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Geography of Pakistan.pptx
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- 2. WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY? •Geography is derived from Greek word geographia. Geo means earth and graphia means description. The literal translation would be to describe or write about earth. • Geographic location of a country can be measured as relative or absolute location. • Relative location: A location of place in relation to another place. • Absolute location: A point on earth’s surface expressed by a coordinate system such as latitude and longitude.
- 3. • The relativelocation of Pakistan can be defined as .. • The absolute location of Pakistan is • 23.45 – 36.75 degree North Latitude • 61 – 75.5 degree East Longitud Geographical Coordinate system is the most commonly used coordinate system. It uses degree of longitude and latitude to describe a location of the earth surface.
- 4. LATITUDES • Latitudes arethe imaginary lines which runs parallel to the equator and divide the world into 180 equal portions. • Some important latitudes are: • Equator 0 degree • Tropic of Cancer 23.5 degree North • Tropic of Capricorn 23.5 degree South • Arctic and Antarctic 66.5 degree North and 66.5 degree South respectively.
- 5. LONGITUDES • the imaginaryvertical lines on the earth are called longitudes. • They are also known as meridians. • The degree continue 180 degree East and 180 degree West. • Important longitudes are: • Prime Meridian • International Date Line
- 6. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF PAKISTAN •Pakistan is divided into two physiographic regions: • The Western Highlands • The Indus Plain
- 8. THE WESTERN HIGHLANDS •The western highlands can be divided into the following physiographic divisions: • Mountainous North • Safed Koh and Waziristan hills • Sulaiman and Kirthar mountains • Balochistan Plateau • Potwar Plateau and Salt Range
- 9. MOUNTAINOUS NORTH • Thenorthern part of Pakistan is covered with different mountain ranges. • Mountainous north can be further subdivided into three mountain ranges: • The Karakoram • The Himalayas • The Hindukush
- 10. THE KARAKORAM • TheKarakoram ranges are located in the extreme north of Pakistan. • The average height is 6,000 meters and above. • Many significant glaciers are found in Karakoram for e.g. Siachen, Baltoro, Biafo, Batura and Hisper. • There are few important passes in this region for e.g. Khunjerab pass and Karakoram pass. • This region is thinly populated due to its harsh and extreme weather.
- 11. THE HIMALAYAS • TheHimalayas are the highest mountain range in the world. • The Himalayas form 1500 miles broad crescent through Northeast Pakistan, Northern India, Southern Tibet, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan. • The western part of Himalayas fall in Pakistan and is located in the north east of Pakistan.
- 12. • Himalaya mountainranges in Pakistan can be further classified into three groups: • The sub Himalayas or Siwaliks • The lesser Himalayas • The greater Himalayas
- 13. SIWALIKS • Siwaliks aresouthern most range of Himalayas and ranges between 2000 ft – 4000 ft • They extend to Hazara, Muree and Rawalpindi.
- 14. THE LESSER HIMALAYAS •The lesser Himalaya is in the north of siwaliks and ranges between 6000 ft – 15,000 ft • They cover Rawalpindi, Muree, Abbottabad, Mansehra districts. • Muree, Nathia gali and Ghora gali are significant areas of this region. • In jammu and Kashmir they are represented by Pir Panjal Range
- 15. THE GREATER HIMALAYAS •They are located in north of lesser Himalayas. • They range above 15000 ft. • Kohistan district is located in this region.
- 16. THE HINDUKUSH • TheHindukush ranges are at the north west of Pakistan. • Some of the important passes located in hindukush are babusar, lowari, shandur etc.
- 17. SAFED KOH ANDWAZIRISTAN HILLS • Safed koh lies in the south west of mountainous north. • The natural boundary between Safed Koh and Mountainous North is Kabul River. • Waziristan Hills are located to the South of Safed Koh. • There are three important River Valleys in this region • Peshawar Valley • Kohat Valley • Bannu Valley
- 18. PESHAWAR VALLEY • Itis the largest valley in this region. • It is drained by River Kabul and River Swat. • Its average height is 1000 ft.
- 19. KOHAT VALLEY • Itis the highest and smallest valley of the region. • It is drained by River Kohat.
- 20. BANNU VALLEY • Bannuvalley is the lowest among others. • Kurram and Tochi are the main rivers of this valley.
- 21. POTWAR PLATEAU ANDSALT RANGE • They are located in the south of mountainous North. • Its height is about 1000-2000 ft. • Soan and Haro are the rivers of the region. • To the south of Potwar lies the Salt range. It rises to an average height of 2500-3000 ft. The Sakesar Peak is the heighest point in the region. Khewra salt mines are located here. • Indus river flows in the west while Jehlum is located to the east of Potwar. • Its northern boundary is formed by the Kala Chitta ranges and Margalla hills.
- 22. SULAIMAN KIRTHAR MOUNTAINS •Sulaiman Kirthar mountains lies between Balochistan and Indus Plain. • They extend south from Gomal River. • The Sulaiman mountain rises to an average height of 2000 ft. • South of Sulaiman mountains lies Kirthar ranges.
- 23. BALUCHISTAN PLATEAU • BaluchistanPlateau is located at the west of Sulaiman Kirthar ranges. • There are several basins lying in the area between hills and mountains. • Some of the important basins of Balochistan plateau are the Zhob valley and the Baji valley in the north, the Quetta valley and Mastung valley in the central part and Hingol valley and Kech valley in the south.
- 24. • The southernpart of Balochistan comprises of coastal plain, • The coastal plains along Makran coast are very narrow and some areas are covered with extensive sand deposits. • Makran consists of two parts. That situated in Baluchistan is known as Kech Makran to distinguish it from Iran’s Makran.
- 25. • Makran isan extensive area comprising of three important mountain ranges. • The Makran coast range (600m) • The Central Makran range (900-1200m) • The Siahan, Ras Koh and Chaghi range (1000-2000m).
- 26. THE MAKRAN COASTRANGE • Ranges on the southern part and rises to 600 m (200 ft) above sea level and may be called the southern or coast division consisting of Gwadar, Dasht and Nigwar
- 27. THE CENTRAL MAKRANRANGE • The central division enclosed on the north of Makran range. • It consist of Kech valley.
- 28. RAS KOH ANDCHAGHI RANGES • They form border with Afghanistan. The region is true desert.
- 29. INDUS PLAIN • RiverIndus enters into plain at Kalabagh. • The left hand tributaries are larger ones: • Sutlej • Ravi • Chenab • Jehlum • Right hand tributaries are: • Kabul • Kurram • Tochi • Gomal
- 30. • Indus Plaincan be categorized into following physiographic divisions. • Piedmont plain • Alluvial terraces • Interfluves (doabs) • Active flood plain • Old flood plain • Deltaic plain • Rolling sand plains and dunes
- 31. PIEDMONT PLAINS • Theword piedmont refers to an area at the foot of a mountain. Piedmont plains refers to the flat area at the feet of the mountain. • It lies between Sulaiman Kirthar mountains and river Indus. • Piedmont plains are dominated by alluvial fans.
- 33. ALLUVIAL TERRACES • Foundin the upper Indus plain. • Locally called ‘bars’. • Significant bars of the region include: • Sandal Bar • Ganji Bar • Nili Bar
- 34. INTERFLUVES (DOABS) • Thefertile area between two rivers is called ‘doabs’. • Significant doabs are: • Chaj Doab (between Chenab and Jehlum). • Rechna Doab (between Ravi and Chenab). • Bari Doab (between Beas and Ravi). • Sindh Sagar Doab (between Indus and Jehlum).
- 35. ACTIVE FLOOD PLAIN •Narrow strips of land along the Indus river and its main tributaries. • They are called ‘bed’. It is often the summer bed of river.
- 36. OLD FLOOD PLAINS •Few km above the active flood plains and normally safe from flood. • They cover extensive areas between the ‘bed’ and the ‘bars’ in the upper Indus plain and between bed and the desert areas in the lower Indus plain. • Ox bow lakes and meanders are the significant feature. • Old flood plains constitute the main agricultural area of Pakistan.
- 38. DELTAIC PLAINS • Adelta is an area of low, flat land shaped like a triangle, where a river splits and spreads out into several branches before entering the sea. • The Indus river delta forms where the Indus river flows into the Arabian sea, creating a complex system of swamps, streams and mangrove forests. • Indus delta is situated southward of Thatta.
- 40. ROLLING SAND PLAINSAND DUNES • Extensive area in South East of Pakistan is covered with rolling sand plains and dunes. • It is an area separated from the Indus valley by the dry channel of Ghaggar river in the Punjab which is called East Nara or Dharo Purna river in Sindh. • This extensive desert is called Cholistan or Rohi in Bhawalpur, Pat in northern Sindh and Tharparkar in southern Sindh.