Generation of Emergy Consumption Indicator using Sustainable Approach

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2701
GENERATION OF EMERGY CONSUMPTION INDICATOR USING
SUSTAINABLE APPROACH
Ms. S. S. Chaudhari1; Prof. S. D. Ghodmare2; Dr. B.V.Khode3
1PG Scholar,GHRCE, Nagpur, India, Email- chaudharisukanya01@gmail.com
2Assistant Professor,GHRCE, Nagpur, India, Email-sujesh.ghodmare@raisoni.net
3Professor, GHRCE, Nagpur, India, Email- bhalchandra.khode@raisoni.net
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ABSTRACT
Sustainability is very important for the transportation system and for overall development of the city. Therefore, assessment of
sustainability is a vital issue. Very few methodologies are available for assessing the sustainability, whereasthe numbers of method
areavailable for the attainment of sustainability. If metro system is taken into consideration for sustainability assessment as, it is
directly related to the issues of sustainability attainment and related development of a city. Out of few, available approaches the
concept of energy analysis and triple bottom line TBL are used in this paper for assessing the sustainability of the metro system.The
many advantages of assessment of sustainability haddemonstratedandtheconceptofemergyanalysis usedtoassessthesustainability
of many aspects related to regions, product, project, etc. In this emergy analysis the three energy indexes, Emergy Yield Ratio (EmYR),
Environmental Loading Ratio (ELR). In addition, a relative ratio of EmYR and ELR called as Emergy Sustainability Index (EmSR) is
taken into consideration first stage of Nagpur metro studied as a case. The methodology used in this paper is assumed to be easily
replicable is also can be used for optimization of the metro system is in early stages.
Keywords—TBL, Emergy analysis, EmYR, ELR, EmSI.
INTRODUCTION
The first metro system in the London that was underground,openedin1863.Itisnon-electrical itconvertedintoelectricityin1890,
then many other regions such as America, Asia, North Africa, Middle East have also established their new metro system. Inviewof
increasing population and various developments goingon theinvariousfast-developingcitiesinIndia,themeansof transportation
needs to be improved as a part the metro system is proposed in central India city Nagpur. The first commercial metro services
opened in Kolkata 1984 than many cities in the India metro constructed like, Hyderabad, Chennai, and Mumbai etc.More than one
million populations in 53 cities of India by Censusof India,in 2011 out of 53 cities were 27 cities werehavingpopulationmorethan
two million.Whereas in 2011 these counts were as in other countries because of excessive transit volume, low pollution,
punctuality other features such as swiftness metro systems is a need as well a priority for the development of an urban transit
system. In India (Zhong et. At 2008) currently metro rail system running in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata cities in India andtotal stretch
length is approximately about 215 km. Along with the various advantages metro system has few disadvantages also, enhanced
quality requirements enhanced the cost finalizationoforientationand establishmenttheconnectionswith existing trafficnetworks
are few of them. The cost ranging from US$15 million to 03 billion per route km is required for installation of a metro system (Loo
and cheng 2010), this expenditure is without any guarantee of financial returns. flyovbjerg et al. (2003) also stated that a rail

project may cost 45%more than what estimated and the expected patronage may be less than 39% of the predicted values
similarly siemiatycki's (2006 ) and liu's (2006) worked on Delhi metro and Guangzhou metro (in china) and (in India) concluded
the finding aligned with some judgment as above. According to koo (2007) almost all construction actives including metrosystem
development may result in various issues such as accumulation of construction waste, use of new materials with performance
uncertainties new technology, historical andarcheological sitepreservation.Metro systemduetoitshuge extentand infrastructural
involvement will infer local social, economic development along with environmental and ecosystem parameters main parameter
involved will be the decision making criteria's construction activities and operational activities. Therefore, it can quoted that the
sustainability of a metro system plays the vital role in handling the varioussustainability-related parameter,itmust benotedthata
single trivial fault that is relevant to the metro system may result in huge and unaccountable losses affectingthefutureof numbers
of dgenerations (lieu et. al 2008). Various sustainability issues and their interrelations are very complicated in actual practice.
Therefore, development of methodology for its sustainability assessment can considered as the veryfirststageinintegratingthese
complication interrelations this can also utilize for providingthedirectionsforcomparisonofschemeandforthepurposeofdesign
optimizations. But very few intension of design optimizationandveryfewresearchers areworkingonsustainability assessmentof
the metro system on the basis of energy analysis the concepts of energy analysis havea number of signs and the concept has been
utilized by few researchers for sustainability assessment. The objective of this paper is to develop the analytical framework by
deriving the emergy analysis based assessment methodology for sustainability. For this a case study Nagpur is considerd for
emergy consumption indicator index for Nagpur Metro Sustainble Approach. As indicatedbyArea,Nagpuristhe3rd biggestcityin
Maharashtra. Nagpur is winter capital of Maharashtra. It has 25 lakhs population, the around the territory of Nagpur is the
thirteenth biggest urban combination in India. It is a moment greener city of India and as of late positioned as the cleanest city in
India. The area of Nagpur is from the inside if the nation with zero mile markers that implies it demonstrates the geological focal
point of India. It is the second capital of Maharashtra and "Tiger capital of India. The Nagpur city prevalently called as "orange city
of India". Chronicled populace information for the Nagpur Municipal Corporation (NMC) is accessible for 1921 from the statistics
office and is exhibited in the according to the Census of India (2001), Nagpur's population was around 20.52 lakhs.
Fig 1.1Decadal population growth for Nagpur City.

The city traffic and congestion level depend on two important factors, namely; transport supply i.e availability of transport
infrastructure and the number of registered vehicles. There has to be a balance between vehicular demand and available road
space to avoid traffic jams and for safety purpose.Fig.2.Representslastthreeyear'snumberof registeredvehicles. TheIntermediate
transport is taken care by auto Rickshaws (almost 17000) and Tourist Cabs (almost 2900).As far as the future and environmental
equities are concerned, we neglect equity and environmental impactsgeneratingatvariousstages. Thus,wecansaythatultimately
sustainability reflects the various goals of equity, human betterment and ecological integrity regardless of time and location.
Therefore, sustainable decision-making referred as planning which takes into considerations,goals alongwithimpacts.Originally,
sustainability treated as a concern about resource consumption at present and related alongtermrisks.Thisnodoubtreflectsgoal
related to justice to the coming generation along with ecological integrity. Assuming that resource depletion and air pollution
problems are representing maximum long term ecological risk and usually consider minor in transportation
planning.Thesustainable and the parallel means in which it assumed that every node could use up to its best utilization.Transport
includes the newest mode alignment improvement of all useful modes. Therefore, in some cities, improving walking and cycling
may be the most beneficial strategy support to the public transportation and transit or certain type of restriction on regulationfor
use of a vehicle in congested area may be the beneficial strategies.This means that only faster travelling mode or more, mileageis
only not the issues, including in improved transport, but comfort, safety, cost saving or a reduction in total need for travel is the
vital issues of improved transport.
Fig 2. Category wise Vehicles in Nagpur City

Sustainable Transportation Indicator
Indicators are the units used for translating physical and scientific parameters into sustainability units. The different indicators
commonly used as tools for public communication in many ways (Singh et al. 2009) for framing the policies. In this view, only
referring chapter No-40, of agenda 21 near about 178 governmentorganizationsduring1992..Asona solidbasisforthepurposeof
decision making at every level, this resulted in a proposal for developing the sustainability indicators in various perspectives by
many organizations and institutes. The sustainability indexescanbesummarizedinto12differentcategoriesasproposedby(Singl
et at. 2009) based on Innovation knowledge, technology Development, Market and economy, ecosystem (performance&ecology),
Composite performance of Industrial Cities Industries Policies,Nations,Regions Energy, Social and Quality of life.
As transportation and its related activities are capable of using substantial quantities of globally available resources andemission
of wastes, it plays an important role in the improve of quality of life and socioeconomic development. This is the main reason that
sustainability concept are essentially adopted in transportation industry there is no single universally accepted definition of
sustainability. (Castillo and Pitfield2010).In order to provide the transportation policies and to finalize the strategies some
researchers Allresearchers' studies on a region are by, (Castillo and Pitfield 2010, chi andstone2005,Hull 2008,Johnsonand white
2010,May et.2008, Lu and Quereshi 2007) on scooter power (Hwang 2010). On cross country transport (Bojkovic et al.2010) and
mass transit railway (Tang and Lu 2010). Emergy analysis is an important distinctive part of vast theory of functions of ecological
and other system development by(H. T. Odum in the 1980s (Dezi Li et at. 2012). The theory proposed describes the system
survived and its organization in hierarchies at the energy with efficiency generating maximum power (Bakshi and Hau 2004).
Hence, for creating the unique synthetic indicators of sustainability, emergy analysiscanbecomfortablyutilizedinspiteof proven
advantages being a new idea emergy analysis, concept was treated with huge resistance and criticism (Siche et.al 2010) following
are the notable advantages of emergy analysis as far as the assessment of sustainability is concerned .
 Additional flows influencing sustainability is accounted.
 Every type of role of nature and human economy is accounted.
 All emergy intensity factors, including all energy forms.
 Fundamental basic Theory of synthetic thinking is utilized (siche et.al 2010, Odum 1988).
Hence, Emergy analysis methodology utilized, directly or indirectly. The emergy analysis methodology is congenital in
sustainability evaluation of metro system.It can also be contributing in the variety of research area such as sustainable
transportation, sustainable development and in emergy analysis.
Methodology
In present Research work the two conceptsare triple bottom line and then the formation emergy index to calculate the level of
sustainability.John Elkington strove to measure sustainability amid the mid-1990s by incorporating anotherstructureto quantify
execution in corporate America. The TBL is an accounting system that consolidates three measurements of execution: social,

ecological and economical related. This varies from customary revealing structuresasitincorporatesbiological (orecological)and
social measures that can be hard to allot proper method for estimation.
Calculation the TBL
The 3Ps do not have a normal unit of measure. Benefits measured in dollars and that dollar esteem changed over into Rupees.
While that would have the advantage of having a typical unit dollars many items to putting a dollar esteem on wetlands or
jeopardized species on entirely philosophical grounds. Others doubt the strategy for finding the correct cost for lost wetlands or
imperiled species. Another arrangement has ascertained the TBL as far as a record. Along these lines, one dispenses with the
contradictory units issue and, the length of there is a generally acknowledged bookkeeping technique, takes into account
examinations between substances, e.g., looking at execution between organizations, urban communities, advancement
undertakings or some other benchmark.
Fig.3.Schmatic Arragemnet of Sustinability
Theortical Equation and limiting value of Emergy
The measure of vitality of one frame that is utilized as a part of changes specifically and in a roundabout way to make an item or
administration.Utilizing emergy, sunlight, fuel, power, and human administration be put on a typical premise by communicating
each of them in the emjoules of sun-based vitality that is required to create them. The energybolsters the era of one unit of a
financial item (communicated in many related terms). It is utilized to change over cash into emergy units. Cash is paid for
merchandise and enterprises, yet not to nature, the commitment to a procedure spoke to by financial installments is the emergy
that cash buys. The measure of assets that cash purchases relies on upon the measure of emergy supporting the economy and the
measure of cash flowing.

Table1. EMERGY yield ratioEnvironmental Loading ratio
Name Abbreviation Equation
Emergy yield ratio EmYR
F
WE
F
Y
Em
EmEm
Em
Em
EmYR


Environmental Loading
ratio
ELR
R
NF
Em
EmEm
ELR


Emergy sustainability
index
EmSI
)(
)(
NFF
NER
EmEmEm
EmEmEm
ELR
EmYR
EmSI



Table.2. Limiting values of three indexes
Ratio Limiting value Descriptions
EmYR <5 It denotes primary materials like cement and steel and secondary energy resource.
(Ulgiati and Brown)
>5 Primary energy resource, greater values of EmYR stronger competition ability and
more economic benefit (Zhang et.al 2010)
<2 Not contributes as an energy resourceis associated with consumables or
manufacturing process
ELR <2 Low impact on the environment (Siche et al.2008)
2 to 10 Moderate impact on the environment
>10 Relatively concentrated impact on the environment (Brown and Ulgiati2004;Caoand
Feng 2007)
EmSI <1 Not sustainable at long time period (Brown and Ulgiati 2004; Giannetti et al 2010;
Yang et al 2007))
1 to 5 Sustainable of medium period
>5 Clearly, sustainable, sustainable for long time period
RWY More Lower environmental management level and less sustainable.
Smaller More sustainable (Xu 2010: Yi 2010)

DMRC presented the answer to the nodal organization Nagpur Improvement Trust on 12 February 2013.The aggregatecost ofthe
venture was assessed at around ₹90 billion. The venture comprised of two courses: Automotive Square toHingna.Therewould be
17 stations on Route no. 1 with a terminal cum warehouse at MIHAN and 19 stations on Route no. 2 with a terminal cum stop at
Lokmanya Nagar. Across rail station was proposed at MunjeSquare, wherethetwocourseswouldmeetandthesuburbanite would
have the capacity to trade the courses. It's normal that 12.21 percent of Nagpur's evaluated populace of 2.9 million in 2021, i.e.
around 363,000 Commuters would utilize the Metro by 2021. There would be 19 feeder courses covering all stations and an
aggregate separation of around 160 km. To execute the venture, the Cabinet endorsed settingupofNagpurMetroRail Corporation
Limited (NMRCL). NMRCL is a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) made for the smooth usage and operations of the Nagpur Metro Rail
Project and is a joint wonder of Government of India and Government of Maharashtra. The venture is planned tobe finished by
March 2018. Nagpur Improvement Trust (NIT) asked DMRC to give Consultancy administrations to the planning of a Detailed
Project Report for Metro Rail System in Nagpur, Maharashtra at first for 30 km, which reexamined to 42 km on July 2012. From
there on, DMRC directed Traffic Surveys, Topographical Surveys,Geotechnical InvestigationsandEnvironmentImpactAssessment
Survey. The review region comprised of the Nagpur Municipal Corporation Area. The review region totaledtoroughly217 .In
light of the diverse sorts of reviews done by the DMRC, metro arrangements settled after rehashed assessment of the street
organize, convergences, traveler activity stream, movement blockage, interfacing with imperative land employments.
Fig.4. Nagpur Metro Rail Route Map
Parameter and Assumptionfor Emergy Condition
Imported and Exported emergy is the move from fundamental information to emergy though, and hence these Indicators. As
indicated by the accessibility of information accumulation, a few assumptions must be made ahead of time, including
1. As specified beforehand, the construction time of Nagpur metro system from year 2013to2018,inthisperiodthestartingtwo
year required for total land acquisitionfor temporary Construction Depot/office accommodationDuring construction period,

huge quantities of construction materials like reinforcing bars, cement,steel sections,shutters,pre-castsegmentsetc.aretobe
stored ansufficient land is required for storage of these materials and acquisition of privet land passing through the route of
metro, After 2015 actual work is started in field means construction phase,total costof constructionisavailableofthefactthat
the contribution to these five years is difficult to separate every year and is along these lines regarded as an approximate;
2. Transformityutilized are not used in this paper, direct cost is fined byusing the TBLmethodinRupeesaccordingtothemarket
rate of India in 2011 and the growth rate is applied;
3. The passenger capacity in taken form Nagpur metro rail DPR,Nagpur CMP draft final report feeder final reportand somerout
manual checking is done by using video recording realistic value is taken
4. Regarding In Table 3, only sunlight means solar energy are considered in this paper;
5. Regarding In Table 3, only two construction main construction materials (steel, and cement) in the constructionperiod,
are consideredin this paper;
6. Regarding During the construction period, all the construction material, construction machinery, work equipment
information and management
7. Regarding In the O&M period, Recurring Cost
8. Regarding In Table 4,It can be evaluated directly orestimated indirectly, whereas ‘Benefit from reducing
abovegroundpublic transportation, like annual time, cost saved by metro passengers, Annual on fuel cost saved by metro
passenger, Annual vehicle operating cost saved by metro passengers, Emission saves cost, Accident cost saving, Annual time
cost saved by road passengers, Annual fuel cost saved by road passenger, Annual infrastructural maintains cost saved.
9. Regarding In Table 4, Environmental monitoring in the construction period, solid waste is considered estimated in the
O&M period.
Table 3. Imported Emergy of Metro Ecosystems
Type Sources
Renewable resources emergy, Sunlight, wind, rain, earth cycle, flowing water, tides, biomass, and heat from
within the earth
Nonrenewable resources emergy, Top soil loss, metals, minerals, woods, and fossil fuels
Socioeconomic feedback emergy, Investments, labors, construction materials, construction machinery, work
equipment,

Table 4. Exported Emergy of Metro Ecosystems (in the Dimension of Yield Aspect)
Type Yield
aspect
Sources Yield stage
Socioeconom
ic yield
emergy,
Economic
yield
The sales income of tickets, surrounding land appreciation, income from
the platform and carriage advertisement
O&M
Social
yield
Benefit from reducing aboveground public transportation,
Annual of fuel cost saved by metro passenger,
Annual time cost saving by road passengers,
Annual infrastructural maintains cost saved,
Communi
cation
yield
Benefit from time saving of passengers,
Annual time cost saving by metro passengers,
Annual vehicle operating costs saved by metro
Accident cost saving
Environm
ental
yield
The annual fuel cost saved by road passenger,
Emission saving cost
Waste yield
emergy,
Wastes
yield
Waste water, exhaust gases, solid waste, domestic garbage O&M
Emergy Analysis- Based Sustainability Indicators
After obtaining all the emergy values into cost of Rs. Crore, then relative Emergy indices can calculated as shown further in
Graphical form 1.First index is the EYR Emergy Yield Ratio. In this, we get the ratio of the exported emergy to socioeconomic
feedback emergy, which gives a measure of efficiency of the ecosystem to use or take advantages of local resources.
Exportedemergy is the summation of socioeconomic yield energy, social yield,communication yield, Environmental yield and the
waste yield emergy. This value denotes the wages or service profit due to existing project. This yield obtained mostly in the O &M
phase. The Socioeconomic feedback contains the emergy value of total construction cost and O & M cost for the overall life of the

project. According to Ulgiati and Brown (2002), EYR values less than five denotes primarymaterials,suchascementandsteel,and
secondary.
.
Fig 5. EmYR of Nagpur Metro Project
In the Fig 5. The EYR value per year and limiting value of EYR for the sustainability condition should be 5. According to the figure
from year 2020-2040, the given project is sustainable for a long period of time, but for the construction period2013-2019 value is
less than 5, that period of the project contributes as an emergy resource is associated withconsumablesormanufacturingprocess.
The relative index is ELR Environmental loading Ratio which is the ratio of nonrenewable resource and socioeconomic
Inputemergy partitioned by renewable assets, emergy which measures the weight of neighborhood natural on account of the
creation action. Concurring ELR can give data on the reliance of a neighborhood framework on the renewable and nonrenewable
(nonlocal).(Some portion of the criticism from the general public (Siche et al. 2008)). ELR values below 2, demonstrate a
moderately low effect on nature. (or, on the other hand, it utilize a substantial territory of a nearby domain to weaken the effect);
values in the vicinity of 2 and 10, imply that the framework has a direct effect. Estimations of more than 10 have strong impact on
ecological system (Brown and Ulgiati 2004; Cao and Feng 2007).
Fig 6. ELR of Nagpur metro Project

In the Fig.6 ELR value of the construction phase is greater than 10.That period is concentrated impacton the environment because
of construction activity disturbance is occurring in the natural environment and the flyover constructed in the mid of road many
problems like congestion or traffic jam so fuel loss, time loss, discomfort, sound pollution due to the machinery at construction
activities. Also used large amount of resources like cement and steel, after 2020 ELR value is less than 10. so at operation phase
moderate impact on the environment up to 2039.
The aggregate ratio of emergy yield to environmental load ratio provides sustainability functions for the process or economy of
given metro system. This aggregate ratio shows that the given project is economical,environmentally friendly and
socioeconomically. The value of ESI is more frequently used as an aggregate sustainability indicator.This index can aim the
optimization of a given systemwith more yields and less environmental loading (Brown and Ulgiati 2004). Combining emergy
indices systems or processes are not sustainable at a long time period when ESI less is than one, whereastheyarerathersustained
for medium periods of 1to 5and if the ESI is greater than 5 then it is clearly and longtime sustainable (Brown and Ulgiati 2004;
Giannettiet al. 2010; Yang et al. 2010).
Fig. 7. EmSI of Nagpur Metro Project
From given Nagpur metro project EmSI value is always greater than 1 but less than 5, so the project is medium sustainable. During the
construction period, EYR value is slightly more than 1 but as the year passes the value of EYR increases 2.5 Up to 3. One more additional
index to cross check the environmental sustainability is RYW Ratio; this is the ratioofWasteyieldtothetotalexportedenergyyieldwhich
is also called waste efficiency indicators; more value of RWY was indicated very harmful to the environment and a lower environmental
management level. In addition, if smaller the RWY value means more sustainable.
.

Fig.8. RWY of Nagpur Metro Project
From above Fig.8 value of RWY is greater at the construction phase and gradually decreases at the operation and maintenance
phase, so the conclusion gives metro system is sustainable at the operation and maintenance phase. Both the index having same
indication or conclusion is not necessary for finding the metro’s emergy sustainability index.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The propose technique for surveying the sustainabilityof the metro systemon the premise of energy analysis, and TBL, method
containing three emergy indexes, to be specific emergy yield proportion, environmental loading ratio,and theproportionofwaste
to aggregate yield. Each of them represents to a particular significantsustainability,meaningfromalternatepointsofview,themain
phase of Nagpur metrostudied as a case, which demonstrates the proposed methodology’s applicability and serviceability. By
utilizing the proposed methodology, a metro framework's sustainabilitycansurveyed,andthe relatingenhancement measurescan
extricated. In addition, the required data can obtain primarily from the census report 2011, DPR of Nagpur metro, and RTO office.
Subsequently, the proposed methodology is effortless and generally pertinent furthermore, helpful for members, particularly for
approach producers in the early phase of plan outline correlations with a view to sustainability. Some factor is quantified
separately are difficult, but we get approximately correct result. By emergy and TBL method, Nagpur metro project is sustainable
for medium time approximately 20 years after that some extra route planning is required to control the traffic smooth flow.
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