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GENDER AND SOCIETY- UNIT 1.pdf
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- 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS UNITI : Gender Concepts/ Terms UNIT II: Sociology Of Gender UNIT III: LGBT And Intersexuality UNIT IV: Biomedical Perspective In Gender And Sexuality
- 3. UNIT 1: GENDERCONCEPTS/TERMS I. Sex vs. Gender II. Gender Equality vs. Gender Equity III.Gender Equality vs. Women's Rights IV.Transgender vs. Transsexual
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- 6. SEX Refers to biologicaland physiological characteristics. • The good, the bad, and the complicated. • According to popular culture, sex is something done for pleasure. • In a more Freudian sense, it is what drives people to do certain things. • defines sex through its biological and not cultural definition. • Sex in the biological sense is a category for living beings specifically related to their reproductive function. “Male and Female are used in birth certificates to denote the sex of children”
- 7. TWO SEXES Male Sexproduces sperm cells to fertilize the egg cells. The female Sex produces egg cells to produce.
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- 9. CHROMOSOMES? Structures found inthe center (nucleus) of cells that carry long pieces of DNA. Chromosome XX equates to female Chromosome XY equates to male
- 10. HORMONES • Estrogen –a group of hormones that promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body such as breasts and pubic hair. • Testosterone – stimulates the development of male secondary sexual characteristics produced mainly in the testes. • Progesterone – stimulates the uterus to prepare for pregnancy.
- 11. GENITALIA The organ usedfor reproduction and secondary sex characteristics are largely influenced by one’s X and Y chromosomes. These chromosomes determine whether someone’s body will express itself as a “female” or a “male”. MALE FEMALE
- 12. Masculinity vs. Femininity Masculinity– if all males presented are in powerful and dominant roles, one can presume that power and dominance are associated with maleness. Femininity – if all females are seen to take care of people, one associates females with these rules, thus to be female is to care.
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- 14. • Refers tothe characteristics of women, men, girls, and boys that are socially constructed. • A social construct that determines one’s roles, expected values, behavior, and interaction in relationships involving men and women. • It is short for gender relation between the sexes, or how the male and female relate to one another. • It affects what access men and women have to decision- making, knowledge, and resources. • Different things to sex, but one’s gender is usually associated with one’s sex. ‘Man’,’ masculine’, ’woman’, and ‘feminine’ denote gender.
- 15. SEX GENDER BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS (generallydefine humans as female or male) SOCIAL CONSTRUCTED (set of roles and responsibilities associated with being girl and boy or women and men, and in some cultures a third or other gender.) UNIVERSAL, A-HISTORICAL (No variation from culture to culture or time to time.) Gender roles vary greatly in different societies, cultures and historical periods as well as they depend also on socio-economic factors, age, education, ethnicity and religion. Cannot be changed, except with the medical treatment. Although deeply rooted, gender roles can be changed over time, since social values and norms are not static. Born with. Not born with. Example: Only women can give birth. Only women can breastfeed. Example: The expectation of men to be economic providers of the family and for women to be caregivers is a gender norm in many cultural contexts
- 16. SEX GENDER Physiological Social Relatedto reproduction Cultural Congenital Learned behaviour Unchanging Changes overtime Varies within a culture
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- 18. Does sex correspondto gender? Scientists, psychologists, and sociologists believe that sex does not determine one’s gender. Femininity or the behavior that one associates with females may not actually be tied to a woman’s sex. Masculinity is not tied to one’s gonads. The whole idea of being a woman, therefore, is based on gender and society’s belief in how a woman should act, instead of biological functions that are inescapable.
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- 20. Sex Stereotypes a generalizedview of traits that should be possessed by men and women, specifically physical and emotional roles. They are unrelated to the roles women and men actually perform.
- 21. Sexual stereotypes involve assumptionsregarding a person’s sexuality that reinforce dominant views. Like the assumption that all persons are only attracted to the sex opposite theirs.
- 22. Sex-role stereotypes • theroles that men and women are assigned based on their sex and what behaviors they must possess to fulfill these roles. • They prescribe certain traits, behaviors, and responsibilities to individuals based on their assigned sex at birth
- 23. Compounded stereotypes • Assumptionsabout a specific group belonging to a gender. Examples are young women, old men, single men, women factory workers, and the like. • Compounded stereotypes can also be influenced by other factors such as age, sexual orientation, religion, socioeconomic status, disability, or any other aspect of one's identity.
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- 25. SOGIE Stands for SexualOrientation And Gender Identity Expression. ❑ Sexual Orientation • Homosexuality • Heterosexuality • bisexuality ❑ Gender Identity Gender Identity refers to a person's deeply felt sense of their own gender, which may or may not correspond with the sex they were assigned at birth. ❑ Expression. • refers to how individuals express their gender identity outwardly through their appearance, behavior, and mannerisms. • It includes factors such as clothing, hairstyles, speech patterns, body language, and other forms of self-expression.
- 26. Sexual orientation ❑ Involvesthe person to whom one is attracted. ❑ One identifies himself or herself in relation to this attraction. ❑ Includes both romantic and sexual feelings. Terms Standing for SOGIE Gender Expression ❑ expresses his or her sexuality through the actions or manner of presenting oneself. Gender Identity ❑ Personal experience of gender or social relation identifies himself or herself in relation to this attraction. ❑ Identify himself or herself as masculine or feminine.
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- 28. LESBIAN Pertains to womenwho are attracted to other women.
- 29. GAY Men who areattracted to other men.
- 30. BISEXUAL Denotes people whoare attracted to both genders.
- 31. Transgender Refers to someonewhose assigned sex at birth does not represent his or her gender identity.
- 32. Queer Denoting orrelating to a sexual or gender identity that does not correspond to established ideas of sexuality and gender, especially heterosexual norms.
- 33. Asexual Describe someone whodoes not experience sexual attraction toward individuals of any gender.
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- 35. EQUALITY EQUITY ❑ Thestate or condition that affords women and men equal enjoyment of human rights, socially valued goods, opportunities, and resources, ❑ Allowing both sexes the same opportunities and potential to contribute to, and benefit from, all spheres of society (economic, political, social, and cultural). ❑ Justice and fairness in the treatment of women and men in order to eventually achieve gender equality, ❑ often requesting differential treatment of women and men (or specific measures) in order to compensate for the historical and social disadvantages. ❑ prevent women and men from sharing a level playing field. Example: A family has limited funds, and both daughter and son need new pair of shoes for the new school year, but only one can get new shoes this year. If the family decides (and who in the family decides?) which child will get the new shoes based on the child’s NEED, and not on the child’s sex, this is an example of gender equality. Example: Provision of leadership training for women or establishing quotas for women in decision-making positions to achieve gender equality.
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- 37. WOMEN’S RIGHT GENDEREQUALITY ❑ Entitlements that women have on the basis that they are human. ❑ Normatively based on several international human rights documents (e.g. The Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)). ❑ Arranged around the concept of duty bearer & rights holder. ❑ Gender equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex are fundamental human rights. It implies equal enjoyment of rights by men and women.
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- 39. TRANSGENDER TRANSEXUAL ❑ Refersto those trans people who live permanently in their preferred gender, without necessarily needing to undergo any medical intervention/s. ❑ Refers to people who identify entirely with the gender role opposite to the sex assigned at birth and seek to live permanently in the preferred gender role. ❑ Transsexual people might intend to undergo, are undergoing, or have undergone gender reassignment treatment (which may or may not involve hormone therapy or surgery).
- 40. Gender GAP and Patterns ofGender Inequalities
- 41. Gender Gap ❑ Differencein any area between women and men in terms of their levels of participation. ❑ Access to resources, rights, power, and influence, Remuneration, and benefits.
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- 43. Inequalities in politicalpower and Representation: Women are often underrepresented in formal decision- making structures, including governments, community councils, and policy-making institutions.
- 44. Inequalities in economic participationand opportunities: ❑ Women are receiving lower wages for similar work. ❑ Have less access than men to productive assets such as education, skills, property, and credit.
- 45. Educational attainment: ❑ Womenhave lower literacy rates, ❑ The lower level of enrolment in primary, secondary, and tertiary education.
- 46. Sexual and domestic violence: ❑Women tend to be more often victims in the form of domestic violence by a woman‟s intimate partner. ❑ sexual exploitation through trafficking and the sex trade. ❑ in wars by an enemy army as a weapon of attempted „ethnic cleansing‟.
- 47. Differences in legalstatus and entitlements: There are many instances in which equal rights to personal status, security, land, inheritance, and employment opportunities are denied to women by law or practice.