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Global warming and agriculture
The document discusses climate change and global warming, detailing causes such as greenhouse gas emissions and human activities. It outlines significant impacts on agriculture, biodiversity, sea levels, and health, including the potential for increased infectious diseases and extreme weather events. The document emphasizes the urgent need for mitigation and adaptation strategies to address these challenges.
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Introduction of Dr. Dinesh C. Sharma and the seminar on climate change effects on agriculture.
Climate change is influenced by natural and human-made factors; global warming leads to significant environmental impacts.
IPCC projects 1.1 to 6.4 °C rise in temperature by 2100, outlining adaptation and mitigation strategies.
Explains greenhouse effect causing global warming due to greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4.
Graphs show the increasing CO2 levels and temperature trends based on readings over time.
Annual emissions data highlights the significant contributions of transportation and industrial sectors.
CFCs' impact on ozone layer and various sources contributing to greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate change leads to increased temperatures, causing predicted rises in sea levels.
Rising temperatures affect Antarctica and Arctic ice thickness, with implications for global climate.
Pictures show glacial retreat and threats to species like polar bears and walrus due to warming.
Coral reefs experience bleaching from temperature rise; significant loss of biodiversity observed.
India's climate instability and agricultural concerns linked to increasing temperatures and droughts.
Future projections detailing temperature rises, precipitation, soil moisture decreases, and sea level rise.
Suggestions for mitigating climate change through renewable energy, conservation, and regulation.
List of sources and acknowledgment of contributions to the seminar presentation.
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Global warming and agriculture
- 2. By-By- Dr. Dinesh C.SharmaDr. Dinesh C. Sharma FIAES, JFIAES, JRF-NET(CSIR), M.Phil, Ph.DRF-NET(CSIR), M.Phil, Ph.D Head/Associate ProfessorHead/Associate Professor Department of Zoology,Department of Zoology, . . . .Km Maywati Govt Girls P G College ( )Badalpur GB Nagar Climate change by Global warming and its impact on Agriculture National Seminar on Held at Government DegreeCollegeGovernment DegreeCollege, Pihani, Hardoi, Pihani, Hardoi
- 3. Climate change refersto changes beyond the average atmospheric condition that are caused both by natural factors such as the orbit of earth’s revolution, volcanic activities and crustal movements and by artificial factors such as the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (Carbon Di-oxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide etc.) and aerosol. Climate change by global warming, which refers to the average increase in global temperature, has become a megatrend that will lead to significant global changes in the future. Concerning its impacts, the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presented considerable scientific evidences in its fourth report on climate change (2007) and they have become clearly recognized worldwide.
- 4. WHAT IS GLOBAL WARMING? •As a result of our consumer culture lifestyle, we are polluting the earth and slowly changing its temperature. As a result, weather patterns will be less predictable and water level will rise significantly • Climate change is an extended change in the Earth’s regular pattern of atmospheric conditions and its fluctuations • Global warming is caused by an enhanced greenhouse effect mostly caused by anthropogenic activity
- 5. Climate modelprojections summarized in the IPCC report indicate that the global surface temperature will probably rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during the twenty-first century. However, warming is expected to continue beyond 2100 even if emissions stop, because of the large heat capacity of the oceans and the long lifetime carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The available options are mitigation to reduce further emissions; adaptation to reduce the damage caused by warming; and, more speculatively, geoengineering to reverse global warming. Most national government have signed and ratified the Kyoto protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
- 8. THE GREENHOUSE EFFECTIS ONE OF THE CONTRIBUTING FACTOR OF GLOBAL WARMING. DO YOU KNOW WHAT THIS IS? http://www.wmin.ac.uk/images/better%20car%20exhaust01.jpg http://www.msnbc.com/news/2027856.jpg
- 9. WHAT IS THEGREENHOUSE EFFECT? • The greenhouse effect is caused by the trapping of heat in the Earth’s atmosphere • First the Sun’s high frequency rays of radiation enter into the Earth’s atmosphere in the form of visible light • Next the Earth absorbs these rays and radiates them back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation, or heat • Green house gases can absorb small amounts of infrared radiation. GHGs (such as CH4, CO2, CFCs, N2O, nitrous fluoride) make a cover in the atmosphere and This cover trapped the infrared radiation and prevent not to escape the Earth’s atmosphere • As the Earth’s atmosphere traps more and more heat the Earth’s atmosphere begins to increase the temperature of the Earth itself
- 10. WHAT CAUSES ANENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT? The greenhouse effect is caused by human activities and some environmental process (Volcano, Permafrost etc) produce the GHGs; CH4, CO2, CFCs, N2O, nitrous fluoride CO2 Considered as a main GHGs is produced by burning of fossil fuel in power plants, heating systems, factories, transportation etc. Deforestation adds to the problem since most forest remove CO2 from the atmosphere in order to produce food through photosynthesis. CH4 is another GHGs which can trapped 20 times more heat than CO2. CH4 is mostly produced by agricultural objects as rice fields, livestock waste, wetlands and marshes N2O is produced by the exhaust of cars, human disposal of waste and human use of nitrogen-based fertilizers CFCs are emitted when humans use their refrigerators and their air conditioners Nitrogen fluoride is recently included in the list of GHGs and it can trapp 4 times more heat than CO2 Humans produce 30 billion tons of CO2 annually, 300-350 million tons of CH4, and 7-13 million tons of N2O, a drastic increase from even fifty years ago
- 12. HOW DO WEKNOW GLOBAL WARMING IS HAPPENING? In this graph we can see the rising levels of CO2 in the atmosphere as measured in ppm in the atmosphere, measurements having been taken on the island of Mauna Loa, Hawaii In this graph we can be seen the rising temperatures of earth over the past years
- 13. The pre-industrial andcurrent concentrations of the main greenhouse gases in the atmosphere: Pre-industrial Current • Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 280 ppm 387 ppm • Methane (CH4) 700 ppb 1,745 ppb • Nitrous Oxide (N2O) 270 ppb 314 ppb
- 15. Annual Emission FromAn Average Car (15000 Km) Annual Emission From An Average Car (15000 Km) Carbon Monoxides (CO) 248 Kg Volatile Organic Compounds 33 Kg Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 17 Kg Air Toxics 775g
- 16. Transport is amajor man- made cause of GHG emissions Industry is a leading source of carbon dioxide emissions • Over the past 100 years, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by around 25%. • Coal is the dirtiest of all fossil fuels. • Animal agriculture is responsible for 35-40% of all methane generated by human activity. As of 2007, animal agriculture produced around 100 mln. tons of methane a year.
- 17. Amazon deforestation- source ofCO2 emissions
- 18. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)- The maincause of ozone layer depletion is CFCs, which are chemical compounds that react to the sunlight. They release chlorine atoms that can attract and destroy up to tens of thousands of ozone molecules in the ozone layer. parts per trillion
- 19. Methane, a potent greenhousegas, is emitted in the oil and gas sector, at coal mines, landfills and manure management facilities. These emissions represent an effect on global warming.
- 20. WATER-AIR EXCHANGE CH4 AIR CH4 AIR CH4 CO2 AIR CH4Oxidation by CH4 production by methanotrophic methanogenic bacteria bacteria Scheme of the gas exchange betweenScheme of the gas exchange between waterlogged sediments and the atmospherewaterlogged sediments and the atmosphere AIR WATER ANOXIC SEDIMENTS CH4 EBULLITION
- 22. TEMPERATURES RISING The worldheated up by about 0.6 degrees last century, and the 1990s were the warmest decade on record, the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says.
- 23. SEA LEVELS RISINGRising temperatures are thought to cause sea levels to rise as the oceans expand and polar ice melts. The IPCC says sea levels rose between 10 and 20cm worldwide during the 20th Century. It predicts a further rise of between 9cm and 88cm by 2100.
- 29. WHAT’S HAPPENING INANTARTICA? “The impacts of warming temperatures in Antarctica are likely to occur first in the northern sections of the continent, where summer temperatures approach the melting point of water, 32 degrees F (0 degrees C).”
- 30. THE THINNING ARCTIC Accordingto the IPCC, North Pole sea-ice has thinned by 40% in recent decades in summer and autumn. Global snow cover has shrunk by 10% since the 1960s and mountain glaciers have also retreated.
- 34. Triftgletscher in Switzerlanduntil recently filled the entire basin seen here. Thinning of the tongue during the 1990s accelerated and as of 2001 a lake started to form in front of it. Rapid break-up of the snout is now underway. Image: Glaciers Online/Jürg Alean 1990 2001
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- 36. when Montana’s GlacierNational Park. was created in 1910, it had 150 glaciers. Now it has 30 glaciers, significantly reduced in size. Many of the world’s freshwater glaciers are shrinking, as warming temperatures melt them away. Some have disappeared all together. The glaciers on both Mount Everest and Mount Kilimanjaro are among those glaciers noticeably decreasing as temperatures climb, causing lower- lying towns considerable worry (National Geographic). http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/photogalleries/global_warming/
- 37. THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY “Scientists havereported an unprecedented number of unaccompanied and possibly abandoned walrus calves in the Arctic Ocean, where melting sea ice may be forcing mothers to abandon their pups as the mothers follow the rapidly retreating ice edge north. Nine lone walrus calves were reported swimming in deep waters far from shore by researchers aboard the U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker Healy during a cruise in the Canada Basin in the summer of 2004. Unable to forage for themselves, the calves were likely to drown or starve, the scientists said. Lone walrus calves far from shore have not been described before, the researchers report in the April issue of Aquatic Mammals. The sightings suggest that increased polar warming may lead to decreases in the walrus population.” http://www.biology-blog.com/images/blogs/walrus_en_23305.jpg
- 38. Global warming appearsto be negatively affecting Adélie penguins living on the Antarctic Peninsula, because melting ice is decreasing the availability of food, causing the birds to swim longer distances to find sustenance. In more southerly regions, ice is melting faster, giving the penguins earlier access to food in the spring, which in turn increases their reproduction rate (National Geographic). http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/photogalleries/global_warming/photo2.html
- 40. Some polar bearsare drowning in the Bering Sea as ice floes move beyond their swimming abilities to get to (Discovery News). http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20060306/gallery/beringsea_zoom.jpg
- 41. A polar bearwalks across rocky ground near Wager Bay, Canada. Perhaps the Arctic’s most charismatic megafauna, polar bears face serious threats from global warming. The bears depend on sea ice as a platform from which they can hunt seals, their main prey. As more sea ice melts and polar bears are left with rocky ground like that shown in the picture, hunting for food becomes increasingly difficult for these large mammals. Like many other species, including the great white shark, polar bears appear to be moving northward as temperatures warm. Whether these species can outrun the warming temperatures is unclear, as some scientists say that global warming will lead to the extinction of millions of species, including polar bears, and many birds and amphibians, in the next 50 years (National Geographic). http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/photogalleries/global_warming/images/primary/polar-bear.jpg
- 43. BLEACHING • Main causeof coral reef death is bleaching. There has been an increased amount of “bleached” reefs due to increase in water temperature. • It has been discovered that just an increase of one degree Celsius will cause the zooxanthellae to leave. • The zooxanthellae are microscopic plants that color their tissues and provide them with food from photosynthesis. • When these tiny plants leave due to stressed reefs, the reefs turn white or “bleached” and can then die. The Great Barrier Reef offers some of the most vivid examples of “bleached” reefs. This world renowned reef is one of the main attractions in Australia but is suffering from climate change.
- 44. DRASTIC CHANGES INHEALTH OF CORAL REEFS • The picture below offers a clear distinction between a healthy coral versus one suffering from bleaching. Certain places in the world where the coral reefs are suffering are the African coastal zones such as Senegal, The Gambia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola which have low lying coast zones already (susceptible to flooding). Flooding and other natural disasters could increase if coral reefs are then destroyed (help from coastal erosion). Places like Egypt are also losing land for agriculture due to sea-level rising. Specifically, the Great Barrier Reef which I mentioned already, is suffering from bleaching, and has been a main attraction in Australia. However, people need to be careful because if we do nothing, it could be completely destroyed. Figure . A. Coral showing normally pigmented regions and bleached regions to the upper side more sunlit side of colony. B. Coral in shallows showing similar pattern. Photographer: O. Hoegh- Guldberg. A. B.
- 45. CORAL REER AND PHYTOPLANKTON Apartly bleached coral reef is blindingly white next to healthy coral. Rising ocean temperatures, one of the many effects of global warming, are threatening coral reefs around the world. In response to the warming temperatures, a process known as bleaching occurs. Although bleaching doesn’t kill coral reefs, they become more vulnerable to diseases. Warming oceans may also be decreasing the level of phytoplankton, a natural absorber of carbon dioxide (National Geographic). news.nationalgeographic.com/.../global_warming/
- 46. EFFECT OF GLOBALWARMING ON CORAL REEFS (Destroyed coral reefs in Java, Indonesia) Bleached corals on southern Great Barrier Reef in January 2002 •Coral reefs are in a crisis and are dying at an alarming rate worldwide specially in south of England. •The effects of global warming are depleting many of the world’s resources, including the greatest expression of ocean life and the most bio diverse ecosystem on Earth—coral reefs.
- 47. Effects of GlobalWarming Australia •Southern Great Barrier Reef could be dead within two decades because of the effects of global warming.
- 49. Germany New Orleans FLOODING,HURRICANES, AND UNPREDICTABLE WEATHER The melting of the Arctic has a global impact—water levels will rise and the record number of hurricanes and unusual weather patterns we have been experiencing the past decade will continue to rise.
- 50. SPRUCE TREES As temperaturesrise, the number of insects will increase. In Alaska spruce trees are devastated by wood-eating beetles
- 51. SOCIAL EFFECTS An Inuitfrom Baffin Island in Nunavut, Canada. Because temperatures in the Arctic are rising at faster rates than in more moderate climates, Inuits and other people living in the Arctic are disproportionately experiencing the effects of global warming, many of which threaten the very lifestyles of these people. Caribou, a staple of the Inuit’s diet, are falling through the thinning ice. Hunting, whaling, and fishing are becoming more difficult as species’ migration patterns change. Coastal erosion has increased as melting sea ice is unable to provide the protective barrier it did in the past. Also, usually ice-filled rivers and frozen soil are melting, flooding low-lying areas. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/12/photogalleries/global_warming/photo3.html
- 52. Global warming and HumanHealth Global warming will affect human health in a number of different ways The changing environment support the spread of infectious diseases Agriculture will be affected which results in to lake of balance diet and results in to health problems. Extreme weather patterns will be affected The amount of smog near the ground will be affected The supply of freshwater available to humans will be affected
- 53. THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES •Many infectious diseases transmitted by different types of organisms i.e. vector, among them are ticks, flies and mosquitoes are most common vectors of various type of diseases. • Warmer climate support the breeding of such vectors of infectious disease. • As climate change begins to affect our planet to a greater extent the vectors will be able to reach higher altitudes and will have a longer season of breeding, increasing the likelihood of a human being in contact with the disease • Also, as the climate warms the amount of algae and fish that produce toxins poisonous to humans will increase
- 54. The infectious diseases Malaria can affect 45% of the world’s population today but if global warming continues at the rate that it is progressing, that number could change to be 60% of the world’s population
- 55. The infectious diseases Malaria is a parasitic disease transmitted by mosquitoes which on reaching the bloodstream causes blood cells to rupture, causing a fever, chills and anemia in the victim and potentially resulting in death within hours Viral encephalitis is spread by mosquito and tick, results into an inflammation of the brain that can result in a brain hemorrhaging as well Leishmaniasis is carried by the sand fly which can infect the human body, namely the lymph nodes, the spleen and the bone marrow and which causes the body to become susceptible to disease as it attacks the immune system and can result in death due to complications that arise Lyme disease-is carried by ticks and is a disease commonly found in North America, a disease which can result in complications involving the heart and even the nervous system Yellow fever, Dengue are also transmitted by mosquito Trypanosomiasis is transmitted by Tse-tse fly
- 56. • Cholera isa parasitic disease which can cause death from dehydration as it causes excessive diarrhea • Dengue fever is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes fevers, joint and muscle pain, and headaches. • Schistomalaisisis a parasitic disease in which the parasite burrows into the body and then infects the organ literally of its choice. • Cryptosporidiosis is a disease that, like Cholera causes excessive dehydration especially in small children as a result of diarrhea.
- 57. HUMAN HEALTH AND EXTREMEWEATHER PATTERNS A study done in relation to the city of New York shows that the number of people who die heat related deaths annually there would increase to around 1,700 people annually also by only 2050 Also, there a potential trend for more hurricanes when the temperature of the seas increase because hurricanes are fueled by warm ocean waters Although the actual number of hurricanes may not increase as a result of global warming, it is their intensity that is thought to increase, or their potential energy As a result of an potential increase in the intensity and thus possibly the amount of damage many hurricanes could be capable of doing, insurance agencies who are paying for increased amounts of damage due to hurricanes could even go bankrupt as a result
- 58. HUMAN HEALTH AND AGRICULTURE •A good part of the world and its countries rely on agriculture as their main source of income and of food • In a first scenario precipitation is expected to increase due to global warming, meaning that many crops will receive too much water and will be drowned as fields flood due to a projected rise of 40 centimeters in sea level • In a second scenario the amount of evaporation is expected to increase due to global warming, meaning that even more crops will die due to a lack of water • For many countries this change could mean death, in fact that projected number of starving people worldwide is expected to be 40-300 million people in addition to the 600 million already projected to be starving in 2060
- 59. HUMAN HEALTH AND WATERSUPPLY • Due to global warming the amount of annual precipitation and the amount of ice converted to freshwater from the polar ice caps is projected to increase • A rise in sea level is projected for 2100 of as much as 40 centimeters • This rise in sea level could not only destroy human dwellings and human places of agricultural production but could also destroy many sea-side aquifers which would deplete the general water supply for humankind
- 60. • Due toglobal warming, the amount of smog that is created by nitrous oxide, or ozone that is near the ground, will increase • An increase in the amount of smog near the ground level could potentially result in fatally warm summer days for those humans sensitive to such gases • As gases such as smog enter human lungs, they can increase the potential of lung infection which can lead to death
- 61. A vast subcontinentof over 15000 species of plants, •Around 500 varieties of mammals, •2000 species of birds, •30,000 types of insects and a wide variety of fish, amphibians and reptiles! • Climate is unpredictable and unstable. • Floods, droughts, cyclones and other natural disasters are common and they have killed or displaced millions of people. • This precarious situation is being worsened by global warming. Global Warming Indian Scenario
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- 63. • In 2004,a heat wave swept over India, and the toll rose to over 32,000 deaths. INDIAN CLIMATE • The increase could have serious consequences on crop growth and weather patterns, • Given that India's temperature has risen by only 0.4 to 0.6 °C over the past century. • A 10 per cent increase in monsoon rainfall is predicted over the next century. Dead Land Global warming may reduce rice crop yields
- 64. •An alarming andclearly visible sign of global warming is that mango trees are suddenly flowering in mid winter –It is time people sit up and realize that global warming is affecting us personally. NATURE BEING DECEPTIVE?
- 65. DISMAL PICTURE OFMOTHER EARTH
- 66. SHOCKING TRUTHS ABOUTTHE MELTING GLACIERS OF THE HIMALAYAS.
- 67. PREDICTIONS FORPREDICTIONS FOR THEFUTURETHE FUTURE • The Hadley Center for Research on Climate Control hasThe Hadley Center for Research on Climate Control has made a number of predictions about the future of climatemade a number of predictions about the future of climate change and its results by the 21change and its results by the 21stst century, such as thecentury, such as the following;following; • The surface temperature globally will have risen at anThe surface temperature globally will have risen at an average of 3.2average of 3.2° at a minimum of .3 worldwide The mean° at a minimum of .3 worldwide The mean daily precipitation will have increased by .2 millimetersdaily precipitation will have increased by .2 millimeters globallyglobally • The mean soil moisture will have decreased by a mean of 2The mean soil moisture will have decreased by a mean of 2 millimeters of moisture globallymillimeters of moisture globally • The sea level will have increased by a mean of .42 metersThe sea level will have increased by a mean of .42 meters globallyglobally • The volume and area of artic sea ice will have dramaticallyThe volume and area of artic sea ice will have dramatically decreaseddecreased
- 68. How can we control globalwarming?
- 69. •By using alternateforms of energy that are not using up fossil fuels, •Decrease the use of those products that create greenhouse gases •Increase use of wind energy and solar energy •To take greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere such as CO2, the main greenhouse gas, through techniques such as carbon sequestration (There are four main ideas for carbon sequestration; to store carbon dioxide in the ground, to store carbon dioxide in the ocean floor, to increase the abilities of certain plants and animals to take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and to look at the genome sequences of certain plants and animals who produce methane, hydrogen, or help to store CO2) •Controlled use of electricity •Increase Plantation •Control overexploitation of natural resources. •Setting the limits for the Industries for CO2 emission.
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- 72. ACKNOWLEDGEME NT & Dr. S. K.Chauhan, Principal, Govt.Degree College, Pihani, Hardoi & My ParentMy Parent Dr. N. B. Khan Director (Higher Education), Allahabad