Generation of computer
- 2. MAIN FEATURE • Major innovation – vacuum tubes • Main memory – Punched cards • Input Output Devices – Punched cards and papers • Languages – Low level machine language • Operating system – No operating system, human operator to set switches • Size – Main frame for example ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC
- 3. • These vacuum tubes were about the size of 100 watt light bulb and used as the internal computer component. • However because thousand of such bulbs were used, the computer were very large and generate a large number of heat, causing many problems in temperature regulation and climate control. • In this generation input an output device (punched cards) that was used fro data storing purpose very slow. • The computer were operating manually and the language used was a low level machine language (symbolic language) with binary code that required a high programming skill. • ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC and Mark-1 were some of the major invention of this generation.
- 4. • Advantage of First Generation 1. Vacuum tubes were used as electronic component 2. Electronic digital computers were developed for the first time 3. These computer were the fastest calculating devices of their time. 4. Computation were performed in millisecond. • Disadvantage of First Generation 1. Too large in size 2. They are unreliable. 3. Induce a large amount of heat due to the vacuum tubes. 4. Not portable. 5. Limited commercial use.
- 5. MAIN FEATURE Major innovation – Transistor as main component Main memory – RAM & ROM External Storage – Magnetic tapes and Magnetic disk Input Output Devices – Magnetic tapes and Magnetic disk Languages – Assembly language, some high level language for example BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN. Operating system – Human handles punched cards Size – Main frame for example IBM-1401, NCR-300, IBM-600,etc.
- 6. • During this period transistor were used for internal logic circuit of computer. These computer could execute 200,000 instruction per second. • The problem of heat maintenance was solved size of computer reduced, while speed and reliability were increased. • The most popular second generation computer was IBM-1401, introduced in 1960, while the following computer were used by many business organization. • IBM-1400 series, IBM-1600 series, UNIVAC-III etc.
- 7. • Advantages of Second Generations 1. Smaller in size as compared to first generation. 2. Much more reliable 3. Less heat generated 4. Computer was performing in micro second 5. Less hardware and maintenance problem 6. Could be use for commercial use • Disadvantage of Second Generation 1. Very costly for commercial use 2. It still required frequent maintenance 3. Frequent cooling also required
- 8. MAIN FEATURE Major innovation – Integrated circuit (ICs) as basic electric component. Main memory – DRAM & PROM External Storage – Improve disk (Floppy Disk) Input Output Devices – Keyboard for input, Monitor for output Languages – More high level language. Operating system – Complete Operating system were used. Size – Mini, for example: IBM SYSTEM / 360, ICH-360, HONEY WELL-600,etc.
- 9. • In this generation the integrated circuit (IC) were used. • Integrated Circuits contain many electronic component on a single chip. • The size of computer become very small with better performance and reliability. • High level programming language were extensively used. • The faster input/output devices made possible multi-processing and multi programming. • The famous computer were IBM-360, IBM-370, UNIVAC 9000 series,etc.
- 10. • Advantages of Third Generations 1. Smaller in size as compared to second generation. 2. More reliable. 3. Portable . 4. Less electricity consumption. 5. Heat generation was rare. 6. General purpose computer. • Disadvantages of Third Generations 1. Air conditioning was required in many cases due to ICs. 2. Very advanced technology was required to make the ICs.
- 11. MAIN FEATURE Major innovation – LSIC & VLSIC (Micro Processor). Main memory – SRAM & EPROM External Storage – Hard disk & Floppy Disk. Input Output Devices – Monitor for output Languages – language & application software. Operating system – ME-DOS & PC-DOS Size – Micro computer e.g.- IBM-PC, Apple Macintosh.
- 12. • The integrated circuit were more developed and called small scale integration (SSI), after some time the SSI were more developed and termed as Large scale integration (LSI). • There was a great versatility of input/output devices. • In 1971, a powerful microprocessor chip INTEL 8008 was introduced. • The 8 inch floppy disk was also introduced in 1971, while hard disk was introduced in 1973. • The 5.25 floppy disk was first time used in 1978. • The optical disk was developed in 1980. • IBM-3033, IBM-370, IBM SYSTEM 34, IBM SYSTEM 36, CRAY- I,CP/M etc were introduced in this generation.
- 13. Advantages of Fourth Generations 1. Smaller in size and much reliable. 2. No cooling system required in many cases. 3. Portable and cheap 4. Much faster computation 5. The Heat generated was negligible. 6. Totally general purpose computer. Disadvantages of Fourth Generations 1. Very advanced technology was required to fabricate to the ICs.
- 14. MAIN FEATURE Major innovation – ULSIC (Ultra Large Scale Integrated circuit ). Main memory – DIMM, SIMM, & EEPROM. External Storage – Modified Magnetic and Optical disk Input Output Devices – Keyboard, Pointing device, Scanner as input, Monitor as main output Languages –AI (Artificial Intelligence) Expert System. Operating system – GUI based e.g. Window 95, Window NT. Size – Very small in size example: Laptop, Note Book, Digital Diary, Palm top, Pocket PC.
- 15. • This generation is started from 1981 and still continued, new technologies are adopted to fabricated IC chips, such as electron beam, X-rays, laser rays. • The Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI) was developed, so the computer became much smaller than every before. • New memory storage device like bubble memory, optical or memory are being designed. • The new computer will be controlled by using human voice and will work by giving command in our own language. • Future computer will in some way to be intelligent and capable of making decision.
- 16. • Advantages of Fifth Generations 1. Very large storage capacity. 2. Long bit Processor built. 3. Artificial Intelligence Language developed.
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