GIT, GITHUB &
TERRAFORM
Presented by:
Rubondo Jerry , Ntege Nasser, Nsamba Oscar, Balikudembe
Cyrus, Zakariya Muhammud
HOW DOES GITHUB SERVE AS A CENTRAL PLATFORM FOR VERSION
CONTROL AND COLLABORATION IN DEVOPS WORKFLOWS, AND WHAT
ARE ITS KEY FEATURES FOR SOURCE CODE MANAGEMENT?
 Git: distributed version control system used for tracking changes in source code
during software development
 Github: web-based platform built around Git that provides hosting for software
development version control using Git.
 Terraform: open source IaC software tool created by HashiCorp that allows users
to define and provision data center infrastructure using a high-level configuration
language known as HashiCorp configuration language.
HOW DOES GITHUB SERVE AS A CENTRAL PLATFORM FOR
VERSION CONTROL AND COLLABORATION IN DEVOPS
WORKFLOWS, AND WHAT ARE ITS KEY FEATURES FOR
SOURCE CODE MANAGEMENT?
Key features for source code management
 Centralized Repository Hosting
 Branching and Merging
 Pull Requests
 Code Review Tools
 Issue Tracking
 Project Management
 Integration Ecosystem
CAN YOU EXPLAIN HOW GITHUB REPOSITORIES CAN BE ORGANIZED AND
UTILIZED TO SUPPORT THE DEVOPS PRACTICE OF INFRASTRUCTURE AS
CODE (IAC) WITH TOOLS LIKE TERRAFORM?
 GitHub repositories can be organized and utilized effectively to
support DevOps Through;code configurations, documentation, and
possibly other related files.
 Folders and Modules-Organize your Terraform code into meaningful
folders and modules. Each module could represent a specific part of
your infrastructure (e.g., networking, compute, storage).
 Branching strategy - Create branches for each environment (e.g.,
development, staging, production).This allows you to manage
different configurations for different environments.
 Versioning and release- Utilize Git tags for versioning releases of
your infrastructure code.This ensures that changes can be tracked
and rolled back if necessary.
 Documentation: Include comprehensive documentation in your
repository, explaining how to use the infrastructure code, how to
deploy it, and any other relevant information.
 Utilization for Infrastructure as Code:Collaboration: GitHub facilitates
collaboration among team members. Multiple developers can work
on the infrastructure code simultaneously, and changes can be
reviewed using pull requests
 Version Control: Git version control allows you to track changes to
your infrastructure code over time.This makes it easier to understand
who made what changes and when.
 Code Reviews:Take advantage of GitHub's pull request feature for
code reviews.This ensures that changes to the infrastructure code are
thoroughly reviewed before being merged into the main branch.
 Continuous Integration (CI): Integrate your GitHub repository with
CI/CD pipelines (e.g., GitHub Actions, Jenkins).This automates the
testing and deployment of your infrastructure code, ensuring that it
meets quality standards and is deployed consistently.
 Infrastructure Testing: Implement automated tests for your
infrastructure code to validate its correctness and functionality.Tools
like Terratest can be used for testing Terraform code. Issue Tracking:
Use GitHub's issue tracker to track bugs, feature requests, and other
tasks related to your infrastructure code.This helps in prioritizing
and managing work effectively.
 Release Management: Use GitHub releases to package and
distribute versions of your infrastructure code.This makes it easy to
deploy specific versions and track changes between releases.
 By organizing your GitHub repositories and utilizing its features
effectively, you can streamline the development, deployment, and
management of your infrastructure as code using tools like
Terraform.
WHAT ROLE DOES GITHUB ACTIONS PLAY IN AUTOMATING CI/CD PIPELINES, AND
HOW CAN IT BE CONFIGURED TO BUILD,TEST, AND DEPLOY APPLICATIONS IN A
DEVOPS ENVIRONMENT?
 GitHub Actions is a powerful tool for automating Continuous Integration
(CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD) pipelines directly within your
GitHub repository. It allows you to define workflows as code, automating
tasks such as building, testing, and deploying applications. Here's how
GitHub Actions can be configured to build, test, and deploy applications
in a DevOps environment:
Roles of GitHub Actions in CI/CD:
 Automated Testing: GitHub Actions can trigger automated tests
whenever code changes are pushed to the repository.You can define
test scripts in your workflow to run unit tests, integration tests, or any
other types of tests your application requires.
 Build Process: Actions can be configured to build your application
whenever changes are made to the codebase.This could involve
compiling code, bundling assets, or any other necessary build steps.
 Code Quality Checks Actions can run static code analysis tools or
linters to check for code quality issues such as syntax errors, code
style violations, or security vulnerabilities. .
 Containerization: If your application is containerized, GitHub Actions
can build Docker images and push them to a container registry as
part of the CI/CD pipeline.
 Deployment: GitHub Actions can automate the deployment of your
application to various environments (e.g., development, staging,
production).This could involve deploying to cloud services, virtual
machines, or Kubernetes clusters.
 Notification and Reporting: Actions can send notifications (e.g., Slack
messages, email notifications) and generate reports to keep team
members informed about the status of CI/CD pipelines and any
issues encountered.
Configuration Steps:
1. Workflow File: Create a .github/workflows directory in your repository and add
YAML files defining your workflows.These files specify the sequence of steps to
be executed in response to various GitHub events (e.g., push, pull request).
2. Trigger Events: Define the events that should trigger your workflows. For
example, you can trigger a workflow on every push to a specific branch, on pull
requests, or on a schedule.
3. Jobs and Steps: Define jobs within your workflow, each consisting of one or
more steps. Steps represent individual tasks (e.g., checking out code, running
tests, deploying). Actions provide pre-built steps that you can use or you can
define custom steps as needed.
4. EnvironmentVariables: Use environment variables to pass configuration
settings and secrets (e.g., API keys, credentials) to your workflows securely.
5. Matrix Builds: If your application needs to be tested across multiple
configurations (e.g., different versions of programming languages, operating
systems), you can define a matrix strategy in your workflow to run tests in
parallel across different configurations.
6. Secrets Management: Store sensitive information such as API keys and
credentials securely as encrypted secrets in your GitHub repository settings,
and reference them in your workflows.
7. Testing and Deployment Actions: Utilize existing Actions from the GitHub
Marketplace or create custom Actions to perform specific tasks such as testing
with different frameworks, deploying to specific cloud providers, or interacting
with external services.
8. Workflow Visualization: GitHub provides a visual workflow editor and a
workflow visualization tool that allows you to visualize the execution of your
workflows and understand the dependencies between jobs and steps.
By configuring GitHub Actions effectively, you can automate your CI/CD pipelines
and streamline the process of building, testing, and deploying applications in a
DevOps environment, improving productivity and ensuring the reliability of your
software releases
WHAT IS TERRAFORM?
 Terraform is an open-source IaC tool developed by HashiCorp. It enables users to
define and provision infrastructure resources using a declarative configuration
language.With Terraform, you can describe your desired infrastructure state in code,
and the tool handles the heavy lifting of provisioning, updating, and destroying
resources to match that state.
Key Features and Benefits
 Multi-Cloud Support:Terraform works with various cloud providers and services,
enabling unified infrastructure management across different platforms.
 Resource Graph: It uses a dependency graph to manage resources, ensuring efficient
provisioning and correct deployment sequencing.
Immutable Infrastructure:Terraform follows the
immutable infrastructure model, creating new resources
instead of altering existing ones for better consistency
and reliability.
State Management: A state file tracks the
infrastructure’s current state, aiding in change
management and preventing configuration drift.
Plan and ApplyWorkflow:The workflow allows for
previewing changes before execution, reducing the risk
of unintended modifications.
Modularity and Reusability:Terraform encourages
using reusable modules for infrastructure configuration,
promoting better code organization and collaboration.
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF TERRAFORM IN INFRASTRUCTURE AS CODE
(IAC) PRACTICES IN DEVOPS?
 The role of Terraform in Infrastructure as Code (IaC) practices within
DevOps is to provide a platform for defining, provisioning, and
managing infrastructure resources in a code-based and automated
manner
 It contributes to IaC practices in devOps through:
1. Automated Provisioning, this is attained by defining infrastructure
configurations in Terraform, where teams can easily spin up and
tear down resources such as virtual machines, networks, storage,
databases, and more with minimal manual intervention.(benefit)
2. Consistent Environment Management, by using the same
Terraform configurations across environments, teams can ensure
consistency in infrastructure settings, reducing the risk of
configuration drift and making it easier to replicate environments
accurately.
3. Declarative Infrastructure Configuration,
infrastructure is defined using a declarative
configuration language (HCL - HashiCorp
Configuration Language).This approach makes
infrastructure configurations more concise,
readable, and maintainable.
4. Version Control and Collaboration:Terraform
configurations are stored as code and can be
managed using version control systems like Git.This
allows teams to track changes to infrastructure
configurations over time.
HOW DOES IT ENABLE THE PROVISIONING, MANAGEMENT,
AND VERSIONING OF INFRASTRUCTURE RESOURCES?
Terraform enables provisioning, management, and
versioning of infrastructure resources as follows;
oProvisioning:Terraform allows developers and operations
teams to define infrastructure resources, such as servers,
networks, databases, and storage, using a declarative
configuration language called HashiCorp Configuration
Language (HCL).When Terraform is executed, it compares
the defined configuration with the current state of the
infrastructure and makes any necessary changes to bring
the infrastructure into the desired state.
oManagement:Terraform provides a centralized way to manage
infrastructure resources across different cloud providers, data centers,
and services. It abstracts away the complexities of interacting with
various APIs and CLI tools provided by different cloud platforms,
allowing users to manage infrastructure resources using a consistent and
unified workflow.
oVersioning:Terraform configurations are stored as code in version
control systems such as Git.This enables versioning of infrastructure
configurations, making it easy to track changes, collaborate with team
members, and roll back to previous versions if needed.
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a web service that
provides resizable compute capacity in the cloud. It allows users to rent
virtual servers, called instances, and run their applications on them.
WHEN USING TERRAFORM FOR MULTI-CLOUD OR HYBRID CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE
DEPLOYMENTS, DEVOPS TEAMS SHOULD FOLLOW THESE BEST PRACTICES AND
STRATEGIES TO ENSURE SECURE AND EFFICIENT RESOURCE PROVISIONING:
 1.Adopt a Naming Convention: Use consistent naming conventions for
resources, variables, and outputs to improve readability and maintainability.
 2.Use Modules: Leverage reusable Terraform modules to standardize
infrastructure components, which can help ensure best practices are
followed .
⁶
 3.Implement Policy as Code: Utilize tools like Sentinel to enforce policies
and guardrails that ensure compliance with security and organizational
standards.
 4.Secure Sensitive Data: Keep secret keys and sensitive data out of
Terraform files. Use environment variables or secret management tools like
HashiCorp Vault.
 5.Version Control: Use version control systems to track changes,
collaborate on code, and revert to previous states if necessary .
⁷
 6.Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD): Integrate Terraform
with CI/CD pipelines to automate testing and deployment of infrastructure
changes.
 7. Review and Plan: Regularly run terraform plan to preview changes and conduct
code reviews to catch potential issues before they are applied.
 8.Monitoring: Implement logging and monitoring to gain visibility into the
infrastructure and detect any non-compliant or drifted resources.
 9.Training and Skills Development: Bridge the provisioning skills gap by providing
training and resources to team members to keep up with Terraform's best
practices.
By following these strategies, DevOps teams can create a balanced workflow that
balances the need for speed and agility in provisioning with the requirements for
security and compliance.

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Git,github & terraform Basics: Introduction

  • 1. GIT, GITHUB & TERRAFORM Presented by: Rubondo Jerry , Ntege Nasser, Nsamba Oscar, Balikudembe Cyrus, Zakariya Muhammud
  • 2. HOW DOES GITHUB SERVE AS A CENTRAL PLATFORM FOR VERSION CONTROL AND COLLABORATION IN DEVOPS WORKFLOWS, AND WHAT ARE ITS KEY FEATURES FOR SOURCE CODE MANAGEMENT?  Git: distributed version control system used for tracking changes in source code during software development  Github: web-based platform built around Git that provides hosting for software development version control using Git.  Terraform: open source IaC software tool created by HashiCorp that allows users to define and provision data center infrastructure using a high-level configuration language known as HashiCorp configuration language.
  • 3. HOW DOES GITHUB SERVE AS A CENTRAL PLATFORM FOR VERSION CONTROL AND COLLABORATION IN DEVOPS WORKFLOWS, AND WHAT ARE ITS KEY FEATURES FOR SOURCE CODE MANAGEMENT? Key features for source code management  Centralized Repository Hosting  Branching and Merging  Pull Requests  Code Review Tools  Issue Tracking  Project Management  Integration Ecosystem
  • 4. CAN YOU EXPLAIN HOW GITHUB REPOSITORIES CAN BE ORGANIZED AND UTILIZED TO SUPPORT THE DEVOPS PRACTICE OF INFRASTRUCTURE AS CODE (IAC) WITH TOOLS LIKE TERRAFORM?  GitHub repositories can be organized and utilized effectively to support DevOps Through;code configurations, documentation, and possibly other related files.  Folders and Modules-Organize your Terraform code into meaningful folders and modules. Each module could represent a specific part of your infrastructure (e.g., networking, compute, storage).  Branching strategy - Create branches for each environment (e.g., development, staging, production).This allows you to manage different configurations for different environments.  Versioning and release- Utilize Git tags for versioning releases of your infrastructure code.This ensures that changes can be tracked and rolled back if necessary.
  • 5.  Documentation: Include comprehensive documentation in your repository, explaining how to use the infrastructure code, how to deploy it, and any other relevant information.  Utilization for Infrastructure as Code:Collaboration: GitHub facilitates collaboration among team members. Multiple developers can work on the infrastructure code simultaneously, and changes can be reviewed using pull requests  Version Control: Git version control allows you to track changes to your infrastructure code over time.This makes it easier to understand who made what changes and when.  Code Reviews:Take advantage of GitHub's pull request feature for code reviews.This ensures that changes to the infrastructure code are thoroughly reviewed before being merged into the main branch.  Continuous Integration (CI): Integrate your GitHub repository with CI/CD pipelines (e.g., GitHub Actions, Jenkins).This automates the testing and deployment of your infrastructure code, ensuring that it meets quality standards and is deployed consistently.
  • 6.  Infrastructure Testing: Implement automated tests for your infrastructure code to validate its correctness and functionality.Tools like Terratest can be used for testing Terraform code. Issue Tracking: Use GitHub's issue tracker to track bugs, feature requests, and other tasks related to your infrastructure code.This helps in prioritizing and managing work effectively.  Release Management: Use GitHub releases to package and distribute versions of your infrastructure code.This makes it easy to deploy specific versions and track changes between releases.  By organizing your GitHub repositories and utilizing its features effectively, you can streamline the development, deployment, and management of your infrastructure as code using tools like Terraform.
  • 7. WHAT ROLE DOES GITHUB ACTIONS PLAY IN AUTOMATING CI/CD PIPELINES, AND HOW CAN IT BE CONFIGURED TO BUILD,TEST, AND DEPLOY APPLICATIONS IN A DEVOPS ENVIRONMENT?  GitHub Actions is a powerful tool for automating Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD) pipelines directly within your GitHub repository. It allows you to define workflows as code, automating tasks such as building, testing, and deploying applications. Here's how GitHub Actions can be configured to build, test, and deploy applications in a DevOps environment: Roles of GitHub Actions in CI/CD:  Automated Testing: GitHub Actions can trigger automated tests whenever code changes are pushed to the repository.You can define test scripts in your workflow to run unit tests, integration tests, or any other types of tests your application requires.  Build Process: Actions can be configured to build your application whenever changes are made to the codebase.This could involve compiling code, bundling assets, or any other necessary build steps.
  • 8.  Code Quality Checks Actions can run static code analysis tools or linters to check for code quality issues such as syntax errors, code style violations, or security vulnerabilities. .  Containerization: If your application is containerized, GitHub Actions can build Docker images and push them to a container registry as part of the CI/CD pipeline.  Deployment: GitHub Actions can automate the deployment of your application to various environments (e.g., development, staging, production).This could involve deploying to cloud services, virtual machines, or Kubernetes clusters.  Notification and Reporting: Actions can send notifications (e.g., Slack messages, email notifications) and generate reports to keep team members informed about the status of CI/CD pipelines and any issues encountered.
  • 9. Configuration Steps: 1. Workflow File: Create a .github/workflows directory in your repository and add YAML files defining your workflows.These files specify the sequence of steps to be executed in response to various GitHub events (e.g., push, pull request). 2. Trigger Events: Define the events that should trigger your workflows. For example, you can trigger a workflow on every push to a specific branch, on pull requests, or on a schedule. 3. Jobs and Steps: Define jobs within your workflow, each consisting of one or more steps. Steps represent individual tasks (e.g., checking out code, running tests, deploying). Actions provide pre-built steps that you can use or you can define custom steps as needed. 4. EnvironmentVariables: Use environment variables to pass configuration settings and secrets (e.g., API keys, credentials) to your workflows securely. 5. Matrix Builds: If your application needs to be tested across multiple configurations (e.g., different versions of programming languages, operating systems), you can define a matrix strategy in your workflow to run tests in parallel across different configurations.
  • 10. 6. Secrets Management: Store sensitive information such as API keys and credentials securely as encrypted secrets in your GitHub repository settings, and reference them in your workflows. 7. Testing and Deployment Actions: Utilize existing Actions from the GitHub Marketplace or create custom Actions to perform specific tasks such as testing with different frameworks, deploying to specific cloud providers, or interacting with external services. 8. Workflow Visualization: GitHub provides a visual workflow editor and a workflow visualization tool that allows you to visualize the execution of your workflows and understand the dependencies between jobs and steps. By configuring GitHub Actions effectively, you can automate your CI/CD pipelines and streamline the process of building, testing, and deploying applications in a DevOps environment, improving productivity and ensuring the reliability of your software releases
  • 11. WHAT IS TERRAFORM?  Terraform is an open-source IaC tool developed by HashiCorp. It enables users to define and provision infrastructure resources using a declarative configuration language.With Terraform, you can describe your desired infrastructure state in code, and the tool handles the heavy lifting of provisioning, updating, and destroying resources to match that state. Key Features and Benefits  Multi-Cloud Support:Terraform works with various cloud providers and services, enabling unified infrastructure management across different platforms.  Resource Graph: It uses a dependency graph to manage resources, ensuring efficient provisioning and correct deployment sequencing.
  • 12. Immutable Infrastructure:Terraform follows the immutable infrastructure model, creating new resources instead of altering existing ones for better consistency and reliability. State Management: A state file tracks the infrastructure’s current state, aiding in change management and preventing configuration drift. Plan and ApplyWorkflow:The workflow allows for previewing changes before execution, reducing the risk of unintended modifications. Modularity and Reusability:Terraform encourages using reusable modules for infrastructure configuration, promoting better code organization and collaboration.
  • 13. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF TERRAFORM IN INFRASTRUCTURE AS CODE (IAC) PRACTICES IN DEVOPS?  The role of Terraform in Infrastructure as Code (IaC) practices within DevOps is to provide a platform for defining, provisioning, and managing infrastructure resources in a code-based and automated manner  It contributes to IaC practices in devOps through: 1. Automated Provisioning, this is attained by defining infrastructure configurations in Terraform, where teams can easily spin up and tear down resources such as virtual machines, networks, storage, databases, and more with minimal manual intervention.(benefit) 2. Consistent Environment Management, by using the same Terraform configurations across environments, teams can ensure consistency in infrastructure settings, reducing the risk of configuration drift and making it easier to replicate environments accurately.
  • 14. 3. Declarative Infrastructure Configuration, infrastructure is defined using a declarative configuration language (HCL - HashiCorp Configuration Language).This approach makes infrastructure configurations more concise, readable, and maintainable. 4. Version Control and Collaboration:Terraform configurations are stored as code and can be managed using version control systems like Git.This allows teams to track changes to infrastructure configurations over time.
  • 15. HOW DOES IT ENABLE THE PROVISIONING, MANAGEMENT, AND VERSIONING OF INFRASTRUCTURE RESOURCES? Terraform enables provisioning, management, and versioning of infrastructure resources as follows; oProvisioning:Terraform allows developers and operations teams to define infrastructure resources, such as servers, networks, databases, and storage, using a declarative configuration language called HashiCorp Configuration Language (HCL).When Terraform is executed, it compares the defined configuration with the current state of the infrastructure and makes any necessary changes to bring the infrastructure into the desired state.
  • 16. oManagement:Terraform provides a centralized way to manage infrastructure resources across different cloud providers, data centers, and services. It abstracts away the complexities of interacting with various APIs and CLI tools provided by different cloud platforms, allowing users to manage infrastructure resources using a consistent and unified workflow. oVersioning:Terraform configurations are stored as code in version control systems such as Git.This enables versioning of infrastructure configurations, making it easy to track changes, collaborate with team members, and roll back to previous versions if needed. Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a web service that provides resizable compute capacity in the cloud. It allows users to rent virtual servers, called instances, and run their applications on them.
  • 17. WHEN USING TERRAFORM FOR MULTI-CLOUD OR HYBRID CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE DEPLOYMENTS, DEVOPS TEAMS SHOULD FOLLOW THESE BEST PRACTICES AND STRATEGIES TO ENSURE SECURE AND EFFICIENT RESOURCE PROVISIONING:  1.Adopt a Naming Convention: Use consistent naming conventions for resources, variables, and outputs to improve readability and maintainability.  2.Use Modules: Leverage reusable Terraform modules to standardize infrastructure components, which can help ensure best practices are followed . ⁶  3.Implement Policy as Code: Utilize tools like Sentinel to enforce policies and guardrails that ensure compliance with security and organizational standards.  4.Secure Sensitive Data: Keep secret keys and sensitive data out of Terraform files. Use environment variables or secret management tools like HashiCorp Vault.  5.Version Control: Use version control systems to track changes, collaborate on code, and revert to previous states if necessary . ⁷
  • 18.  6.Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD): Integrate Terraform with CI/CD pipelines to automate testing and deployment of infrastructure changes.  7. Review and Plan: Regularly run terraform plan to preview changes and conduct code reviews to catch potential issues before they are applied.  8.Monitoring: Implement logging and monitoring to gain visibility into the infrastructure and detect any non-compliant or drifted resources.  9.Training and Skills Development: Bridge the provisioning skills gap by providing training and resources to team members to keep up with Terraform's best practices. By following these strategies, DevOps teams can create a balanced workflow that balances the need for speed and agility in provisioning with the requirements for security and compliance.