Generation of computer
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The document discusses the five generations of computers from 1946 to present. Each generation is distinguished by the type of switching circuits used and improvements in size, speed, reliability and capabilities. The first generation used vacuum tubes, the second used transistors, the third used integrated circuits, the fourth used microprocessors, and the fifth aims to develop true artificial intelligence using parallel processing. Each generation saw improvements in performance, cost, and applicability of computers.
Generation of computer
- 1. You know that the evolution of computer started from 16th century and resulted in the form that we see today. The present day computer, however, has also undergone rapid change during the last fifty years. This period, during which the evolution of computer took place, can be divided into five distinct phases known as Generations of Computers. Each phase is distinguished from others on the basis of the type of switching circuits used
- 2. The period of first generation was 1946 - 1954. Computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for Central Processing Unit.The first electronic computer, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and calculator) was developed in 1947 at the University of Pennsylvania, USA. This machine had vacuum tubes as switching devices. Von Neumann introduced the concept of stored program by around the same time and the first digital computer using program, EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator), was announced in 1949. They were very large in size, consumed lot of power dnd emitted too much of heat. They required to be housed in large air-conditioned rooms. During this period, computer programming was mainly done in machine language. The user had to be both an electronics expert and a programmer to use the computer for any task.
- 4. These computers fast and could calculate data in millisecond. » Vacuum tubes were the only electronic component available during those days. » Vacuum tube technology made possible to make electronic digital computers. » Easily available and inexpensive. » Color-coded for easier and faster identification of readings.
- 5. » The computers were very large in size. » They consumed a large amount of energy. » They heated very soon due to thousands of vacuum tubes. » They were not very reliable. » Air conditioning was required. » Constant maintenance was required. » Non-portable. » Costly commercial production. » Costly commercial production. » Limited commercial use. » Very slow speed. » Limited programming capabilities. » Used machine language only. » Used magnetic drums which provide very less data storage.
- 6. 1. ENIAC (1946) 2. EDSAC (1949) 3. EDVAC (1950) 4. UNIVAC-1 (1951)
- 7. The period of second generation was 1959-1965. In second generation of computer transistors were used. The transistors were highly reliable and easier to handle and maintain than the vacuum tubes. They required much less power. These transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computers during this period. The magnetic cores were used to construct large random access memories. Magnetic disk storage was also developed during this period. Commercial applications rapidly developed during this period and dominated computer use by mid 1960s. This period also witnessed development of high level languages (like FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, and SNOWBOL) and operating systems. The computers used multiprogramming and batch processing operating system.
- 9. » Smaller in size compared to the first generation of computer. » The second generations computers were more reliable. » Used less energy and were not heated as much as the first one. » Better speed and could calculate data in microseconds. » Used faster peripherals. » Better portability as compared to the first generation. » Accuracy improved. » Used assembly language as well.
- 10. » Cooling system was required. » Only used for specific purposes » Constant maintenance was required » Commercial production was difficult » Costly and not versatile » Puch cards were used for input. Example of Second Generation of Computer: 1. Honeywell 400 2. IBM 7094 3. CDC 1604 4. CDC 3600 5. UNIVAC 1108 6. IBM 7030
- 11. The period of third generation was 1965-1974.In this generation silicon transistors replaced germanium transistors. Integrated circuits were developed by interconnecting transistors, resistors and capacitors grown on a single chip of silicon. Integrated Circuit (IC) chips were used in computers. ICs were small in size, less power consuming and less expensive than the previous switching technology. Advances in storage technologies resulted in creating large capacity magnetic ,disks and tapes and large magnetic core based random access memory. On software front, high level languages were improved. Fortran IV and optimising Fortran compilers were developed. Standardisation of COBOL (COBOL 68) was another major development during this period.
- 13. » Smaller in size as compared to previous generations. » More reliable as compared to previous generations. » Used less energy as compared to previous generations. » Produced less heat as compared to the previous two generations of computers. » Maintenance cost was low because hardware failure is reare. » Better speed and could calculate data in nanoseconds. » Totally general purpose » Good storage » Could be used for high-level languages. » Less expensive and Better accuracy » Commercial production increased. » Used mouse and keyboard for input.
- 14. » Air conditioning was required. » Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips. » Tactile sensitivity is decreased Example of Third Generation of Computer: 1. IBM 360/370 2. CDC 6600 3. Honeywell-6000 series 4. PDP(Personal Data Processor) 5. TDC-316 6. IBM-370/168
- 15. The period of fourth generation was 1971-1980.The fourth generation computers were made using very large scale integration technology. Tens of thousands of components were packed on a single chip, the size of a fingernail. It led to the development of microprocessor. Magnetic core memories were replaced by semiconductor memories. Personal computer operating systems j. Graphic User Interface (GUI) technology was exploited to offer more comfort to users. PCs became more affordable and widespread during this period . A significant development in software was the development of concurrent programming languages like ADA. Another notable development was the introduction of interactive graphic devices and language interfaces to graphic systems .
- 17. » More powerful and reliable than previous generations. » Small in size » Fan for heat discharging and thus to keep cold. » Fast processing power with less power consumption » No air conditioning required. » Totally general purpose » Less need of repair. » Commercial production » All types of High level languages can be used in this type of computers » Cheapest among all generations
- 18. » The latest technology is required for manufacturing of Microprocessors. Example of Third Generation of Computer: 1. IBM PC 2. Apple II 3. VAX 9000 4. CRAY 5. DEC 10 6. STAR 1000
- 19. Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology gave way to Ultra Large Scale Integration that led to the development of microprocessor chip with several million electronic components on each. Powerful laptops, notebook PCs and desktops were the other developments during this period. The fifth generation is essentially about a new super-breed of computers. These computers will be able to think and take decisions. Artificial Intelligence is being built into the computer. The revolutionary parallel processing is being used in the new breed of computers in place of conventional Von Neumann architecture. On the software front, effort is being directed at developing languages to cope with su,h new generation computers. Languages known as functional languages and object-oriented languages such as C++ have been developed during this generation. Development of more user-friendly operating systems like MS Windows and Lynux, and Lynux based software products are the other developments during this period.
- 21. » These computers are much faster than other generation computers. » It is easier to repair these computers. » These computers are much smaller in size than other generation computers » They are portable and easy to handle. » Development of true artificial intelligence. » Advancement in Parallel Processing. » Advancement in Superconductor technology.
- 22. » They tend to be sophisticated and complex tools. » hey can give more power to companies to watch what you are doing and even allow them to infect your computer. Example of Third Generation of Computer: 1. Desktop 2. Laptop 3. NoteBook 4. UltraBook 5. ChromeBook