Git basics
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Git is a distributed version control system designed to handle small and large projects with speed and efficiency. It allows for fast branching and merging. Git keeps an archive of all code changes over time, allows comparing changes and reverting to old releases, and provides accountability. The basic Git workflow involves modifying files in the working directory, staging files to add a snapshot to the staging area, and committing files which permanently stores the snapshot. Remote branches allow collaborating on code by fetching and pushing changes between local and remote repositories. Common commands include pull, push, commit, branch, tag, merge, and checkout.
![Example of gitignore
$ cat .gitignore
*.[oa]
*~
*.a # no .a files
!lib.a # but do track lib.a, even though you're ignoring .a files above
/TODO # only ignore the root TODO file, not subdir/TODO
build/ # ignore all files in the build/ directory
doc/*.txt # ignore doc/notes.txt, but not doc/server/arch.txt](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gitbasics-110906014443-phpapp01/85/Git-basics-9-320.jpg)
![Basic branching and merging
$ vi index.html
$ git commit -a -m 'added a new footer [issue 53]'](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gitbasics-110906014443-phpapp01/85/Git-basics-22-320.jpg)
![Basic branching and merging
Issue in production
$ git checkout master
Switched to branch “master”
$ git checkout -b ‘hotfix’
Switched to a new branch “hotfix”
$ vim index.html
$ git commit -am ‘fixed a broken email address’
[hotfix]: created 3a0874c: "fixed the broken email address"
1 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gitbasics-110906014443-phpapp01/85/Git-basics-23-320.jpg)
![Basic branching and merging
$ git checkout iss53
Switched to branch "iss53"
$ vim index.html
$ git commit -a -m 'finished the new footer [issue 53]'
[iss53]: created ad82d7a: "finished the new footer [issue 53]"
1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/gitbasics-110906014443-phpapp01/85/Git-basics-25-320.jpg)
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Git basics
- 1. Git An intro to Git Source Control Management
- 2. What is Git? Distributed version control system Linus Torvalds - to track linux kernel development Free and open source Designed to handle small/large projects with speed and efficiency Fast branching and merging
- 3. Why source control? Faster development Archive of all code changes over time Compare changes and revert to old release Accountability Conserve disk space Good for you
- 5. The Basics
- 6. Installing git • To initialize git directory • $ git init • Start version controlling existing files • $ git add *.php *.inc *.html *.tpl • $ git commit -m ‘Initial project version’ • Cloning an existing repository • $ git clone ssh://[email protected]/home/clickindia/public_html/clickindia
- 7. Basic git workflow • You modify files in your working directory • You stage files adding snapshot of them to staging area • You do a commit which takes the files in staging area and stores the snapshot permanently
- 8. Changes in repository To check status of your files Modifying files Tracking new files Removing files Staging modified files Committing files Ignoring files
- 9. Example of gitignore $ cat .gitignore *.[oa] *~ *.a # no .a files !lib.a # but do track lib.a, even though you're ignoring .a files above /TODO # only ignore the root TODO file, not subdir/TODO build/ # ignore all files in the build/ directory doc/*.txt # ignore doc/notes.txt, but not doc/server/arch.txt
- 10. Viewing staged and unstaged changes git status git diff (Compares working directory with staging area) git diff --staged git diff HEAD git diff v1.0 v1.1 git diff master adposting
- 11. Branching $ git add README test.rb LICENSE $ git commit -m 'initial commit of my project' Created on commit Created on add
- 12. Branching
- 13. Branching
- 14. Creating new branch $ git branch testing
- 15. Current branch
- 16. Switching branch $ git checkout testing
- 17. Significance of branch $ vim test.php $ git commit -am “made a change”
- 18. Significance of branch $ git checkout master
- 19. Significance of branch $ vim test.php $ git commit -am “made a change”
- 20. Basic branching and merging • Create a new feature branch • Do some work in that branch Critical issue in production • Revert back to production branch • Create a new branch to add the hotfix • After testing, merge the hotfix branch and push to production • Switch back to your original issue and continue
- 21. Basic branching and merging $ git checkout -b iss53 Switched to a new branch "iss53"
- 22. Basic branching and merging $ vi index.html $ git commit -a -m 'added a new footer [issue 53]'
- 23. Basic branching and merging Issue in production $ git checkout master Switched to branch “master” $ git checkout -b ‘hotfix’ Switched to a new branch “hotfix” $ vim index.html $ git commit -am ‘fixed a broken email address’ [hotfix]: created 3a0874c: "fixed the broken email address" 1 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
- 24. Basic branching and merging $ git checkout master $ git merge --no-ff hotfix Updating f42c576..3a0874c README | 1 - 1 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-) $ git branch -d hotfix Deleted branch hotfix (3a0874c).
- 25. Basic branching and merging $ git checkout iss53 Switched to branch "iss53" $ vim index.html $ git commit -a -m 'finished the new footer [issue 53]' [iss53]: created ad82d7a: "finished the new footer [issue 53]" 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
- 26. Basic branching and merging $ git checkout master $ git merge iss53 Merge made by recursive. README | 1 + 1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
- 27. Basic branching and merging $ git branch -d iss53
- 28. Branch management $ git branch # Shows all the active branches $ git branch -v # Shows last commit on each branch $ git branch --merged # Shows which branches are merged with the branch you are on $ git branch --no-merged # Shows all branches that contain work you haven’t merged $ git branch -d testing # To delete a branch. Will fail if the branch is not yet merged
- 29. Remote branches • Remote branches are references to the state of branches on your remote repositories
- 30. Remote branches
- 31. Remote branches $ git fetch origin # Fetches any data you don’t have from remote ‘origin’ repository $ git fetch origin master # Fetches data only from ‘master’ branch $ git pull origin # Fetches any data you don’t have and merges it with local branch $ git pull origin master # Fetches data from master and merges it with local master branch $ git push origin develop # Pushes data from local ‘develop’ branch to remote ‘develop’ branch $ git push origin develop:release # Pushes data from local ‘develop’ branch to remote ‘release’ branch git fetch origin
- 32. Remotes $ git remote Origin $ git remote -v Origin ssh://[email protected]/home/clickindia/public_html/clickindia $ git remote add test ssh://[email protected]/home/clickindia/public_html.... $ git remote rm origin
- 33. Gist of git
- 35. How will we work? pull master master master pull develop push release Development Test server Production 192.168.0.77 Developer 1 Developer 2 Developer 3
- 36. Tagging and release Once the code is merged into master production $ git tag -a v1.0.1 # applies v1.0.1 tag to current commit $ git tag # To list all tags $ git tag -1 ‘v1.4.2*‘ # List all tags starting with 1.4.2 $ git tag -a v1.0.1 -m ‘my version 1.0.1’ $ git show v1.4 tag v1.4 Tagger: Scott Chacon <[email protected]> Date: Mon Feb 9 14:45:11 2009 -0800 my version 1.4 commit 15027957951b64cf874c3557a0f3547bd83b3ff6 Merge: 4a447f7... a6b4c97... Author: Scott Chacon <[email protected]> Date: Sun Feb 8 19:02:46 2009 -0800 Merge branch 'experiment'
- 37. Tagging Tagging later $ git log --pretty=oneline 15027957951b64cf874c3557a0f3547bd83b3ff6 Merge branch 'experiment' a6b4c97498bd301d84096da251c98a07c7723e65 beginning write support 0d52aaab4479697da7686c15f77a3d64d9165190 one more thing 6d52a271eda8725415634dd79daabbc4d9b6008e Merge branch 'experiment' 0b7434d86859cc7b8c3d5e1dddfed66ff742fcbc added a commit function 4682c3261057305bdd616e23b64b0857d832627b added a todo file 166ae0c4d3f420721acbb115cc33848dfcc2121a started write support 9fceb02d0ae598e95dc970b74767f19372d61af8 updated rakefile 964f16d36dfccde844893cac5b347e7b3d44abbc commit the todo 8a5cbc430f1a9c3d00faaeffd07798508422908a updated readme $ git tag -a v1.2 9fceb02
- 38. Tagging
- 39. Everyday commands Working on a new feature $ git pull origin develop $ git checkout -b adposting .....did development work..... $ git commit -am ‘Created new ad posting form’ $ git push origin adposting ......tested feature on development server..... $ git checkout develop $ git merge --no-ff adposting $ git push origin develop:release-v1.1.2 (push to test server as release-v1.1.2 .........fix testing bugs on release v1.1.2....... $ git fetch origin release-v1.1.2 ( on production only done by sysadmin ) $ git checkout master $ git merge --no-ff release-v.1.1.2 $ git tag -am v1.1.2 ‘released version v1.1.2’
- 40. Everyday commands Working on a hotfix $ git pull origin master $ git checkout -b hotfixv1.1.1 master .....fixed bug on test server..... $ git commit -am ‘fixed e-mail address on contact page’ ....... Tested by deepak ........ $ git fetch origin hotfixv1.1.1 ( on production only done by sysadmin ) ...... Check if already on master....if not $ git checkout master $ git merge --no-ff hotfixv1.1.1 $ git tag -am v1.1.1 ‘released version v1.1.1’ $ git pull origin master ( on test and development servers)
- 41. Version numbering v0.0.0 Major release Hot fixes Minor releases
- 42. References • Progit.org -- a complete book on git • Gitref.org -- A very simple reference of all commands