Gender Issues in Human, Animal and Plant Health Using a Broad One Health Perspective, Robyn Gwen ALDERS

Gender Issues in Human, Animal and Plant Health Using a Broad One Health Perspective, Robyn Gwen ALDERS

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  Gender Issues inHuman, Animal and Plant Health using a broad One Health Perspective Brigitte Bagnol1,2, Robyn Alders2,3 and Robyn McConchie4 1. Department of Anthropology, Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg, South Africa 2. Kyeema Foundation, Brisbane, Australia & Maputo, Mozambique 3. Veterinary Science and the Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia 4. Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia [email protected] 3rd GRF One Health Summit 2015 Fostering interdisciplinary collaboration for global public and animal health 4 - 6 October 2015 in Davos, Switzerland
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  Acknowledgements Nothing happens withouta strong team:  Farmers, communities and colleagues who have shared their time and knowledge over the year  “Healthy Food Systems: Nutrition•Diversity•Safety” Project Node members in Australia and beyond 2
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  What’s gender gotto do with infectious disease? Why does gender matter? Risks of infection differ between women and men Ecosystem changes affects men and women differently Men and women impact the environment differently Lack of gender sensitivity impacts negatively on disease surveillance, control and response and on the environment
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  1. Social, Economic,Legal, Cultural and Political Factors
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  A complex web… Marginalisation, poverty and other vulnerabilities impact control of many women and men over their life and health Different socio-economic, racial and cultural contexts vary greatly and should inform local analysis and solutions In many countries girls have less access to education than their male colleagues
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  Socially defined roles Includingsocial, economic, cultural, legal and political factors often determine which: place men and women occupy in society, animals and plants men or women have accumulated knowledge and control of and those from which they can benefit These factors contribute to gender differences in the risk of infection
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  Risk of infection Therisk of contracting a disease and the subsequent impacts vary between different:  genders,  age groups,  cultures, and  social conditions
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  Exposure to theEbola hemorrhagic fever virus Transmission route Gender role Human group affected Period of the outbreak cycle From infected primate Hunting Adult male Onset of the outbreak From infected persons Caring for sick people Female youth, adult and elder women Successive phase of the outbreak From infected persons Caring for sick people Health care staff usually mainly female Successive phase of the outbreak From infected persons Caring for sick people Traditional healers and midwives Successive phase of the outbreak From infected persons No specific gender role Sick patients in hospital Successive phase of the outbreak From infected persons Preparing the body of the death Usually women, influenced by gender and cultural norms Successive phase of the outbreak WHO 2007
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  2. Human, Animaland Plant Diseases Impact Men and Women Differently
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  Case study: Newcastledisease in village chickens  Village chickens frequently only livestock under women’s control  Newcastle disease (ND) causes high mortality in endemic areas  Animal health services focus on ruminants in many locations
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  Gender-sensitive research Resources controlledby women: Used to support education and nutrition of children Better educated women have fewer children Vaccination: good for the chicken & good for her owner This sustainable ND control model was 20 years in the making …
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  Community-based vaccination
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  Women and childrenare the major beneficiaries
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  3. Biological Differences BetweenMen and Women
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  Biological factors Influence differencesin exposure, infection and mortality rates of men and women Impact of reproductive status (e.g. menstruation, pregnancy and lactation) on immune and other physiological systems
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  4. Implication ofGender Issues for Disease Surveillance, Control and Response
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  Gender-sensitive disease prevention, surveillanceand response Risk analysis and vulnerability for all groups must be analyzed in the light of economic, legal and sociological contexts that fuel the spread of the disease, increase the burden of care, and prevent or facilitate effective treatment and support
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  Gender-sensitive check list •Gender analyses conducted in all phases of programming and implementation • All data such as infection rate and case-fatality disaggregated by gender • Disease symptoms for men and women collected and analysed separately
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  Take home message Theactive involvement of social scientists in One Health activities is essential to ensure that the different knowledge held by men and women, their roles, and the impact of these are understood and used to deliver effective, efficient and sustainable One health programs
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  Bibliography Alders, R., Awuni,J., Bagnol, B., Farrell, P., and de Haan, N. 2013. Impact of Avian Influenza on village poultry production globally. EcoHealth 11(1):63-72. Bagnol, B. (2009). Gender issues in small-scale family poultry production: experiences with Newcastle Disease and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza control. World’s Poultry Sciences Journal, 65, 231-240. Bagnol, B., Alders, R. and McConchie. 2015. Gender issues in human, animal and plant diseases: the importance of including gender sensitivity in the ecohealth paradigm. Environment and Natural Resources Research 5(1):62-76. Banwell, C., Ulijazsek, S., & Dixon, J. (eds.). (2013). When Culture Impacts Health. Global Lessons for Effective Health Research. Amsterdam. Hewlett, S. B., & Amola, R. P. (2003). Cultural contexts of Ebola in Northern Uganda. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 9 (10), 1242-1248. Latour, Bruno. (2012). Enquête sur les modes d’existence. Une anthropologie des modernes. Paris: La Découverte.
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  Thank you foryour attention.