GED-9-Module-3.pptxxfsfsfwrwrwfwrwrwrwrw

Origin and Importance
of Sculpture
Types of Sculpture and
its Medium and
Techniques
Definition and Types of
Architecture
Elements of Architecture

LESSON 1:
ORIGIN AND IMPORTANCE OF
SCULPTURE
Sculpture is from the Latin word sculpere which means “to carve.” The tools used in
sculpture are varied and is changing throughout history. It engages our sense
differently than paintings because it occupies space as a three-dimensional mass
through carving, casting modeling or assembling materials (Sheldon, 1968).
It has sought to produce artworks that are as permanent and is working in durable
and expensive materials such as bronze granite, limestone, marble, and stone.
More rarely, precious metals such as gold, ivory, jade, and silver were used for
chryselephantine works. More common and less expensive materials were also
used for broader consumption, like cast metals, ceramics, glass, and hardwoods.
The sculpture has long been one of the most popular forms of fine arts and one of
the most beautiful representations of the humankind. It was also used to represent
societal concerns, such as morality, politics, and religion (Witcombe, 1997). For
many of years, sculpture has filled many roles in human life. For example, the
earliest sculpture was made to supply magical help to trackers, to represent gods,
and to hope of making their ancient kings becomes immortal.
Most common purpose of sculpture during the ancient time is associated with
religion. Different images like a human-made object revered for the spirit are
familiar in many cultures.

Lesson 2
Types of Sculpture and its
Medium and Techniques

TYPES OF SCULPTURES
Bust. A bust is a sculpted and
painted representation of the
upper part of the human figure
such as the head, neck,
shoulders, chest or breast.

Statue. A statue is a life-size or a
larger size of a sculpture of a
person or an animal, made of
metal, stone or wood. The world's
tallest statue is the 420 feet (128
meters) Spring Temple Buddha in
Henan, China.

Architectural. Architectural sculpture is a
universal classification used to describe a
structural design such as buildings, bridges,
burial chamber and other big projects. It is
from a brand of materials which includes
carved stone such as brownstone, cast iron,
machine pressed sheet zinc, terra cotta,
concrete and other architectural supplies.

MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES
Sculpture techniques have the aim of providing
practical and technical support through
several procedures. These processes are
either additive (added material) or subtractive
(material is removed or carved out).
Sculptures primarily use four basic techniques,
namely:
Carving. It is a procedure in which the artists
cut away objects until reached the desired
form. Various tools are used, depending the
materials to be carved and the statue to which
the work has progressed.

Stone carving- It is a type of sculpture
which requires patience and
planning. It is a shaping activity of
pieces of rough natural stone
through the use of essential hand
tools like hammer and chisel.

Wood carving- It is the art of shaping
objects of wood using cutting tools. It is
done through a specialized carving knife
(used to cut or smooth the wood), the
slicer saw (used to cut off chunks of
wood), the chisel (used for lines and
cleaning up flat surfaces), and the
gouge (used in carving hollows, rounds,
and sweeping curves).

Casting. Casting is a method by which a
liquid material is usually poured into a
frame or pattern, which contains a
hollow cavity of the desired shape, and
then allowed to harden. It has two types,
namely:

Glass casting- It is a shaping activity of
pieces of rough natural stone through
the use of essential hand tools like
hammer and chisel.
Slip casting- It is a technique for the mass-
production of pottery, especially for
shapes not easily made on a wheel.

Molding. Molding sculpture is an
additive process. It is the working
of soft or plastic materials (like clay
and wax) by hand to build up or
shape to create a form.

Assembling. Assembling is an additive
process of gathering and joining
different materials to create an
assembled artwork. An example of
assemblage is Martin Puryear's network
of welded and sandblasted stainless-
steel tubes whose joints are bound
together by strands of silver and
patented bronze.

PHILIPPINE SCULPTURE
Filipino sculptors came to be known in the middle of the 19th
century. Classical Philippine sculpture reached its peak in the
works of Guillermo Tolentino (1890-1976). His best-known
masterpiece is the Bonifacio Monument, which is a group
sculpture composed of numerous figures massed around a
central obelisk. The principal figure is Andres Bonifacio,
leader of the revolution against Spain in 1896. Behind him
stands Emilio Jacinto, the brains of the Katipunan. The
Bonifacio Monument t - completed in 1933 -- marked the
apex of Tolentino’s career.

Napoleon Abueva (born 1930), one of
Tolentino’s pupils, is one of the
pioneering modernists in sculpture. He
used various media. And his stylization
bordered on the abstract as in
Allegorical Harpoon, in which the
dominant horizontal thrust of the figure
evokes the vitality of primitive forms.

Abueva'’s more famous work is
Fredesvinda , which was included in
the First ASEAN Sculpture
Symposium held in Fort Canning
Hill, Singapore, from March 27 to
April 26, 1981

Lesson 3
Definition and Types of Architecture

DEFINITION OF ARCHITECTURE
Architecture is the art concerned with styles, methods,
and design of constructing buildings, separating inner
from outer space in such a way that the inner space
can be used for both practical purposes and aesthetic
ends. The word “architecture” come from the Latin
word architectur and the Greek word architectu
meaning master builder from the combination of
archi, which means chief or leader, tekton, which
means a builder or carpenter. (Yagyaga, et. al.,
2010:76)

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE
Monuments and tombs
commemorate the past of a society
as the Iwojima Monument at
Arlington National Ceremony or the
Grant’s Tomb in New York.

Shrines and sanctuaries are place
of ceremonies and rituals,
binding a community together
such as the National Cathedral
in Washington, DC, or your
hometown church or synagogue.

Shelters provide basic
protection against the
elements (eg, sun, rain,
wind); a barn for animals, bus
shelter, or grain silo.

Walls and forts serve as
protection against attacks.
Examples are the Great Wall of
China or the Tower of London, a
military barrack, or an armory.

Homesteads provide an ideal
space to raise a family, your
family's house. An essential
element of homestead is the
hearth.

Palaces are the living and working
space for rulers such as the
Buckingham Palace, Versailles, or
the United States Capitol; a place
where government meets the
people.

Public works serve as foundations
of civilized life, such as
windmills, roads, bridges, water
works, the railroads and
subways, airport terminals, etc.

Mansions are large homesteads, to
include servants. Wealthy individuals to
proclaim superior social status, such as
the Vanderbilt home in New York City or
a large Southern plantation, build these.
Included in the mansion category are
the first-class apartments,
condominiums, and hotels.

Shops and Offices facilitate for
distributing goods or services, such
as a village's general store to the
Mall of America outside
Minneapolis, or the Chicago
Mercantile Exchange, or your
favorite diner.

Amenities are the places for
community welfare and recreation,
such as hospitals, orphanages,
libraries, museums, institutional
housing like nursing homes,
fairgrounds, or a union hall.

HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE
Architect Manuel D. C. Noche
The history and culture of the Philippines are reflected in its architectural
heritage, in the dwellings of its various peoples, in churches and mosques,
and in the buildings that have risen in response to the demands of progress
and the aspirations of the people.
The late national hero for architecture, Leandro Locsin once said, that
Philippine Architecture is an elusive thing, because while it makes full use of
modern technology, it is a residue of the different overlays of foreign
influences left in the Philippines over the centuries: the early Malay culture
and vestiges of earlier Hindu influences, the more than 300 years of
Spanish domination, the almost 50 years of American rule, the Arab and
Chinese influences through commerce and trade over the centuries. What
resulted may have been a hybrid, a totally new configuration which may
include a remembrance of the past, but transformed or framed in terms of
its significance today.

Lesson 4 Elements of Architecture

ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Content is the subject matter of architecture, the
element in the architectural expression that
communicates specific meanings interpret to
society the functions and techniques of
buildings.

Space and Mass
The two arts in which space is of great
importance are architecture and
painting. Architecture is primarily an art
of space. The other arts exist in
architecture uses space as one of its
elements.

Composition
Space and mass are the raw
materials of architectural form; from
them the architect creates an
ordered expression through the
process of composition

SCALE AND PROPORTION
Proportion and scale both have to do with
size. Scale means size in relation to a
standard or "normal" size. Normal size is
the size we expect something to be. For
example, a model airplane is smaller in
scale than a real airplane.

Light
is a necessity for sight and, in architecture, a
utility. But light is also a powerful, though
ephemeral, vehicle of expression because it
moves, changes character, comes and goes
with its source, light has the power to give to
the inert mass of architecture the living quality
of nature.

Color
Since color is a characteristic of all building materials, it is a
constant feature of architecture. But building materials
are selected primarily for their structural value, and their
colors are not always suited to expressive requirements;
thus, other materials chosen for their color are frequently
added to the surface. These include pigments, which
usually preserve the texture of the original surface, and
veneers of stone, wood, and a variety of manufactured
independently of particular products that entirely alter
the surface character.

ENVIRONMENT
Architecture, unlike most of the other
arts, is not often conceived
independently on particular
surroundings.

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