table of Contents Click to go back to your previous slide

Table of Contents Activity #2 #31 , #32 , #33 , #34 , #35 , #36 , #37 , #38 , #39 , #40 Return to Table of Contents Click to skip table of contents Click to go back to your previous slide

Table of Contents Activity #3 #41 , #42 , #43 , #44 Return to Table of Contents Click to skip table of contents Click to go back to your previous slide

Table of Contents Activity #4 #45 , #46 , #47 , #48 , #49 , #50 , #51 , #52 , #53 , #54 Return to Table of Contents Click to skip table of contents Click to go back to your previous slide

Table of Contents Activity #5 #55 , #56 , #57 , #58 , #59 , #60 , #61 , #62 , #63 , #64 , Return to Table of Contents Click to skip table of contents Click to go back to your previous slide

Table of Contents Activity #8 #73 Return to Table of Contents Click to skip table of contents Click to go back to your previous slide

Table of Contents Activity #9 #74 , Return to Table of Contents Click to skip table of contents Click to go back to your previous slide

Goal-Directed Systems Design is a technology for designing an ideal structure of organizational goals using a behavioral systems analytic approach .

In this part of the workshow you will learn the concepts involved in Goal-Directed Systems Design (GDSD) and do some practice-work in designing organizational goals.

You can do a GDSD up front for a new organization that you’re starting, to help it work well from day one…

…or you can apply GDSD later to an existing organization, to help it work better and to recover from organizational disasters.

What’s the behavioral systems analysis approach ?

Behavioral Systems Analysis approach A system is an organized, integrated, unified set of components, accomplishing a particular set of goals.

Behavioral Systems Analysis approach A system consists of inputs (resources), processes, and outputs (goals).

For example, an automobile is an example of a system. It inputs people at one location and moves them to another. It’s a transportation system . Behavioral Systems Analysis approach

A behavioral system is a system in which the principle components are human beings.

Behavioral System… For example, a university is an example of a behavioral system, which inputs high-school graduates , educates them , and outputs college graduates .

In a behavioral systems approach , you define an organization as a set of systems by identifying the output, process, and input for each component.

In other words, you see an organization as a behavioral system, or a collection of behavioral systems, each of which has an output, a process, and inputs.

Practice!!-Activity #1 For the following behavioral systems, identify each underlined component of the system as either output, process, or input. Click to go back to your previous slide Return to Table of Contents

Practice!!-Activity #1 Put O for output, P for process, or I for input.

A hospital : ___Treating sick people ___Sick people ___Healthy people Output B. Process C. Input #1 Return to Table of Contents

A hospital : ___Treating sick people ___Sick people ___Healthy people A. Output Process Input No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing or condition. Treating sick people is an activity and not a thing or condition. Back to the question!

A hospital : ___Treating sick people ___Sick people ___Healthy people Output B. Process C. Input No, Remember that the input consists of things or conditions that are processed through the system. Treating sick people is an activity and not the initial thing or condition that begins the process. Back to the question!

A hospital : ___Treating sick people ___Sick people ___Healthy people Right on!!! Treating sick people is the behavior responsible for processing sick people into healthy people. Output B. Process C. Input On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A hospital : ___Treating sick people ___Sick people ___Healthy people Output B. Process C. Input #2 Return to Table of Contents

A hospital : ___Treating Sick people ___Sick people ___Healthy people Output B. Process C. Input No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. Back to the question!

A hospital : ___Treating sick people ___Sick people ___Healthy people Nice Work!!! Output B. Process C. Input On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A hospital : ___Treating sick people ___Sick people ___Healthy people Output B. Process C. Input And so the last one would be…. #3 Return to Table of Contents

A hospital : ___Treating sick people ___Sick people ___Healthy people Right on!!! Healthy people is the final outcome or goal when treating sick people. Output B. Process C. Input On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

An amusement park : ___Amusing people ___Happier people ___People A. Output Process Input #4 Return to Table of Contents

An amusement park : ___Amusing people ___Happier people ___People A. Output Process Input No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process and is defined as a thing or condition. Amusing people is an activity and not a thing or condition. Back to the question!

An amusement park : ___Amusing people ___Happier people ___People A. Output Process Input No, Remember that the input consists of things or conditions that are processed through the system. Back to the question!

An amusement park : ___Amusing people ___Happier people ___People Nice Work!!! A. Output Process Input On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

An amusement park : ___Amusing people ___Happier people ___People A. Output Process Input #5 Return to Table of Contents

An amusement park : ___Amusing people ___Happier people ___People Good!! Happier people is the final outcome or goal when trying to amuse people. A. Output Process Input On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

An amusement park : ___Amusing people ___Happier people ___People A. Output Process Input And so the last one would be…. #6 Return to Table of Contents

An amusement park : ___Amusing people ___Happier people ___People Right on!!! A. Output Process Input On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A motel : ___Tired people ___Providing rooms ___Rested people A. Output Process Input #7 Return to Table of Contents

A motel : ___Tired people ___Providing rooms ___Rested people Input Process Output Remember that you define processes of an organization as activities or behaviors. Processes often end in “-ing” or are used in the following sense: “to [verb] [noun]” Back to the question!

A motel : ___Tired people ___Providing rooms ___Rested people Input Process Output No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process and is defined as a thing or condition. Back to the question!

A motel : ___Tired people ___Providing rooms ___Rested people Input Process Output Nice Work!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A motel : ___Tired people ___Providing rooms ___Rested people A. Output Process Input No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing or condition. Providing rooms to people is an activity and not a thing or condition. Back to the question!

A motel : ___Tired people ___Providing rooms ___Rested people A. Output Process Input Nice Work!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A motel : ___Tired people ___Providing rooms ___Rested people A. Output Process Input Right on!!! Rested people is the final outcome or goal when providing a room for tired people . On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A bus company : ___People at destination ___People at place of departure ___Transporting people A. Output Process Input #10 Return to Table of Contents

A bus company : ___People at destination ___People at place of departure ___Transporting people A. Output Process Input Remember that you define processes of an organization as activities or behaviors. Processes often end in “-ing” or are used in the following sense: “to [verb] [noun]” Back to the question!

A bus company : ___People at destination ___People at place of departure ___Transporting people A. Output Process Input No, Remember that the input consists of things or conditions that are processed through the system. Back to the question!

A bus company : ___People at destination ___People at place of departure ___Transporting people A. Output Process Input Right on!!! People at their destination is the final goal when transporting people. On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A bus company : ___People at destination ___People at place of departure ___Transporting people A. Output Process Input #11 Return to Table of Contents

A bus company : ___People at destination ___People at place of departure ___Transporting people A. Output Process Input Nice Work!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A bus company : ___People at destination ___People at place of departure ___Transporting people A. Output Process Input And so the last one would be…. #12 Return to Table of Contents

A bus company : ___People at destination ___People at place of departure ___Transporting people A. Output Process Input Right on!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A book store : ___People who don’t have books and books to be sold ___Selling books ___People who have books Input Process Output #13 Return to Table of Contents

A book store : ___People who don’t have books and books to be sold ___Selling books ___People who have books Input Process Output Remember that you define processes of an organization as activities or behaviors. Processes often end in “-ing” or are used in the following sense: “to [verb] [noun]” Back to the question!

A book store : ___People who don’t have books and books to be sold ___Selling books ___People who have books Input Process Output No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. It is what a book store wishes to accomplish through the sales process. Back to the question!

A book store : ___People who don’t have books and books to be sold ___Selling books ___People who have books Input Process Output Nice Work!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A book store : ___People who don’t have books and books to be sold ___Selling books ___People who have books Input Process Output #14 Return to Table of Contents

A book store : ___People who don’t have books and books to be sold ___Selling books ___People who have books Input Process Output No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process and is defined as a thing or condition. Selling books is an activity and not a thing or condition. Back to the question!

A book store : ___People who don’t have books and books to be sold ___Selling books ___People who have books Input Process Output Right on!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A book store : ___People who don’t have books and books to be sold ___Selling books ___People who have books Input Process Output And so the last one would be…. #15 Return to Table of Contents

A book store : ___People who don’t have books and books to be sold ___Selling books ___People who have books Input Process Output Right on!!! People who have books is the final outcome or goal of a book-selling process. On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A pet store : ___People who don’t have pets and pets to be sold ___People who have pets ___Selling pets Output Input Process #16 Return to Table of Contents

A pet store : ___People who don’t have pets and pets to be sold ___People who have pets ___Selling pets Output Input Process No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. Back to the question!

A pet store : ___People who don’t have pets and pets to be sold ___People who have pets ___Selling pets Output Input Process Remember that you define processes of an organization as activities or behaviors. Processes often end in “-ing” or are used in the following sense: “to [verb] [noun]” Back to the question!

A pet store : ___People who don’t have pets and pets to be sold ___People who have pets ___Selling pets Output Input Process Nice Work!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A pet store : ___People who don’t have pets and pets to be sold ___People who have pets ___Selling pets Output Input Process #17 Return to Table of Contents

A pet store : ___People who don’t have pets and pets to be sold ___People who have pets ___Selling pets Output Input Process Keep it up!!! People who have pets is the final outcome of a pet-selling process. On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A pet store : ___People who don’t have pets and pets to be sold ___People who have pets ___Selling pets Output Input Process And so the last one would be…. #18 Return to Table of Contents

A VCR repair company : ___Repaired VCRs ___Repairing VCRs ___Broken VCRs Output Input Process #19 Return to Table of Contents

A VCR repair company : ___Repaired VCRs ___Repairing VCRs ___Broken VCRs Output Input Process No, Remember that the input consists of things or conditions that are processed through the system. Back to the question!

A VCR repair company : ___Repaired VCRs ___Repairing VCRs ___Broken VCRs Output Input Process Remember that you define processes of an organization as activities or behaviors. Processes often end in “-ing” or are used in the following sense: “to [verb] [noun]” Back to the question!

A VCR repair company : ___Repaired VCRs ___Repairing VCRs ___Broken VCRs Output Input Process Nice job!!! Repaired VCRs is the goal of a VCR-repairing process. On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A VCR repair company : ___Repaired VCRs ___Repairing VCRs ___Broken VCRs Output Input Process #20 Return to Table of Contents

A VCR repair company : ___Repaired VCRs ___Repairing VCRs ___Broken VCRs Output Input Process Right on!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A VCR repair company : ___Repaired VCRs ___Repairing VCRs ___Broken VCRs Output Input Process And so the last one would be…. #21 Return to Table of Contents

A VCR repair company : ___Repaired VCRs ___Repairing VCRs ___Broken VCRs Output Input Process Nice Work!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A Cablevision company : ___People without cablevision ___Providing cablevision ___People with cablevision Input Process Output #22 Return to Table of Contents

A Cablevision company : ___People without cablevision ___Providing cablevision ___People with cablevision Input Process Output Remember that you define processes of an organization as activities or behaviors. Processes often end in “-ing” or are used in the following sense: “to [verb] [noun]” Back to the question!

A Cablevision company : ___People without cablevision ___Providing cablevision ___People with cablevision Input Process Output No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. It is what the cable company wishes to accomplish by providing cable to customers. Back to the question!

A Cablevision company : ___People without cablevision ___Providing cablevision ___People with cablevision Input Process Output That’s right!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A Cablevision company : ___People without cablevision ___Providing cablevision ___People with cablevision Input Process Output #23 Return to Table of Contents

A Cablevision company : ___People without cablevision ___Providing cablevision ___People with cablevision Input Process Output No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing or condition. Providing cable to customers is an activity and not a thing or condition. Back to the question!

A Cablevision company : ___People without cablevision ___Providing cablevision ___People with cablevision Input Process Output Yup!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A Cablevision company : ___People without cablevision ___Providing cablevision ___People with cablevision Input Process Output And so the last one would be…. #24 Return to Table of Contents

A Cablevision company : ___People without cablevision ___Providing cablevision ___People with cablevision Input Process Output Right on!!! People with cablevision is the final output of a cable providing company. On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A hair salon : ___Providing hair services ___People unhappy about their hair ___People happy about their hair A. Output Process Input #25 Return to Table of Contents

A hair salon : ___Providing hair services ___People unhappy about their hair ___People happy about their hair A. Output Process Input No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing or condition. Providing services is an activity and not a thing or condition. Back to the question!

A hair salon : ___Providing hair services ___People unhappy about their hair ___People happy about their hair A. Output Process Input No, Remember that the input consists of things or conditions that are processed through the system. Back to the question!

A hair salon : ___Providing hair services ___People unhappy about their hair ___People happy about their hair A. Output Process Input Nice Work!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A hair salon : ___Providing hair services ___People unhappy about their hair ___People happy about their hair A. Output Process Input #26 Return to Table of Contents

A hair salon : ___Providing hair services ___People unhappy about their hair ___People happy about their hair A. Output Process Input No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal a hair salon wishes to accomplish by providing quality service to customers. Back to the question!

A hair salon : ___Providing hair services ___People unhappy about their hair ___People happy about their hair A. Output Process Input YES!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A hair salon : ___Providing hair services ___People unhappy about their hair ___People happy about their hair A. Output Process Input And so the last one would be…. #27 Return to Table of Contents

A hair salon : ___Providing hair services ___People unhappy about their hair ___People happy about their hair A. Output Process Input Sweet!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A bike shop : ___Selling bikes ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold ___People with bikes A. Output Process Input #28 Return to Table of Contents

A bike shop : ___Selling bikes ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold ___People with bikes A. Output Process Input No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing or condition. “ Selling ” is an activity and not a thing or condition. Back to the question!

A bike shop : ___Selling bikes ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold ___People with bikes A. Output Process Input No, Remember that the input consists of things or conditions that are processed through the system. Back to the question!

A bike shop : ___Selling bikes ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold ___People with bikes A. Output Process Input Nice Work!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A bike shop : ___Selling bikes ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold ___People with bikes A. Output Process Input #29 Return to Table of Contents

A bike shop : ___Selling bikes ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold ___People with bikes A. Output Process Input No, Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the sales process. Back to the question!

A bike shop : ___Selling bikes ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold ___People with bikes A. Output Process Input That’s right!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A bike shop : ___Selling bikes ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold ___People with bikes A. Output Process Input And so the last one would be…. #30 Return to Table of Contents

A bike shop : ___Selling bikes ___People without bikes and bikes to be sold ___People with bikes A. Output Process Input Nice Work!!! On to the next section! Back to the previous question!

In this workbook, you are asked to describe outputs, inputs, or goals as things or conditions.

You are also asked to describe processes as activities or behaviors.

We want you to learn this distinction because a process does not necessarily produce the expected output even when the process seems to be active.

For example… Even when a motel provides plenty of rooms, people may not get rested because of poor service, dirty bath rooms, etc.

So, we do not want to say the goal of a motel is to provide rooms. …..that’s what the motel does to accomplish the output of rested people.

The goal should be described as “rested people” and one of its processes as “providing rooms” .

This distinction may seem odd and less important to you, but it becomes critical when you start designing the structure of organizational goals later.

Rules Define processes of an organization as activities or behaviors . Use “[verb] + ing + [noun]” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define a process. Example: Baking bread, or to bake bread. Define outputs , inputs , or goals of an organization as things or conditions . Avoid using “[verb] + ing + [noun]” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an output/input. Instead, Use [adjective] + [noun] to define inputs/outputs. Example: Baked bread. Return to Table of Contents Click to go back to your previous slide

Identify the following items by selecting whether it is either an Output or a Process Example: Baking bread __Output or __Process Practice!!-Activity 2 Output B. Process Click to go back to your previous slide Return to Table of Contents

Manufacturing watches __Output or __Process Output B. Process #31 Return to Table of Contents

Manufacturing watches __Output or __Process Output B. Process No, Remember that you define outputs of an organization as things or conditions. Avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an output. Instead use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e. baked bread) Back to the question!

Manufacturing watches __Output or __Process Output B. Process Nice Work!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

School bus drivers trained __Output or __Process Output B. Process #32 Return to Table of Contents

School bus drivers trained __Output or __Process Output B. Process Sorry….Remember that you define processes of an organization as activities or behaviors. Processes often end in “-ing” or are used in the following sense: “to [verb] [noun]” Back to the question!

School bus drivers trained __Output or __Process Output B. Process Nice Work!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Writing a book __Output or __Process Output B. Process #33 Return to Table of Contents

Writing a book __Output or __Process Output B. Process No, Remember that you define outputs of an organization as things or conditions. Avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an output. Instead use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e. baked bread) Back to the question!

Writing a book __Output or __Process Output B. Process Yup!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Making an appointment __Output or __Process Output B. Process #34 Return to Table of Contents

Making an appointment __Output or __Process Output B. Process Sorry, Remember that you define outputs of an organization as things or conditions. Avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an output. Instead use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e. baked bread) Back to the question!

Making an appointment __Output or __Process Output B. Process That’s right!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Teaching students __Output or __Process Output B. Process #35 Return to Table of Contents

Teaching students __Output or __Process Output B. Process Remember that you define outputs of an organization as things or conditions. Avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an output. Instead use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e. baked bread) Back to the question!

Teaching students __Output or __Process Output B. Process Nice Work!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Computer supplies bought __Output or __Process Output B. Process #36 Return to Table of Contents

Computer supplies bought __Output or __Process Output B. Process Sorry….Remember processes often end in “-ing” or are used in the following sense: “to [verb] [noun]” Back to the question!

Computer supplies bought __Output or __Process Output B. Process Nice!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Landscaped lawn __Output or __Process Output B. Process #37 Return to Table of Contents

Landscaped lawn __Output or __Process Output B. Process A little reminder: You define outputs of an organization as things or conditions. Avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an output. Instead use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e. baked bread) Back to the question!

Landscaped lawn __Output or __Process Output B. Process Correct!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Training a dog __Output or __Process Output B. Process #38 Return to Table of Contents

Training a dog __Output or __Process Output B. Process Try once more. Remember to avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an output. Instead use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e. baked bread) Back to the question!

Training a dog __Output or __Process Output B. Process Nice Work!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Training materials distributed __Output or __Process Output B. Process #39 Return to Table of Contents

Training materials distributed __Output or __Process Output B. Process No, Remember that you define outputs of an organization as things or conditions. Avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an output. Instead use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e. baked bread) Back to the question!

Training materials distributed __Output or __Process Output B. Process Nice Work!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Sending electronic mail. __Output or __Process Output B. Process #40 Return to Table of Contents

Sending electronic mail. __Output or __Process Output B. Process Sorry… but remember that you define outputs of an organization as things or conditions. Back to the question!

Sending electronic mail. __Output or __Process Output B. Process Good Work!!! On to the next section! Back to the previous question!

Goal-Directed Systems Design: 1 st : select the ultimate goal of an organization

Goal-Directed Systems Design: 1 st : select the ultimate goal of an organization 2 nd : select the various levels of intermediate goals needed to accomplish that ultimate goal

Goal-Directed Systems Design: 1 st : select the ultimate goal of an organization 2 nd : select the various levels of intermediate goals needed to accomplish that ultimate goal 3 rd : select the initial goals needed to accomplish those intermediate goals

In other words… you decide what to accomplish first and then design goals that will enable you to accomplish what you have decided to accomplish.

Definition The ultimate goal is the highest level of the organizational goals and ought to involve the well-being of living creatures . Click to go back to your previous slide Return to Table of Contents

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design important?

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design important? Philosophically we believe…. the world would be better off if every organization set their ultimate goal as the well-being of creatures on the earth, and derived the intermediate and initial goals from this ultimate goal.

All of us should work toward this goal, and Goal-Directed Systems Design will help us achieve this ultimate goal. Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design important?

However… We also think this might be too idealistic. Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design important?

Now just for the record… We are not selling our philosophical stand. Instead, we are providing a technology that helps you accomplish whatever you want to accomplish. Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design important?

In fact… You are learning to analyze organizational goals not from the well-being of living creatures but from the final output of an organization. Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design important?

Regardless of the goal you start with, Goal-Directed Systems Design is useful and effective because of its goal-directed nature, or in other words, “ top-down approach ”. Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design important?

Definition Goal-directed approach: A technology of designing organizational goals by defining higher goals of an organization first, and then selecting sub goals that are necessary to accomplish those higher goals. Thus, the accomplishment of each subgoal contributes to the accomplishment of the higher goals. Click to go back to your previous slide Return to Table of Contents

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful?

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? #1 It gives flexibility in designing organizations.

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? #1 It gives flexibility in designing organizations. As long as the desired output is accomplished, the process that produces the output could be anything.

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? #1 It gives flexibility in designing organizations. In systems engineering terms, this is called equifinality .

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? #1 In systems engineering terms, this is called equifinality .

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? There are a number of different processes that can produce the same final output. For example… #1 It gives flexibility in designing organizations.

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? For example… working in a training department at a company, you may feel that you must train people whenever there is a performance problem. #1 It gives flexibility in designing organizations.

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? But, if you look at the desired outcome (i.e., job done), the best bet may NOT be training but rather a simple job aid (like the job aid we’re using to help you apply GDSD). #1 It gives flexibility in designing organizations.

Or maybe the most cost-effective solution is performance-management contingencies (like the point contingencies we’re using to encourage you to apply GDSD to an area of professional interest). Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? #1 It gives flexibility in designing organizations.

Focusing on the output before selecting the process thus gives you flexibility in selecting processes. Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? #1 It gives flexibility in designing organizations.

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? #2 We take a goal-directed approach in order to avoid two kinds of mistakes.

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? #2 We take a goal-directed approach in order to avoid two kinds of mistakes. One is the activity trap and the other is the means-ends trap .

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? In both kinds of traps, we fail to accomplish what we want to accomplish without even knowing it. #2 We take a goal-directed approach in order to avoid two kinds of mistakes (activity trap & means-end trap).

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? An activity trap occurs when you are satisfied with an activity or process without producing a valuable accomplishment or output.

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? For example… An instructor at a university may use a lot of advanced technologies in her psychology class, such as an interactive video and computer-assisted instruction.

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? An activity trap occurs when she or the university is satisfied with the use of the technology and not concerned about how students are doing in the class.

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? It may be the case that the students are failing to learn the material because they lack the prerequisite skills necessary to make use of the material the instructor has presented.

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? To get around the trap, you have to focus on the output of a system. In this case, it is the students who learned the material.

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? A means-ends trap occurs when you are satisfied with the accomplishment of lower-level goals and not concerned with the accomplishment of higher-level goals to which the lower-level goals are supposed to contribute.

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? In the former example, suppose the instructor finally succeeded in making the students learn in the class.

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? A means-ends trap occurs, for example, when the students fail to succeed after they graduate from her class. The jobs they got do not require the skills she taught.

Why is the Goal-Directed Systems Design useful? To get around this trap, you need to derive your goals from what you are ultimately attempting to accomplish.

Practice!! Read the definition of the goal-directed approach again: a technology of designing organizational goals by defining higher goals of an organization first, and then selecting subgoals that are necessary to accomplish those higher goals

Practice!!-Activity 3 For the following pairs of descriptions, indicate which is an example of a goal-directed approach . Click to go back to your previous slide Return to Table of Contents

In order to achieve the well-being of humanity, we need to, for instance, raise funds and send the money to the third world countries. In order to achieve the well-being of humanity, we need to achieve the physical well-being of humanity and the psychological well-being of humanity. In order to achieve the physical well-being of humanity, we need to, for instance, decrease mortality rate. To decrease the mortality rate, for instance, we need to decrease Fetus Alcohol Syndrome. To decrease the FAS, we need to provide behavioral management programs to pregnant women. Which is an example of a goal-directed approach? (click your choice below) A. B. #41 Return to Table of Contents

A. In order to achieve the well-being of humanity, we need to, for instance, raise funds and send the money to the third world countries. B. In order to achieve the well-being of humanity, we need to achieve the physical well-being of humanity and the psychological well-being of humanity. In order to achieve the physical well-being of humanity, we need to, for instance, decrease mortality rate. To decrease the mortality rate, for instance, we need to decrease Fetus Alcohol Syndrome. To decrease the FAS, we need to provide behavioral management programs to pregnant women. Which is an example of a goal-directed approach? (click your choice below) A. B. Sorry…. Remember the goal-directed approach is: a technology of designing organizational goals by defining higher goals of an organization first, and then selecting sub goals that are necessary to accomplish those higher goals Back to the question!

In order to achieve the well-being of humanity, we need to, for instance, raise funds and send the money to the third world countries. B. In order to achieve the well-being of humanity we need to achieve the physical well-being of humanity and the psychological well-being of humanity. In order to achieve the physical well-being of humanity, we need to, for instance, decrease mortality rate. To decrease the mortality rate, for instance, we need to decrease Fetus Alcohol Syndrome. To decrease the FAS, we need to provide behavioral management programs to pregnant women. Which is an example of a goal-directed approach? (click your choice below) A. B. Yup!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A. In order to provide nutritious and delicious food to customers with a reasonable price, basically we need food and customers. To get foods we need to buy materials and cook them. To get customers we need advertising. B. Because this restaurant is near a university, it would be better to serve fast foods. Which is an example of a goal-directed approach? (click your choice below) A. B. #42 Return to Table of Contents

A. In order to provide nutritious and delicious food to customers with a reasonable price, basically we need food and customers. To get foods we need to buy materials and cook them. To get customers we need advertising. B. Because this restaurant is near a university, it would be better to serve fast foods. Which is an example of a goal-directed approach? (click your choice below) A. B. Sorry…. Here’s a little refresher of t he definition of the goal-directed approach is: a technology of designing organizational goals by defining higher goals of an organization first, and then selecting subgoals that are necessary to accomplish those higher goals Back to the question!

A. In order to provide nutritious and delicious food to customers with a reasonable price, basically we need food and customers. To get foods we need to buy materials and cook them. To get customers we need advertising. B. Because this restaurant is near a university, it would be better to serve fast foods. Which is an example of a goal-directed approach? (click your choice below) A. B. Keep it up!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A. To increase the happiness of employees, we can improve physical and economical conditions of the employees. To improve their physical conditions, we can provide safety programs such as encouraging seat belt use, and a diet or nonsmoking program. To improve the economical conditions we can introduce social welfare programs and life insurance. B. To decrease the time loss from injuries, we need to introduce safety programs such as encouraging seat belt use. Which is an example of a goal-directed approach? (click your choice below) A. B. #43 Return to Table of Contents

A. To increase the happiness of employees, we can improve physical and economical conditions of the employees. To improve their physical conditions, we can provide safety programs such as encouraging seat belt use, and a diet or nonsmoking program. To improve the economical conditions we can introduce social welfare programs and life insurance. B. To decrease the time loss from injuries, we need to introduce safety programs such as encouraging seat belt use. Which is an example of a goal-directed approach? (click your choice below) A. B. Remember…… The goal-directed approach is: a technology of designing organizational goals by defining higher goals of an organization first, and then selecting subgoals that are necessary to accomplish those higher goals Back to the question!

A. To increase the happiness of employees, we can improve physical and economical conditions of the employees. To improve their physical conditions, we can provide safety programs such as encouraging seat belt use, and a diet or nonsmoking program. To improve the economical conditions we can introduce social welfare programs and life insurance. B. To decrease the time loss from injuries, we need to introduce safety programs such as encouraging seat belt use. Which is an example of a goal-directed approach? (click your choice below) A. B. Great Work!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A. To improve our current rate of productivity, we need to redecorate the employee break room. Then we need to provide better foods in our cafeteria, and also encourage the bosses to speak more kindly to the employees on the manufacturing floor. B. To improve our current rate of productivity, we need to examine the current rate, decide on a goal rate, and provide rewards for the employees contingent upon achieving the goal rate. Which is an example of a goal-directed approach? (click your choice below) A. B. #44 Return to Table of Contents

A. To improve our current rate of productivity, we need to redecorate the employee break room. Then we need to provide better foods in our cafeteria, and also encourage the bosses to speak more kindly to the employees on the manufacturing floor. B. To improve our current rate of productivity, we need to examine the current rate, decide on a goal rate, and provide rewards for the employees contingent upon achieving the goal rate. Which is an example of a goal-directed approach? (click your choice below) A. B. Back to the question!

A. To improve our current rate of productivity, we need to redecorate the employee break room. Then we need to provide better foods in our cafeteria, and also encourage the bosses to speak more kindly to the employees on the manufacturing floor. B. To improve our current rate of productivity, we need to examine the current rate, decide on a goal rate, and provide rewards for the employees contingent upon achieving the goal rate. Which is an example of a goal-directed approach? (click your choice below) A. B. Nice!!! On to the next section! Back to the previous question!

Although it is ideal to analyze organizational goals from the ultimate goal, it is often difficult and time consuming.

Therefore, in this program, you will only be asked to start analyzing organizational goals with a final output of organizations.

Final output: The final product of an organization that is distributed outside the organization.

Final output: It is defined in terms of things or conditions but not in terms of activities or behaviors.

For example… The final output of this workbook is “students who can use Goal-Directed Systems Design” but not “teaching students how to use Goal-Directed Systems Design.” This is a very important point.

Note: Once you finish an outline, it is a good idea to go back and examine your final output and make sure it is defined in terms of things or conditions and not in terms of activities or behaviors.

A rough rule: the final output is usually what the organization gets paid for. Another way to put it is that the final output is the “purpose” of the organization.

Definition A final output of an organization is the final product that is distributed outside the organization. Click to go back to your previous slide Return to Table of Contents

Practice!!-Activity 4 The following are descriptions of final outputs for some organizations. Identify which is an example of a final output in each pair. Click to go back to your previous slide Return to Table of Contents

Which is an example of a final output of an automobile company? A. B. A. Net profits 30% increase. B. Automobiles manufactured. (click on your choice below) #45 Return to Table of Contents

Which is an example of a final output of an automobile company? A. B. A. Net profits 30% increase. B. Automobiles manufactured. (click on your choice below) Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing or condition. Back to the question!

Which is an example of a final output of an automobile company? A. B. A. Net profits 30% increase. B. Automobiles manufactured. (click on your choice below) Great!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Which is an example of a final output of a university? A. B. A. Graduates, 1000 BAs, 60 MAs, and 10 Ph.Ds per year. B. An increase in employees’ commitment to the university. (click on your choice below) #46 Return to Table of Contents

Which is an example of a final output of a university? A. B. A. Graduates, 1000 BAs, 60 MAs, and 10 Ph.Ds per year. B. An increase in employees’ commitment to the university. (click on your choice below) Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing or condition. Back to the question!

Which is an example of a final output of a university? A. B. A. Graduates, 1000 BAs, 60 MAs, and 10 Ph.Ds per year. B. An increase in employees’ commitment to the university. (click on your choice below) Yup!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Which is an example of a final output of a mental health hospital? A. B. A. People who become functional in society. B. Reduction of labor costs. (click on your choice below) #47 Return to Table of Contents

Which is an example of a final output of a mental health hospital? A. B. A. People who become functional in society. B. Reduction of labor costs. (click on your choice below) No, Remember that you define outputs of an organization as things or conditions. Avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an output. Instead use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e. baked bread) Back to the question!

Which is an example of a final output of a mental health hospital? A. B. A. People who become functional in society. B. Reduction of labor costs. (click on your choice below) Correct!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Which is an example of a final output of a computer retail shop? A. B. A. Personal computer systems sold. B. Selling personal computer systems (click on your choice below) #48 Return to Table of Contents

Which is an example of a final output of a computer retail shop? A. B. A. Personal computer systems sold. B. Selling personal computer systems (click on your choice below) Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing or condition. Back to the question!

Which is an example of a final output of a computer retail shop? A. B. A. Personal computer systems sold. B. Selling personal computer systems (click on your choice below) Right on!!!! Nice Work!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Which is an example of a final output of a city hotel? A. B. A. The reputation of the hotel. B. Customers rested and satisfied with the service. (click on your choice below) #49 Return to Table of Contents

Which is an example of a final output of a city hotel? A. B. A. The reputation of the hotel. B. Customers rested and satisfied with the service. (click on your choice below) No, Remember that you define outputs of an organization as things or conditions. Avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an output. Instead use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e. baked bread) Back to the question!

Which is an example of a final output of a city hotel? A. B. A. The reputation of the hotel. B. Customers rested and satisfied with the service. (click on your choice below) Right on!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Which is an example of a final output of a retail sun-glass store? A. B. A. Inventory 100% full. B. Sunglasses sold. (click on your choice below) #50 Return to Table of Contents

Which is an example of a final output of a retail sun-glass store? A. B. A. Inventory 100% full. B. Sunglasses sold. (click on your choice below) No, Remember that you define outputs of an organization as things or conditions. Avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an output. Instead use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e. baked bread) Back to the question!

Which is an example of a final output of a retail sun-glass store? A. B . A. Inventory 100% full. B. Sunglasses sold. (click on your choice below) Nice job!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Which is an example of a final output of an animal shelter? A. B. A. Animals adopted. B. Increased community awareness of unwanted pets. (click on your choice below) #51 Return to Table of Contents

Which is an example of a final output of an animal shelter? A. B. A. Animals adopted. B. Increased community awareness of unwanted pets. (click on your choice below) Remember that the output is the final outcome or goal of the process. It is defined as a thing or condition. Back to the question!

Which is an example of a final output of an animal shelter? A. B. A. Animals adopted. B. Increased community awareness of unwanted pets. (click on your choice below) Right!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Which is an example of a final output of a fast-food restaurant? A. B. A. Burgers sold. B. Raw materials bought. (click on your choice below) #52 Return to Table of Contents

Which is an example of a final output of a fast-food restaurant? A. B. A. Burgers sold. B. Raw materials bought. (click on your choice below) No, Remember that you define outputs of an organization as things or conditions. Avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an output. Instead use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e. baked bread) Back to the question!

Which is an example of a final output of a fast-food restaurant? A. B. A. Burgers sold. B. Raw materials bought. (click on your choice below) That’s great!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Which is an example of a final output of a coffee shop? A. B. A. Coffee made. B. Coffee sold. (click on your choice below) #53 Return to Table of Contents

Which is an example of a final output of a coffee shop? A. B. A. Coffee made. B. Coffee sold. (click on your choice below) No, Remember that you define outputs of an organization as things or conditions. Avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an output. Instead use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e. baked bread) Back to the question!

Which is an example of a final output of a coffee shop? A. B. A. Coffee made. B. Coffee sold. (click on your choice below) This ain’t so hard huh!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Which is an example of a final output of a publishing company? A. B. A. Books published. B. Books written. (click on your choice below) #54 Return to Table of Contents

Which is an example of a final output of a publishing company? A. B. A. Books published. B. Books written. (click on your choice below) No, Remember that you define outputs of an organization as things or conditions. Avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an output. Instead use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e. baked bread) Back to the question!

Which is an example of a final output of a publishing company? A. B. A. Books published. B. Books written. (click on your choice below) Nice Work!!! On to the next section! Back to the previous question!

Outlining Organizational Goals In this chapter, you will learn how to design organizational goals. You will use an Output-Process-Input Chain to produce the structure of organizational goals.

First, you define the final output of the organization.

First, you define the final output of the organization. Then you define the process that produces that output.

First, you define the final output of the organization. Then you define the process that produces that output. Then you define inputs that are necessary for the process.

This output-process-input forms a subsystem. The inputs for one subsystem are the outputs from other subsystems.

Once you have determined the inputs for a subsystem, you go on to define the processes that produce those inputs and the inputs needed for the processes (i.e. the next output-process-input chains).

You will repeat this chaining until inputs are obtained from other organizations than the one you are analyzing.

In other words…. You are linking subsystems in an organization by chaining the inputs of one subsystem to the output of another subsystem .

This chaining continues until the input to a subsystem is offered by other organizations than the one you are analyzing.

As you can see in the following outline, it is easy to read the flow of resources in an organization when it is presented as the outline of organizational goals.

For example… Let’s analyze organizational goals for an automobile assembling factory.

For example… This factory simply gets every part needed for building an automobile and assembles the parts. The final output of this organization is “automobiles correctly assembled with no defects.”

For example… So, first, you put this final output on the top of the outline: ( Automobiles correctly assembled with no defects )

Notice that the final output is put in parentheses .

In Goal-Directed Systems Design, all outputs and inputs (goals and resources) are put in parentheses in order for us to easily distinguish them from processes.

Now, the next thing you do is ask yourself how to accomplish this goal. In other words, what process do you need to produce correctly assembled automobiles?...

…Assembling, right? So you put this process underneath the final output slightly (3-4 letters) indented to the right .

Notice that you do not have parentheses this time and, instead, have a label (“Production”) and a colon before the description of the process.

Indenting is important here because we want to see the hierarchical structure of goals with ease. Indented items illustrate prerequisites for the item just above them.

(Indented items cont…) They must be fulfilled in order for the item Just above them to be accomplished.

(Indented items cont…) In other words, a process must be active to produce its output, and inputs must be obtained in order for a process to be active.

(Indented items cont…) By connecting two levels by lines , you can see more easily the relationship between outputs, processes and inputs.

The next question is: what resources do you need for the process?

Well, you can come up with many things that you think are necessary for assembling automobiles: Front line workers Tools for the workers Electricity The parts of the automobile Etc.

In the output-process-input chains, however, you only focus on the flow of main resources , which are the parts of the automobile in this case.

The analysis does not stop here. As you might guess, the next question is: what process do you need to get the parts?

Before analyzing this, let’s review the definition of the “output-process-input chain,” and learn about main resources and labels for processes.

Definition Output-Process-Input chain is a way of sequencing goals first by asking what you want to accomplish ( output ), second, how you accomplish it ( process), and third , what you need to accomplish it ( inputs ). Then, each input is analyzed in the same way until the organization you are analyzing has made contact with some other organizations. Return to Table of Contents Click to go back to your previous slide

To make an Output-Process-Input chain you must follow the… Rules in outlining the structure of organizational goals .

Rules in outlining the structure of organizational goals The final output of the organization must be placed on the top. Outputs and inputs consist only of main resources . Outputs and inputs are put in parentheses . Processes must be labeled . Lower level must be indented to the right and connected with a line . 6. Multiple resources or multiple processes must be located at the same level and connected with a line . Return to Table of Contents Click to go back to your previous slide

What are the main resources? We like to make a distinction between the main resources that are directly processed and the resources that are used in order to process those main resources.

What are the main resources? For example… Every behavioral system has workers as human resources (such as builders in the home construction industry).

What are the main resources? However… They are NOT the main resources for the manufacturing process in the sense that the builders themselves are not being processed .

What are the main resources? Instead, what the builders use in the manufacturing process (such as wood and nails) are considered the main resources.

What are the main resources? Builders are considered main resources when their training or recruiting is analyzed. In such a case, you draw a different outline which starts with “ skilled builders” as the final output.

Definition Main resources: Raw materials for production processes, resources that are distributed by distribution processes, or customers for ALL selling processes. Click to go back to your previous slide Return to Table of Contents

So, it is important to note that you would NEVER put employees in the outline unless they were actually being processed, as in a training department at a corporation.

Practice!!-Activity 5 For the following pairs of resources, click on the one that consists of examples of main resources for the specified organization. Click to go back to your previous slide Return to Table of Contents

Hamburger shop: Vegetables, bread, cheese, etc. Cutting board, ovens, microwave, etc. A . B . (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) #55 Return to Table of Contents

Hamburger shop: Vegetables, bread, cheese, etc. Cutting board, ovens, microwave, etc. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) No, remember that m ain resources consist of raw materials for production processes, resources that are distributed by distribution processes, or customers for ALL selling processes. Back to the question!

Hamburger shop: Vegetables, bread, cheese, etc. Cutting board, ovens, microwave, etc. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) Right!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Publisher of a magazine: A. Writers and photographers. B. Articles and photographs. A . B . (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) #56 Return to Table of Contents

Publisher of a magazine: A. Writers and photographers. B. Articles and photographs. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) No, remember that m ain resources consist of raw materials for production processes, resources that are distributed by distribution processes, or customers for ALL selling processes. Back to the question!

Publisher of a magazine: A. Writers and photographers. B. Articles and photographs. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) Nice!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Book shop: A. Books B. Employees. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) #57 Return to Table of Contents

Book shop: A. Books B. Employees. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) It is important to remember that you would never put employees in the outline unless they were actually being processed, as in a training department at a corporation. Back to the question!

Book shop: A. Books B. Employees. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) Correct!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Bar: A. Table, chairs, glasses, etc. B. Beer, popcorn, etc. A . B . (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) #58 Return to Table of Contents

Bar: A. Table, chairs, glasses, etc. B. Beer, popcorn, etc. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) No, remember that m ain resources consist of raw materials for production processes, resources that are distributed by distribution processes, or customers for ALL selling processes. Back to the question!

Bar: A. Table, chairs, glasses, etc. B. Beer, popcorn, etc. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) Great!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

University: A. Professors. B. Students. A . B . (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) #59 Return to Table of Contents

University: A. Professors. B. Students. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) No, remember that m ain resources consist of raw materials for production processes, resources that are distributed by distribution processes, or customers for ALL selling processes. Back to the question!

University: A. Professors. B. Students. A. B . (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) Right!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

VCR repair shop: A. Repair technicians. B. Broken VCRs. A . B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) #60 Return to Table of Contents

VCR repair shop: A. Repair technicians. B. Broken VCRs. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) No, remember that m ain resources consist of raw materials for production processes, resources that are distributed by distribution processes, or customers for ALL selling processes. Back to the question!

VCR repair shop: A. Repair technicians. B. Broken VCRs. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) You got it!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Computer supply store: A. Modems, monitors, etc. B. Salespeople. A . B . (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) #61 Return to Table of Contents

Computer supply store: A. Modems, monitors, etc. B. Salespeople. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) No, remember that m ain resources consist of raw materials for production processes, resources that are distributed by distribution processes, or customers for ALL selling processes. Back to the question!

Computer supply store: A. Modems, monitors, etc. B. Salespeople. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) Nice Work!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

An amusement park: A. Customers. B. Maintenance people. A . B . (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) #62 Return to Table of Contents

An amusement park: A. Customers. B. Maintenance people. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) No, remember that m ain resources consist of raw materials for production processes, resources that are distributed by distribution processes, or customers for ALL selling processes. Back to the question!

An amusement park: A. Customers. B. Maintenance people. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) Yup!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A movie theater: A. Seats. B. Movie-goers. A . B . (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) #63 Return to Table of Contents

A movie theater: A. Seats. B. Movie-goers. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) No, remember that m ain resources consist of raw materials for production processes, resources that are distributed by distribution processes, or customers for ALL selling processes. Back to the question!

A movie theater: A. Seats. B. Movie-goers. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) Right!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A doctor’s office: A. Tongue depressors and stethoscopes. B. Sick people. A . B . (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) #64 Return to Table of Contents

A doctor’s office: A. Tongue depressors and stethoscopes. B. Sick people. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) No, remember that m ain resources consist of raw materials for production processes, resources that are distributed by distribution processes, or customers for ALL selling processes. Back to the question!

A doctor’s office: A. Tongue depressors and stethoscopes. B. Sick people. A. B. (click below on the one that consists of examples of main resources) Nice Work!!! On to the next section! Back to the previous question!

We provide a classification system to help you define a variety of processes when you design organizational goals. There are three kinds of processes: Production , Distribution , and Research and Development ( R&D ).

Definition Production is a process (in which inputs and outputs are different, as in manufacturing) Distribution is a process (in which inputs and outputs are the same) Research & Development (R & D) is a production process (specifically conducted in order to develop procedures, instructions, equipment, and standards used in another production or distribution process.) Return to Table of Contents Click to go back to your previous slide

Practice!!-Activity 6 Carefully review the definitions and label the following components with production, distribution, R & D, or none of them. Put P for production, D for distribution, R for R & D, or N for none. Note: For any given example, it is possible to use an answer more than once. Click to go back to your previous slide Return to Table of Contents

In a restaurant : ___Cooking beef stew ___Serving beef stew to a customer ___Revising the beef stew recipe ___Tips Production D. None B. Distribution C. R & D #65 Return to Table of Contents

In a restaurant : ___Cooking beef stew ___Serving beef stew to a customer ___Revising the beef stew recipe ___Tips Production D. None B. Distribution C. R & D Sorry… Research & Development (R & D) is a production process (specifically conducted in order to develop procedures, instructions, equipment, and standards used in another production or distribution process.) Back to the question!

In a restaurant : ___Cooking beef stew ___Serving beef stew to a customer ___Revising the beef stew recipe ___Tips Production D. None B. Distribution C. R & D Remember… Distribution is a process (in which inputs and outputs are the same ) Back to the question!

In a restaurant : ___Cooking beef stew ___Serving beef stew to a customer ___Revising the beef stew recipe ___Tips Production D. None B. Distribution C. R & D Look it over again and give it another shot…. Back to the question!

In a restaurant : ___Cooking beef stew ___Serving beef stew to a customer ___Revising the beef stew recipe ___Tips Production D. None B. Distribution C. R & D Right on!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

In a restaurant : ___Cooking beef stew ___Serving beef stew to a customer ___Revising the beef stew recipe ___Tips Production D. None B. Distribution C. R & D Sorry… Production is a process (in which inputs and outputs are different, as in manufacturing) Back to the question!

In a restaurant : ___Cooking beef stew ___Serving beef stew to a customer ___Revising the beef stew recipe ___Tips Production D. None B. Distribution C. R & D You Got It!!! Here beef stew is simply distributed to the customer (not actually processed or changed). On to the next section! Back to the previous question!

In a restaurant : ___Cooking beef stew ___Serving beef stew to a customer ___Revising the beef stew recipe ___Tips Production D. None B. Distribution C. R & D Very Nice!!! On to the next section! Back to the previous question!

In a restaurant : ___Cooking beef stew ___Serving beef stew to a customer ___Revising the beef stew recipe ___Tips Production D. None B. Distribution C. R & D Right on!!! On to the next section! Back to the previous question!

Practice!!-Activity #7 The following are incomplete descriptions of some organizational subsystems. Complete each analysis by checking the correct process (labeled #1) and the main resource(s) (labeled #2). Click to go back to your previous slide Return to Table of Contents

Practice!!-Activity #7 Complete each analysis by checking the correct process (labeled #1) and the main resource(s) (labeled #2).

Example Organization: A television repair company: __ Production (A) __ Distribution (B) __ R & D (C) Select either Production, Distribution, or R & D for (1) #69 Return to Table of Contents

Example Organization: A television repair company: __ Production (A) __ Distribution (B) __ R & D (C) Remember… Distribution is a process (in which inputs and outputs are the same ) Back to the question!

Example Organization: A television repair company: __ Production (A) __ Distribution (B) __ R & D (C) Not quite… Research & Development (R & D) is a production process (specifically conducted in order to develop procedures, instructions, equipment, and standards used in another production or distribution process.) Back to the question!

Example Organization: A television repair company: __ Production (A) __ Distribution (B) __ R & D (C) Nice Work!!! On to the next section! Back to the previous question!

Example Organization: A television repair company: __ Production __ Distribution __ R & D (2) __ Customers (A)__ Broken TV’s (B) __ Televisions for sale (C) Select either Customers, Broken TV’s, or Televisions for sale for (2) #70 Return to Table of Contents

Example Organization: A television repair company: __ Production __ Distribution __ R & D (2) __ Customers (A) __ Broken TV’s (B) __ Televisions for sale (C) Remember that the input consists of things or conditions that are processed through the system. Back to the question!

Example Organization: A television repair company: Note: You define inputs of an organization as things or conditions. Avoid using “-ing” or “to [verb] [noun]” to define an input. Instead use [adjective] + [noun]. (i.e. baked bread) __ Production __ Distribution __ R & D (2) __ Customers (A)__ Broken TV’s (B) __ Televisions for sale (C) Back to the question!

Example Organization: A television repair company: __ Production __ Distribution __ R & D (2) __ Customers (A) __ Broken TV’s (B) __ Televisions for sale (C) Nice Work!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Organization: A taxi company __ Production (A) __ Distribution (B) __ R & D (C) Select either Production, Distribution, or R & D for (1) #71 Return to Table of Contents

Organization: A taxi company __ Production (A) __ Distribution (B) __ R & D (C) Sorry… Production is a process (in which inputs and outputs are different, as in manufacturing) Back to the question!

Organization: A taxi company __ Production (A) __ Distribution (B) __ R & D (C) Sorry… Research & Development (R & D) is a production process (specifically conducted in order to develop procedures, instructions, equipment, and standards used in another production or distribution process.) Back to the question!

Organization: A taxi company __ Production (A) __ Distribution (B) __ R & D (C) Right!!! On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

Organization: A taxi company __ Production __ Distribution __ R & D __ Customers at the departure Place (A), __ Taxies (B) ___ Drivers (C) Select either Customers at the departure place, Taxies, or Drivers for (2) #72 Return to Table of Contents

Organization: A taxi company __ Production __ Distribution __ R & D __ Customers at the departure Place (A), __ Taxies (B) ___ Drivers (C) Sorry, try again. Back to the question!

Organization: A taxi company Sorry, give it another shot. __ Production __ Distribution __ R & D __ Customers at the departure Place (A), __ Taxies (B) ___ Drivers (C) Back to the question!

Organization: A taxi company __ Production __ Distribution __ R & D __ Customers at the departure Place (A) , __ Taxies (B) ___ Drivers (C) Nice Work!!! On to the next section! Back to the previous question!

Let’s go back to our example of the automobile assembling factory. How do you get the parts of the automobile?

Well, in this factory, all parts are bought from another company . So, the outline looks like this:

What do you need to buy the parts? The parts must be for sale, right? So, you put it in underneath the outline, and you are all set.

Because selling or manufacturing the parts is not your business, you can stop the analysis here.

REMEMBER….. Your outline always ends up with resources that are provided by some other organizations.

Note the last two lines of the outline: “ Distribution: Buying the parts ; & (The parts for sale) .” This is the way these items should appear anytime your outline ends with resources that must be obtained (purchased) from someplace else.

Outline for Organizational Goals When making the outline of organizational goals, ask yourself the following questions: Identify the main resources for the process. Don’t put other resources, such as line workers and tools used in the process. These other kinds of resources are analyzed later. Don’t forget customers as one of the main resources for any selling process. (3 rd ) What do you need for the process? Identify process(es) that accomplish the goal. (2 nd ) How do you accomplish it? Identify the final output in terms of things or conditions. Do not identify the final output in terms of a process or activity. (1 st ) What do you want to accomplish? Return to Table of Contents Click to go back to your previous slide

Once you identify the resources, repeat the questions (2) and (3) for each resource you have identified: How do you get the resource? What do you need to do to accomplish that?

This is a simple example of the design of organizational goals for a factory that manufactures furniture.

The final output is “ furniture manufactured,” and in the simplest design, there are only two sub-systems involved.

Outline Checklist Here is a checklist you can use to verify that your organizational goals are outlined correctly: Check List : Is the final output located at the top and defined as things or conditions? Yes No Are all outputs/inputs defined as things or conditions and put in parentheses? Yes No 3. Are lower goals right indented from higher goals and connected with lines? Yes No 4. Does the outline end up with resources? Yes No 5. Are all processes defined as activities and labeled correctly? Yes No 6. Are all inputs the main resources for the process? Yes No 7. Are all the main resources necessary for the process defined? Yes No Return to Table of Contents Click to go back to your previous slide

Practice!!-Activity #8 Read the following example and look at the two outlines on the following slide carefully. Click to go back to your previous slide Return to Table of Contents

Practice!!-Activity #8 Example: Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals of a toy manufacturing factory , which buys materials to make toys? Also, state the reason in the blank space at the bottom of your transparency.

Practice!!-Activity #8 Note: We are not concerned with shipping the toys yet. It is a good idea to use the check list presented on the right hand side of the screen. This outline checklist is also available from the “checklists and rules” link’ from the table of content. You may also click back to the table of contents to view various definitions.

Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals of a toy manufacturing company? Check List : 1. Is the final output located at the top and defined as things or conditions? Yes No 2. Are all outputs/inputs defined as things or conditions and put in parentheses? Yes No 3. Are lower goals right indented from higher goals and connected with lines? Yes No 4. Does the outline end up with resources? Yes No 5. Are all processes defined as activities and labeled correctly? Yes No 6. Are all inputs the main resources for the process? Yes No 7. Are all the main resources necessary for the process defined? Yes No A. B. A. B. #73 Return to Table of Contents

Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals of a toy manufacturing company? Check List : 1. Is the final output located at the top and defined as things or conditions? Yes No 2. Are all outputs/inputs defined as things or conditions and put in parentheses? Yes No 3. Are lower goals right indented from higher goals and connected with lines? Yes No 4. Does the outline end up with resources? Yes No 5. Are all processes defined as activities and labeled correctly? Yes No 6. Are all inputs the main resources for the process? Yes No 7. Are all the main resources necessary for the process defined? Yes No A. B. B. Sorry…review the checklist and give it another shot! Back to the question!

Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals of a toy manufacturing company? Check List : 1. Is the final output located at the top and defined as things or conditions? Yes No 2. Are all outputs/inputs defined as things or conditions and put in parentheses? Yes No 3. Are lower goals right indented from higher goals and connected with lines? Yes No 4. Does the outline end up with resources? Yes No 5. Are all processes defined as activities and labeled correctly? Yes No 6. Are all inputs the main resources for the process? Yes No 7. Are all the main resources necessary for the process defined? Yes No A. B. B. YES!!! The distribution process must be indented to the right under “(raw materials)”. On to the next section! Back to the previous question!

The next example is the design of organizational goals for a computer shop that buys computers from manufacturing companies and sells them to customers.

The final output is “computers sold”. Notice that there are two main resources for the process of selling computers. One is goods to be sold (i.e., computers) and the other is customers.

For any selling process, the customer is ALWAYS one of the main resources.

Notice how two resources (i.e., computers and customers) are placed in the outline and how they are connected by a line. The line shows that both of them are the main resources for the process, (i.e., selling computers) and they are, in this sense, located at the same level.

Pay close attention to the connecting lines – if they are at the same level (indented the same amount of spaces) make sure they are the same in that they are all resources or all processes.

In other words… A resource and a process would NOT be indented and connected at the same level.

A point worth repeating: For any selling process, the customer is ALWAYS one of the main resources.

Practice!!-Activity 9 Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for a university book store? Explain on the sheet handed out in class. Click to go back to your previous slide Return to Table of Contents

Practice!!-Activity 9 Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for a small apparel shop? (click your choice below) A. B. A. B. #74 Return to Table of Contents

Practice!!-Activity 9 Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for a university book store? (click your choice below) A. B. A. B. Sorry…review the checklist and give it another shot! Back to the question!

Practice!!-Activity 9 Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for a university book store? (click your choice below) A. B. A. B. Right!!! Every selling process must have “customers” as one of the main resources. On to the next section! Back to the previous question!

Some organizations manufacture goods and sell those goods. For example--the design of organizational goals for a hamburger shop. The final output is “hamburgers sold:”

Practice!!-Activity 10 Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for a small apparel shop that sews clothing and sells them. Explain your answer on the sheet handed out in class. Click to go back to your previous slide Return to Table of Contents

Pay close attention to the example and the following two outlines. Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for a clothing store? (click your choice below) A. B. A. B. #75 Return to Table of Contents

Pay close attention to the example and the following two outlines. Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for a clothing store? (click your choice below) A. B. A. B. Sorry…review the checklist and give it another shot! Back to the question!

Pay close attention to the example and the following two outlines. Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for a clothing store? (click your choice below) A. B. A. B. Right on!!! “(Customers)” must be placed at the same level as “(Sewed clothing)”. On to the next section! Back to the previous question!

Often you need more than one resource for a process. For example… in order to cook hamburgers, you may want to bake the bread yourself rather than buy the bread from some other organizations.

Then, you have to treat bread differently from other materials that you buy from other organizations as you can see in the following example.

Practice!!-Activity 11 Let’s look at a company like Delta Airlines. What would be the correct design for this organization? Explain your answer on the sheet handed out in class. Click to go back to your previous slide Return to Table of Contents

Pay close attention to the example and the following two outlines. Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for Delta Airlines? (click your choice below) A. B. #76 Return to Table of Contents

Pay close attention to the example and the following two outlines. Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for Delta Airlines? (click your choice below) A. B. Sorry…review the checklist and give it another shot! Back to the question!

Pay close attention to the example and the following two outlines. Which is the correct outline of the organizational goals for Delta Airlines? (click your choice below) A. B. Yup!!! Pilots and airplanes are not main resources. People at the airport are the main resource because they are what is distributed, not the pilots or the airplane, at least not as the purpose of the airline. On to the next section! Back to the previous question!

Practice!!-Activity 12 Let’s try one that’s a little more difficult. Consider a business that sells sunglasses. Click to go back to your previous slide Return to Table of Contents

Practice!!-Activity 12 This company not only sells sunglasses that they purchase from other distributors, but they also manufacture their own line of sunglasses, using raw materials purchased from other suppliers. Outline this organization.

For the final question, fill out the handout provided in class pertaining to selling sunglasses. Turn this in with your scantron, and your feedback sheet to your TA to receive full credit for today’s assignment. #77 (_______________________) Distribution: Sell sunglasses (Unsold sunglasses) __________:_________________ (Sunglasses for sale) Production: Manufacturing Sunglasses (Raw Materials) Distribution: Purchasing raw materials (___________________) (____________________) Return to Table of Contents

Let’s review what you’ve learned…

Review!! For the following questions, select whether the statement is either TRUE or FALSE. Click to go back to your previous slide Return to Table of Contents

The OUTPUT is the ultimate goal of the organization; it is what the organization is trying to accomplish. True False #78 Return to Table of Contents

The OUTPUT is the ultimate goal of the organization; it is what the organization is trying to accomplish. True False Sorry, that’s not it. Return to Table of Contents Back to the question!

The OUTPUT is the ultimate goal of the organization; it is what the organization is trying to accomplish. True False Keep it up!!! Return to Table of Contents On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

The PROCESS depicts how to accomplish the ultimate goal (the output). True False #79 Return to Table of Contents

The PROCESS depicts how to accomplish the ultimate goal (the output). True False Sorry, try once more. Return to Table of Contents Back to the question!

The PROCESS depicts how to accomplish the ultimate goal (the output). True False Great work!!! Return to Table of Contents On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

A way of sequencing organizational goals is to first select the ultimate goal of the organization (the output) , then select how to achieve that goal (the process), and finally select what is required to accomplish that goal (the input). True False #80 Return to Table of Contents

A way of sequencing organizational goals is to first select the ultimate goal of the organization (the output) , then select how to achieve that goal (the process), and finally select what is required to accomplish that goal (the input). True False Sorry…give it another shot! Return to Table of Contents Back to the question!

A way of sequencing organizational goals is to first select the ultimate goal of the organization (the output) , then select how to achieve that goal (the process), and finally select what is required to accomplish that goal (the input). True False Correct!!! Return to Table of Contents On to the next question! Back to the previous question!

The final output of your outline should be defined as activities or process. True False #81 Return to Table of Contents

The final output of your outline should be defined as activities or process. True False Sorry…let’s give it another shot! Return to Table of Contents Back to the question!

The final output of your outline should be defined as activities or process. True False Great job!!! Return to Table of Contents On to the next section! Back to the previous question!

Review!! For the following questions, use the provided sheet of paper entitled “Review” to fill in the answers.

You will create an Input-Process-Output Model for the following example…. Review!!

Review!! Analyze the United Parcel Service with a primary function of package delivery .

Review!! First… define the final output. Then… make an outline of the goals for this organization.

Review!! Hint: You need only two subsystems for this: First they collect packages from pickup sites… Then they deliver the packages to the individuals.

Review!! You will be given a short amount of time to respond to the first part of the model…

Review!! Then, you will have another opportunity to continue filling out the model on your paper form before you’ll have the opportunity to click on a hint

Review!! Finally, you will have one final opportunity to continue filling out the model on your paper form before you’ll have the opportunity to see the final completed model Click to start the activity!!

Analyze the United Parcel Service with a primary function of package delivery . Start here!! Write your answer on the provided form titled “Review” Click here to see the 1 st answer

Analyze the United Parcel Service with a primary function of package delivery . What’s next??? Click here to see the next hint

Analyze the United Parcel Service with a primary function of package delivery . What’s next??? Click here to see the FINAL completed input-process-output model

This is the FINAL OUTPUT of the organization Analyze the United Parcel Service with a primary function of package delivery . Is this what you wrote down on your form? Yes B. No

HINT: Input-Process-Output Model United Parcel Service with a primary function of package delivery . Is this what you wrote down on your form? Yes B. No

COMPLETED Input-Process-Output Model: United Parcel Service with a primary function of package delivery . Is this what you wrote down on your form? Yes B. No

Rules in outlining the structure of organizational goals The final output of the organization must be placed on the top. Outputs and inputs consist only of main resources . Outputs and inputs are put in parentheses . Processes must be labeled . Lower level must be indented to the right and connected with a line . Multiple resources or multiple processes must be located at the same level and connected with a line . Return to Table of Contents Click to go back to your previous slide

Thank you for your time!!! Please provide any feedback on the sheet handed out in class. Return to Table of Contents

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