Ginger, Asafoetida.pptx
- 1. Ginger & Asafoetida Dr.Prasanth B Associate Professor Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Muvattupuzha
- 2. Ginger • Synonyms Zingiber and Zingiberis. • Biological Source: Ginger consists of dried rhizomes of Zingiber officinale . Family Zingiberaceae. Its outer skin is removed by scraping, after which it is dried in the sun. Its market name is Jamaica ginger. • Geographical Source • Ginger is native to South East Asia, though it is cultivated in Caribbean islands, Africa, Australia, Mauritius, Jamaica, Taiwan , and India. More than 35% of world‘s ginger is produced in India.
- 6. • Morphology 1.Shape:Laterally flattened pieces with flattened oblique ovate branches or fingers on the upper side. 2. Each branch1-3 cm long, depression of stem scar at the apex. 3.Branching sympodial, (growth of rhizome takes place from lateral bud eg: ginger, turmeric)& horizontal rhizome. 4.Longtitudinally striated outer surface with ocassional fibres. 5.Fracture: short and fibrous. 6. Colour: Buff coloured. 7.Odour: Agreeable aromatic odour and agreeable pungent taste.
- 8. • Transverse Section of Ginger • 1) Cork: It comprises of irregularly arranged cells, followed by cortex. • 2) Cortex: It comprises of thin walled parenchymatous tissue. It is distinguished from stele by a well-marked endodermis. Many closed collateral fibro-vascular bundles are enclosed within the cortical tissue. Oleo- resin cell are present in cortex. • 3) Vascular Bundles: They are present just inside the endodermis and are free of fibres. • 4) Endodermis is free of starch, and oleo -resinous cells and starch grains are found all over the ground tissue.
- 9. Powder Microscopy 1.Unlignified vessels with reticulate thickening. 2.Septate Xylem fibres surrounding the vessels. 3.Secretion cells of oleoresin embedded in parenchyma. 4.Sac shaped Statch grains
- 10. Chemical constituents • Ginger contains 1 -4% of volatile oil, • Ginger oil contains monoterpene hydrocarbons , sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated mono and sesquiterpenes, and phenylpropanoids. • Sesquiterpenes-Zingiberene, Beta-bisabolene, alpha- farnesene, Beta-sesquiphellandrene, and alpha- curcumene. • The main characters of ginger are aroma and flavour. Its aroma is because of the fragrant principles of volatile oils, whereas the flavour, pungency and pharmacological actions are produced by the phenolic ketones of oleo-resin.
- 11. • Phenolic ketones of oleo -resin include gingerols such as shogaols, zingerone. • Identification test: • The pungency of ginger powder, which is mainly due to gingerol is destroyed by boiling with 2% Potassium hydroxide for 10 mts. • Chemical Test • To 1gm of pulverised ginger, 5ml of dilute acetic acid (prepared by diluting 1 part of glacial ac etic acid with 1 part of water) is added and shake n for 15 minutes. The resultant mixture is filtered. A few drops of ammonium oxalate TS is added to the filtrate, which gives rise to a slight turbidity.
- 12. • Uses • 1) It is used as an anti-emetic, and its aromatic , carminative and absorbent properties improve the effects of motion sickness directly in the GI tract. • 2) Gingerols and shogaols show cardiovascular activity by the inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase, and hence hindering prostaglandin biosynthesis. • 3) It possesses antiplatelet aggregation property because of the inhibition of thromboxane synthesis. • 4) It is also used for lowering cholesterol levels by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis. • 5) It also shows antitussive, anti-pyretic and analgesic properties. • 6) Its rhizomes show fungicidal, antibacterial and anthelmintic properties. • 7) Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons are the reason for its anti- ulcer activity.
- 13. Adulterants As ginger grows underground, it gets contaminated with worms and insect remains. It can also be adulterated with other vegetable adulterants, and this can be detected by microscopic examination. Adulteration of ginger can also be done with Exhausted or spent ginger, which is a ginger from which the essence has been extracted, due to which it produces lower than official standards for extracts. For increasing pungency, ginger is sometimes adulterated with capsicum or grains of paradise.
- 14. Official Source: Asafoetida (Ferula asafoetida) is an oleo-gum-resin obtained from the stems of Ferula plants belonging to the family Umbelliferae.
- 15. • Macroscopic Features • 1) Colour: Yellowish-white changing to reddish-brown. • 2) Odour: Intense, persistent, penetrating, and alliaceous. • 3) Taste: Bitter, alliaceous, and acidic. • 4) Shape: Occurs in 2 different formsTears are rounded or flattened. , i.e., tears and masses. • 5) Size: Tears are 0.5-3cm in diameter. • 6) Extra Features: Fresh tears are tough, which on drying becomes hard and brittle. The inner surface of tears is milky whitish -yellow, translucent, or opaque. Mass of asafoetida is agglutinated and mixed with root fragments, foreign materials, and other impurities
- 16. • Chemical Constituents • Asafoetida contains resin (40-65%), gum (20-25%), and volatile oil (4-20%). • The chief resin of asafoetida is asaresinotannol present either in free form or is combined with ferulic acid . Asafoetida does not contain free umbelliferone. • Ferulic acid when treated with hydrochloric acid, converts into umbellic acid, which forms umbelliferone by losing water(Principle in chemical test). • Asafoetida oil is obtained by steam distillation of the oleo -gum resin. The oil contains secondary butyl propenyl disulphide as its chief constituent. • The sulphur compounds imparts odour to asafoetida.
- 17. • Chemical Tests • 1) On treating its fractured surface with sulphuric acid, a red or reddish -brown colour appears. • 2) On adding 50% nitric acid to the fracture surface, a green colour appears. • 6) Combined Umbelliferone Test:If the drug is in tear form, it is triturated with sand. About 0.5gm of the drug is boiled with 3ml of hydrochloric acid and 3ml of water for 5-10 minutes. The resultant mixture is filtered, and an equal volume of alcohol and excess of strong solution of ammonia are added to the filtrate. A blue fluorescence appears due to the presence of combined umbelliferone.
- 18. • Uses • 1) It is used as an antispasmodic, carminative, expectorant, and laxative. • 2) Asafoetida is traditionally used for the treatment of different diseases, such as whooping cough, asthma, ulcer, epilepsy, stomachache, flatulence, bronchitis, intestinal parasites, antispasmodic, weak digestion and influenza. • 3) It is also a powerful nervine stimulant, used in nervous disorders related to hysteria.
- 20. • Adulterant • Asafoetida is adulterated with gum arabic, rosin, gypsum, red clay, chalk, and barley or wheat flour.