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Generic BSN biochemistry Metabolism.pptx
- 1. Unit III Metabolism and Adeno-Tri-Phosphatase (ATP)
- 2. Metabolism • The sum / total amount of the biochemical reactions involved in maintaining the living condition of the cells in an organism. Provides energy for different essential processes and for producing new organic substances. Help in growth, reproduction and in maintaining the structures of living organisms. • All chemical reactions takes place in the human body “from digestion to transportation of substances from cell to cell” require energy.
- 3. Types • Catabolism; the process involved in breaking down larger organic molecules into smaller molecules, (releases energy). liberate energy; as glucose is converted to lactic acid. • Anabolism; A process mainly involved in building up or synthesizing compounds from simpler substances required by the cells. need energy input and consume energy.
- 5. Metabolic Pathway • A series of reactions which involve both breaking and making of bio-molecules via chemical reactions. • Involve the extraction of energy by breaking molecules and using this energy to synthesize the building blocks. • Metabolic waste: the leftover product of both catabolism and anabolism. e.g salts, phosphates, sulfates, urea & creatinine.
- 6. Tips :Increase Metabolism • Eat at least 3 meals in a day. • Good break fast: boost metabolism & provides energy to perform the morning work. • Fiber diet help to burn fat. • Organic foods boost up metabolism: peaches, bell peppers, celery, apples, lettuce, grapes.
- 7. Nutrition and Energy • The metabolism depend on the nutrients that get digested to produce energy. energy necessary to synthesize nucleic acids, proteins and other bio-molecules in the body. • Nutrients: substances for the body requirements. Food provides different substances that are essential for the bodybuilding and repairing of tissues along with the proper functioning of the body. Organic : fats, vitamins, carbohydrates, and proteins. Inorganic : oxygen, water, and other dietary minerals
- 8. Energy • Chemical Energy: the ability to do work needed by living things (cell) and can not store the significant amount of the energy. • Glucose molecules & Adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) are sources of the energy among humans. • Cellular respiration: a chemical process generates most of ATP (breakdown of glucose in humans). • ATP: the lowest form of the chemical energy in organism used to power cell processes.
- 9. Adenosine Tri-phosphate (ATP) • the lowest form of the chemical energy in organism used to power cell processes ("energy currency" of the cell). • Structure:nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups. Provides readily releasable energy in the bond between the 2nd & 3rd phosphate groups. • The breakdown of ATP through hydrolysis serves a broad range of cell functions; signaling and DNA/RNA synthesis.
- 10. ATP Synthesis • Utilizes energy (catabolic mechanisms) via cellular respiration, beta-oxidation/ ketosis (fat burn). • Majority of ATP synthesis occurs in cellular respiration within the mitochondrial matrix: Generates about 32 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose (oxidized). • ATP; consumed for energy in processes ; ion transport, muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, substrate phosphorylation, and chemical synthesis.
- 11. ATP Structure • A molecule of adenosine monophosphate (AMP); Adenine molecule + ribose molecule + single phosphate group. (requires energy for bonding ) o Ribose: a five-carbon sugar found in RNA, (AMP is one of the nucleotides in RNA). o A second phosphate group results ADP. o Third phosphate group forms ATP. o ADP and ATP molecules inherently unstable. • Phosphate groups are negatively charged, thus, repel one another (when arranged in a series).
- 12. ATP : Structure ADP+Pi+free energy→ATP+H2O(phosphorylation) • 1 adenine: purine base (2 carbon nitrogen ring) • 1 ribose: A 5-carbon simple sugar • 3 phosphate molecules: Majority of the ATP's energy is also stored within its phosphate- phosphate bond. • Dephosphorylation: Release of one or two phosphate groups from ATP (releases energy.)
- 13. Energy from ATP • Hydrolysis; water splits / lysed, results (H+ ) atom & a hydroxyl group (OH– ) are added to the larger molecule. • Produces ADP, together with Pi & release of free energy. • To carry out life processes, ATP broken down into ADP. • ADP : continuously regenerated into ATP via reattachment of a third phosphate group. • Water, which was broken down into its hydrogen atom and hydroxyl group during ATP hydrolysis, regenerated when a third phosphate is added to the ADP molecule( ATP). • ATP is a direct link b/w limited set of exergonic pathways of glucose catabolism & the multitude of endergonic pathways that power living cells.
- 14. Phosphorylation (addition of phosphoral group) • ATP: broken down by the removal of terminal phosphate group ( energy released). • Often the released phosphate is directly transferred to another molecule, such as a protein, activating it. e.g ATP supplies the energy to move the contractile muscle proteins during the mechanical work of muscle contraction. • Phosphorylation by ATP alters the structure of the integral protein that functions as the pump, changing its affinity for sodium and potassium. the cell performs work, using energy from ATP to pump ions against their electrochemical gradients.
- 15. Energy from ATP hydrolysis • The energy from ATP can be used to drive chemical reactions by coupling ATP hydrolysis with another reaction process in an enzyme. ATP+H2O→ADP+P • During an endergonic chemical reaction, ATP forms an intermediate complex with the substrate and enzyme in the reaction. That allows the ATP to transfer its third phosphate group, with its energy, to the substrate (phosphorylation). • The ADP molecule and a free phosphate ion are released into the medium and are available for recycling through cell metabolism.
- 16. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) • Adenosine: the when adenine is combined with a simple sugar (ribose or deoxyribose). • Adenine is a purine (hydrogen & Nitrogen) base, while adenosine is a nucleoside (base bound to a sugar). • Di means "two," and phosphate. • A charged ion that contains the mineral phosphate. • AMP + Pi = ADP
- 17. Cellular Respiration • A aerobic process; the cells break down glucose & make ATP for energy. to break down and build up molecules and to transport many molecules across plasma membranes. • The body cells extract energy from the bonds of glucose and other food molecules via cellular respiration (metabolism glucose). • Similar to burning, doesn’t produce light or intense heat. • Releases the energy in glucose slowly (many small steps). • Stages; Glycolysis, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) & Krebs cycle. • Cells store the extracted energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
- 18. Steps • Glycolysis: does not use oxygen and occurs in the cytosol of the cell, a small amount of ATP is extracted from the chemical bonds in a molecule of glucose. One molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate during glycolysis. • Pyruvate oxidation: An intermediary step , the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex takes pyruvate and oxidizes , producing a small amount of ATP, NADH, and carbon dioxide waste. Coenzymes like NADH and FADH2 , used to produce ATP. The pyruvate becomes acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) molecules.
- 19. • the Krebs cycle / Citric acid cycle/ . tricyclic acid cycle : an aerobic process, takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, a small amount of ATP, NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Hygrogen), FADH2 (flavin adenine dinucleotide Hydrogen), and carbon dioxide waste is produced from acetyl-CoA. • Oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain: (ETC = electron transport chain), occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. NADH/FADH2 molecules from earlier steps are shunted into the ETC, where undergo a series of redox reactions. The final electron acceptor in this redox chain is a molecule of oxygen. Oxidative phosphorylation:an oxygen requiring process where ATP is produced by phosphorylating ADP into ATP in the ETC..
- 21. ADP (Function) • A component of DNA. • Plays an essential role in providing energy for muscle contraction, firing neurons (nerve cells), and intracellular signaling. (When used as an intermediate for ATP) • Enhances blood clotting and wound healing when a blood vessel is punctured. • At the time of injury, ADP is released from platelets and used to promote the clotting cascade. (stored in platelet-rich granules.) • Stores & releases energy for essential biochemical reactions. • ATP: also regenerated through the use of ADP in cellular respiration.
- 22. 22 Reference and Reading 1. Jacob A. (2004). Biochemistry for Nurses, 2nd ed. New-Delhi: Jaypee Brothers. 2. Chatterjea MN. (2012) Textbook of Biochemistry, 8th ed, New Delhi : jaypee. 3. Sackhiem, G. I. (1994).In Chemistry for the health science, 7th ed , New York: Macmillan. 4. ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate (https:/ ATP- _Adenosine_Triphosphate bio.libretexts.org cited on 9.8.2023) .
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