Go Programming Patterns

MegaEase
Enterprise Cloud Native
Architecture Provider
Go Programming
Patterns
陈皓（左⽿朵）
2020.11.

MegaEase
The Creators of Golang
Robert Griesemer
Born 1964
Java HotSpot JVM
V8 Javascript engine
Golang
Rob Pike
Born 1956
Unix
UTF-8
Golang
Ken Thompson
Born 1943
Unix/C
UTF-8
Golang

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Self Introduction
• 20+ years working experience for large-scale distributed system
architecture and development. Familiar with Cloud Native
computing and high concurrency / high availability architecture
solution.
• Working Experiences
• MegaEase – Cloud Native Architecture products as Founder
• Alibaba – AliCloud, Tmall as principle software engineer.
• Amazon – Amazon.com as senior software developer.
• Thomson Reuters as principle software engineer.
Weibo: @左耳朵耗子
Twitter: @haoel
Blog: http://coolshell.cn/

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Topics
Basic Coding
Error Handling
Delegation / Embed
Functional Option
Map/Reduce/Filter
Go Generation
Decoration
Kubernetes Visitor
Pipeline

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Basic Tips

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Slice Internals
type slice struct {
array unsafe.Pointer
len int
cap int
}
foo = make([]int, 5)
foo[3] = 42
foo[4] = 100
bar := foo[1:4]
bar[1] = 99
a := make([]int, 32)
b := a[1:16]
a = append(a, 1)
a[2] = 42
Slice is a struct
Append() could
reallocate the
memory
Slice share
the memory

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Slices Overlapped
func main() {
path := []byte("AAAA/BBBBBBBBB")
sepIndex := bytes.IndexByte(path,'/’)
dir1 := path[:sepIndex]
dir2 := path[sepIndex+1:]
fmt.Println("dir1 =>",string(dir1)) //prints: dir1 => AAAA
fmt.Println("dir2 =>",string(dir2)) //prints: dir2 => BBBBBBBBB
dir1 = append(dir1,"suffix"...)
fmt.Println("dir1 =>",string(dir1)) //prints: dir1 => AAAAsuffix
fmt.Println("dir2 =>",string(dir2)) //prints: dir2 => uffixBBBB
}
Append() won’t
reallocate the
memory if capacity is
enough

MegaEase
Slices Overlapped
func main() {
path := []byte("AAAA/BBBBBBBBB")
sepIndex := bytes.IndexByte(path,'/’)
dir1 := path[:sepIndex:sepIndex]
dir2 := path[sepIndex+1:]
fmt.Println("dir1 =>",string(dir1)) //prints: dir1 => AAAA
dir1 = append(dir1,"suffix"...)
fmt.Println("dir1 =>",string(dir1)) //prints: dir1 => AAAAsuffix
}
dir1 := path[:sepIndex:sepIndex]
Limited Capacity
The appending cause
a new buffer allocation
Full Slice Expression

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Deep Comparison
import (
"fmt"
"reflect"
)
type data struct {
num int //ok
checks [10]func() bool //not comparable
doit func() bool //not comparable
m map[string] string //not comparable
bytes []byte //not comparable
}
func main() {
v1 := data{}
v2 := data{}
fmt.Println("v1 == v2:",reflect.DeepEqual(v1,v2))
//prints: v1 == v2: true
m1 := map[string]string{"one": "a","two": "b"}
m2 := map[string]string{"two": "b", "one": "a"}
fmt.Println("m1 == m2:",reflect.DeepEqual(m1, m2))
//prints: m1 == m2: true
s1 := []int{1, 2, 3}
s2 := []int{1, 2, 3}
fmt.Println("s1 == s2:",reflect.DeepEqual(s1, s2))
//prints: s1 == s2: true
}

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Function vs Receiver
func PrintPerson(p *Person) {
fmt.Printf("Name=%s, Sexual=%s, Age=%dn",
p.Name, p.Sexual, p.Age)
}
func main() {
var p = Person{
Name: "Hao Chen",
Sexual: "Male",
Age: 44,
}
PrintPerson(&p)
}
func (p *Person) Print() {
fmt.Printf("Name=%s, Sexual=%s, Age=%dn",
p.Name, p.Sexual, p.Age)
}
func main() {
var p = Person{
Name: "Hao Chen",
Sexual: "Male",
Age: 44,
}
p.Print()
}

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Interface Patterns
type Country struct {
Name string
}
type City struct {
Name string
}
type Printable interface {
PrintStr()
}
func (c Country) PrintStr() {
fmt.Println(c.Name)
}
func (c City) PrintStr() {
fmt.Println(c.Name)
}
c1 := Country {"China"}
c2 := City {"Beijing"}
c1.PrintStr()
c2.PrintStr()
Duplicated
Code

MegaEase
Interface Patterns
type WithName struct {
Name string
}
WithName
}
type City struct {
WithName
}
PrintStr()
}
func (w WithName) PrintStr() {
fmt.Println(w.Name)
}
c1 := Country {WithName{ "China"}}
c2 := City { WithName{"Beijing"}}
c1.PrintStr()
c2.PrintStr()
Name string
}
type City struct {
Name string
}
PrintStr()
}
fmt.Println(c.Name)
}
fmt.Println(c.Name)
}
c1.PrintStr()
c2.PrintStr()
Using a
shared struct
Initialization is a bit mess

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Interface Patterns
type WithName struct {
Name string
}
WithName
}
type City struct {
WithName
}
PrintStr()
}
func (w WithName) PrintStr() {
fmt.Println(w.Name)
}
c1 := Country {WithName{ "China"}}
c2 := City { WithName{"Beijing"}}
c1.PrintStr()
c2.PrintStr()
Name string
}
type City struct {
Name string
}
PrintStr()
}
fmt.Println(c.Name)
}
fmt.Println(c.Name)
}
c1.PrintStr()
c2.PrintStr()
Name string
}
type City struct {
Name string
}
type Stringable interface {
ToString() string
}
func (c Country) ToString() string {
return "Country = " + c.Name
}
func (c City) ToString() string{
return "City = " + c.Name
}
func PrintStr(p Stringable) {
fmt.Println(p.ToString())
}
d1 := Country {"USA"}
d2 := City{"Los Angeles"}
PrintStr(d1)
PrintStr(d2)
io.Read
ioutil.ReadAll

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Golden Rule
Program to an interface
not an implementation

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Verify Interface Compliance
type Shape interface {
Sides() int
Area() int
}
type Square struct {
len int
}
func (s* Square) Sides() int {
return 4
}
func main() {
s := Square{len: 5}
fmt.Printf("%dn",s.Sides())
}
var _ Shape = (*Square)(nil)
cannot use (*Square)(nil) (type *Square) as type Shape in assignment:
*Square does not implement Shape (missing Area method)
func (s* Square) Area() int {
return s.len * s.len
}
Checking a type whether implement all of methods

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Time
Time is difficult!
time.Time time.DurationAlways use and
• Command-line flags: flag supports time.Duration via time.ParseDuration
• JSON: encoding/json supports encoding time.Time as an RFC 3339 string via its UnmarshalJSON method
• SQL: database/sql supports converting DATETIME or TIMESTAMP columns into time.Time and back if the
underlying driver supports it
• YAML: gopkg.in/yaml.v2 supports time.Time as an RFC 3339 string, and time.Duration via time.ParseDuration.
If you cannot use time.Time, use string with format defined in RFC3339

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Performance
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
s := fmt.Sprint(rand.Int())
}
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
s := strconv.Itoa(rand.Int())
}
143 ns/op
64.2 ns/op
Prefer strconv over fmt
Avoid string-to-byte conversion
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
w.Write([]byte("Hello world"))
}
data := []byte("Hello world")
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
w.Write(data)
}
22.2 ns/op
3.25 ns/op
for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
data := make([]int, 0)
for k := 0; k < size; k++{
data = append(data, k)
}
}
for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
data := make([]int, 0, size)
for k := 0; k < size; k++{
data = append(data, k)
}
}
Specifying Slice Capacity
100000000 2.48s
100000000 0.21s
var strLen int = 30000
var str string
for n := 0; n < strLen; n++ {
str += "x"
}
var buffer bytes.Buffer
buffer.WriteString("x")
}
var builder strings.Builder
builder.WriteString("x")
}
Use StringBuffer or StringBuilder
12.7 ns/op
0.0265 ns/op 0.0088 ns/op

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Performance
Make multiple I/O operations asynchronous
running in parallel, Use sync.WaitGroup to synchronize multiple operations.
Avoid memory allocation in hot code
Not only requires additional CPU cycles, but will also make the garbage collector busy. Using use sync.Pool to reuse
objects whenever possible, especially in program hot spots.
Favor lock-free algorithms
Avoiding mutexes whenever possible. Lock-free alternatives to some common data structures are available , using
sync/Atomic package
Use buffered I/O
Accessing disk for every byte is inefficient; reading and writing bigger chunks of data greatly improves the speed.
Using bufio.NewWriter() or bufio.NewReader() could help
Use compiled regular expressions for repeated matching
It is inefficient to compile the same regular expression before every matching.
Use Protocol Buffers instead of JSON
JSON uses reflection, which is relatively slow due to the amount of work it does. Using protobuf or msgp.
Use int keys instead of string keys for maps
If the program relies heavily on maps, using int keys might be meaningful

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Further Readings
Effective Go
https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html
Uber Go Style
https://github.com/uber-go/guide/blob/master/style.md
50 Shades of Go: Traps, Gotchas, and
Common Mistakes for New Golang Devs
http://devs.cloudimmunity.com/gotchas-and-common-mistakes-in-
go-golang/
Go Advice
https://github.com/cristaloleg/go-advice
Practical Go Benchmarks
https://www.instana.com/blog/practical-golang-benchmarks/
Benchmarks of Go serialization methods
https://github.com/alecthomas/go_serialization_benchmarks
Debugging performance issues in Go programs
https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Performance
Go code refactoring: the 23x performance hunt
https://medium.com/@val_deleplace/go-code-refactoring-the-23x-
performance-hunt-156746b522f7

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Delegation / Embed

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Delegation – Example 1
type Widget struct {
X, Y int
}
type Label struct {
Widget // Embedding (delegation)
Text string // Aggregation
}
func (label Label) Paint() {
fmt.Printf("%p:Label.Paint(%q)n", &label, label.Text)
}
Start with Widget and Label
type Painter interface {
Paint()
}
type Clicker interface {
Click()
}
Two Interfaces
If the member name conflict, need solve it

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type ListBox struct {
Widget // Embedding (delegation)
Texts []string // Aggregation
Index int // Aggregation
}
func (listBox ListBox) Paint() {
fmt.Printf("ListBox.Paint(%q)n", listBox.Texts)
}
func (listBox ListBox) Click() {
fmt.Printf("ListBox.Click(%q)n", listBox.Texts)
}
type Button struct {
Label // Embedding (delegation)
}
func NewButton(x, y int, text string) Button {
return Button{Label{Widget{x, y}, text}}
}
func (button Button) Paint() { // Override
fmt.Printf("Button.Paint(%s)n", button.Text)
}
func (button Button) Click() {
fmt.Printf("Button.Click(%s)n", button.Text)
}
New Component - Button New Component – ListBox

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Delegation – Example 1 -Polymorphism
button1 := Button{Label{Widget{10, 70}, "OK"}}
button2 := NewButton(50, 70, "Cancel")
listBox := ListBox{Widget{10, 40},
[]string{"AL", "AK", "AZ", "AR"}, 0}
for _, painter := range []Painter{label, listBox, button1, button2} {
painter.Paint()
}
for _, widget := range []interface{}{label, listBox, button1, button2} {
if clicker, ok := widget.(Clicker); ok {
clicker.Click()
}
}
Label.Paint("State")
ListBox.Paint(["AL" "AK" "AZ" "AR"])
Button.Paint("OK")
Button.Paint("Cancel")
ListBox.Click(["AL" "AK" "AZ" "AR"])
Button.Click("OK")
Button.Click("Cancel")

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type IntSet struct {
data map[int]bool
}
func NewIntSet() IntSet {
return IntSet{make(map[int]bool)}
}
func (set *IntSet) Add(x int) {
set.data[x] = true
}
func (set *IntSet) Delete(x int) {
delete(set.data, x)
}
func (set *IntSet) Contains(x int) bool {
return set.data[x]
}
// Satisfies fmt.Stringer interface
func (set *IntSet) String() string {
if len(set.data) == 0 {
return "{}"
}
ints := make([]int, 0, len(set.data))
for i := range set.data {
ints = append(ints, i)
}
sort.Ints(ints)
parts := make([]string, 0, len(ints))
for _, i := range ints {
parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprint(i))
}
return "{" + strings.Join(parts, ",") + "}"
}
An Integer Set with Add(), Delete(), Contains(), String() method
ints := NewIntSet()
for _, i := range []int{1, 3, 5, 7} {
ints.Add(i)
fmt.Println(ints)
}
for _, i := range []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} {
fmt.Print(i, ints.Contains(i), " ")
ints.Delete(i)
fmt.Println(ints)
}

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type UndoableIntSet struct { // Poor style
IntSet // Embedding (delegation)
functions []func()
}
func NewUndoableIntSet() UndoableIntSet {
return UndoableIntSet{NewIntSet(), nil}
}
func (set *UndoableIntSet) Undo() error {
if len(set.functions) == 0 {
return errors.New("No functions to undo")
}
index := len(set.functions) - 1
if function := set.functions[index]; function != nil {
function()
// Free closure for garbage collection
set.functions[index] = nil
}
set.functions = set.functions[:index]
return nil
}
func (set *UndoableIntSet) Add(x int) { // Override
if !set.Contains(x) {
set.data[x] = true
set.functions = append(set.functions, func() { set.Delete(x) })
} else {
set.functions = append(set.functions, nil)
}
}
func (set *UndoableIntSet) Delete(x int) { // Override
if set.Contains(x) {
delete(set.data, x)
set.functions = append(set.functions, func() { set.Add(x) })
} else {
set.functions = append(set.functions, nil)
}
}
Adding the Undo Feature for IntSet
ints := NewUndoableIntSet()
for _, i := range []int{1, 3, 5, 7} {
ints.Add(i)
fmt.Println(ints)
}
for _, i := range []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} {
fmt.Println(i, ints.Contains(i), " ")
ints.Delete(i)
fmt.Println(ints)
}
for {
if err := ints.Undo(); err != nil {
break
}
fmt.Println(ints)
}UndoableIntSet works, however it is not generic

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Delegation – Example2 – IoC
type Undo []func()
func (undo *Undo) Add(function func()) {
*undo = append(*undo, function)
}
func (undo *Undo) Undo() error {
functions := *undo
if len(functions) == 0 {
return errors.New("No functions to undo")
}
index := len(functions) - 1
if function := functions[index]; function != nil {
function()
// Free closure for garbage collection
functions[index] = nil
}
*undo = functions[:index]
return nil
}
Implement function stack
type IntSet struct {
data map[int]bool
undo Undo
}
func NewIntSet() IntSet {
return IntSet{data: make(map[int]bool)}
}
func (set *IntSet) Undo() error {
return set.undo.Undo()
}
func (set *IntSet) Contains(x int) bool {
return set.data[x]
}
func (set *IntSet) Add(x int) {
if !set.Contains(x) {
set.data[x] = true
set.undo.Add(func() { set.Delete(x) })
} else {
set.undo.Add(nil)
}
}
func (set *IntSet) Delete(x int) {
if set.Contains(x) {
delete(set.data, x)
set.undo.Add(func() { set.Add(x) })
} else {
set.undo.Add(nil)
}
}
New Version of Integer Set
In Add() function, add the Delete() function into Undo stack
In Delete() function, add the Add() function into Undo stack
In Undo() function, simply run Undo() and it would pop up the function to execute
Depend on function signature(interface)

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Error Handling

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if err != nil Checking Hell
func parse(r io.Reader) (*Point, error) {
var p Point
if err := binary.Read(r, binary.BigEndian, &p.Longitude); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if err := binary.Read(r, binary.BigEndian, &p.Latitude); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if err := binary.Read(r, binary.BigEndian, &p.Distance); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if err := binary.Read(r, binary.BigEndian, &p.ElevationGain); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
if err := binary.Read(r, binary.BigEndian, &p.ElevationLoss); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
}

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Functional Solution
func parse(r io.Reader) (*Point, error) {
var p Point
var err error
read := func(data interface{}) {
if err != nil {
return
}
err = binary.Read(r, binary.BigEndian, data)
}
read(&p.Longitude)
read(&p.Latitude)
read(&p.Distance)
read(&p.ElevationGain)
read(&p.ElevationLoss)
if err != nil {
return &p, err
}
return &p, nil
}
The only one problem -
it needs an `err` variable and inline function
Closure for errors

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Learning from bufio.Scanner
scanner := bufio.NewScanner(input)
for scanner.Scan() {
token := scanner.Text()
// process token
}
if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
// process the error
}
Its Scan method performs the underlying I/O, which can of
course lead to an error.
Yet the Scan method does not expose an error at all. Instead,
it returns a boolean.
And a separate method, to be run at the end of the scan,
reports whether an error occurred.

MegaEase
Using an Error Object
type Reader struct {
r io.Reader
err error
}
func (r *Reader) read(data interface{}) {
if r.err == nil {
r.err = binary.Read(r.r, binary.BigEndian, data)
}
}
func parse(input io.Reader) (*Point, error) {
var p Point
r := Reader{r: input}
r.read(&p.Longitude)
r.read(&p.Latitude)
r.read(&p.Distance)
r.read(&p.ElevationGain)
r.read(&p.ElevationLoss)
if r.err != nil {
return nil, r.err
}
return &p, nil
}
The only one problem – We can’t make it generic
We have to define a wrapper struct for each type.
Golang Error Handling lesson by Rob Pike
http://jxck.hatenablog.com/entry/golang-error-handling-lesson-by-rob-pike
Errors are values
https://blog.golang.org/errors-are-values
Two Articles

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One More Thing- Error Context
if err != nil {
return err
}
Add context to an errors
import "github.com/pkg/errors"
if err != nil {
return errors.Wrap(err, "read failed")
}
A good package help to add the Stack
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("something failed: %v", err)
}
De Facto Standard

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Functional Options

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Configuration Problem
type Server struct {
Addr string
Port int
Protocol string
Timeout time.Duration
MaxConns int
TLS *tls.Config
}
func NewServer(addr string, port int) (*Server, error) {
//...
}
func NewTLSServer(addr string, port int, tls *tls.Config) (*Server, error) {
//...
}
func NewServerWithTimeout(addr string, port int, timeout time.Duration) (*Server, error) {
//...
}
func NewTLSServerWithMaxConnAndTimeout(addr string, port int, maxconns int, timeout time.Duration, tls *tls.Config) (*Server,
error) {
//...
}
A Server Configuration needs so many options, but not all of them are mandatory
We need a number of New Server function for different senarios

MegaEase
One Popular Solution
type Config struct {
Protocol string
Timeout time.Duration
Maxconns int
TLS *tls.Config
}
type Server struct {
Addr string
Port int
Conf *Config
}
Using a dedicated Configuration structure
func NewServer(addr string, port int, conf *Config) (*Server, error) {
//...
}
//Using the default configuratrion
srv1, _ := NewServer("localhost", 9000, nil)
conf := ServerConfig{Protocol:"tcp", Timeout: 60*time.Duration}
srv2, _ := NewServer("locahost", 9000, &conf)
The Config parameter is mandatory, and all of the varies configuration share a same function signature
And the Config parameter would be empty or null.

MegaEase
Functional Option
type Option func(*Server)
func Protocol(p string) Option {
return func(s *Server) {
s.Protocol = p
}
}
func Timeout(timeout time.Duration) Option {
s.Timeout = timeout
}
}
func MaxConns(maxconns int) Option {
s.MaxConns = maxconns
}
}
func TLS(tls *tls.Config) Option {
s.TLS = tls
}
}
func NewServer(addr string, port int,
options ...func(*Server)) (*Server, error) {
srv := Server{
Addr: addr,
Port: port,
Protocol: "tcp",
Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
MaxConns: 1000,
TLS: nil,
}
for _, option := range options {
option(&srv)
}
//...
return &srv, nil
}
s1, _ := NewServer("localhost", 1024)
s2, _ := NewServer("localhost", 2048, Protocol("udp"))
s3, _ := NewServer("0.0.0.0", 8080, Timeout(300*time.Second), MaxConns(1000))
“Self referential functions and design” by Rob Pike
http://commandcenter.blogspot.com.au/2014/01/self-referential-functions-and-design.html
One Article

MegaEase
Functional Option
• Sensible defaults
• Highly configurable
• Easy to maintain
• Self documenting
• Safe for newcomers
• No need nil or an empty value

MegaEase
Map/Reduce/Filter

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Basic Map Reduce – Example 1
func MapUpCase(arr []string, fn func(s string) string) []string {
var newArray = []string{}
for _, it := range arr {
newArray = append(newArray, fn(it))
}
return newArray
}
func MapLen(arr []string, fn func(s string) int) []int {
var newArray = []int{}
newArray = append(newArray, fn(it))
}
return newArray
}
func Reduce(arr []string, fn func(s string) int) int {
sum := 0
sum += fn(it)
}
return sum
}
Higher Order Function
var list = []string{"Hao", "Chen", "MegaEase"}
x := MapUpCase(list, func(s string) string {
return strings.ToUpper(s)
})
fmt.Printf("%vn", x)
//["HAO", "CHEN", "MEGAEASE"]
y := MapLen(list, func(s string) int {
return len(s)
})
fmt.Printf("%vn", y)
//[3, 4, 8]
var list = []string{"Hao", "Chen", "MegaEase"}
x := Reduce(list, func(s string) int {
return len(s)
})
fmt.Printf("%vn", x)
// 15
var intset = []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
out := Filter(intset, func(n int) bool {
return n%2 == 1
})
fmt.Printf("%vn", out)
out = Filter(intset, func(n int) bool {
return n > 5
})
fmt.Printf("%vn", out)
func Filter(arr []int, fn func(n int) bool) []int {
var newArray = []int{}
if fn(it) {
newArray = append(newArray, it)
}
}
return newArray
}

MegaEase
Basic Map Reduce – Example 2
type Employee struct {
Name string
Age int
Vacation int
Salary int
}
var list = []Employee{
{"Hao", 44, 0, 8000},
{"Bob", 34, 10, 5000},
{"Alice", 23, 5, 9000},
{"Jack", 26, 0, 4000},
{"Tom", 48, 9, 7500},
{"Marry", 29, 0, 6000},
{"Mike", 32, 8, 4000},
}
func EmployeeCountIf(list []Employee, fn func(e *Employee) bool) int {
count := 0
for i, _ := range list {
if fn(&list[i]) {
count += 1
}
}
return count
}
old := EmployeeCountIf(list, func(e *Employee) bool {
return e.Age > 40
})
fmt.Printf("old people: %dn", old)
//old people: 2
high_pay := EmployeeCountIf(list, func(e *Employee) bool {
return e.Salary >= 6000
})
fmt.Printf("High Salary people: %dn", high_pay)
//High Salary people: 4
no_vacation := EmployeeFilterIn(list, func(e *Employee) bool {
return e.Vacation == 0
})
fmt.Printf("People no vacation: %vn", no_vacation)
//People no vacation: [{Hao 44 0 8000} {Jack 26 0 4000} {Marry 29 0 6000}]
func EmployeeFilterIn(list []Employee, fn func(e *Employee) bool) []Employee {
var newList []Employee
if fn(&list[i]) {
newList = append(newList, list[i])
}
}
return newList
}
func EmployeeSumIf(list []Employee, fn func(e *Employee) int) int {
var sum = 0
sum += fn(&list[i])
}
return sum
}
total_pay := EmployeeSumIf(list, func(e *Employee) int {
return e.Salary
})
fmt.Printf("Total Salary: %dn", total_pay)
//Total Salary: 43500
younger_pay := EmployeeSumIf(list, func(e *Employee) int {
if e.Age < 30 {
return e.Salary
} else {
return 0
}
})

MegaEase
Generic Map
func transform(slice, function interface{}, inPlace bool) interface{} {
//check the `slice` type is Slice
sliceInType := reflect.ValueOf(slice)
if sliceInType.Kind() != reflect.Slice {
panic("transform: not slice")
}
//check the function signature
fn := reflect.ValueOf(function)
elemType := sliceInType.Type().Elem()
if !verifyFuncSignature(fn, elemType, nil) {
panic("trasform: function must be of type func(" + sliceInType.Type().Elem().String() + ") outputElemType")
}
sliceOutType := sliceInType
if !inPlace {
sliceOutType = reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(fn.Type().Out(0)), sliceInType.Len(), sliceInType.Len())
}
for i := 0; i < sliceInType.Len(); i++ {
sliceOutType.Index(i).Set(fn.Call([]reflect.Value{sliceInType.Index(i)})[0])
}
return sliceOutType.Interface()
}
func Transform(slice, fn interface{}) interface{} {
return transform(slice, fn, false)
}
func TransformInPlace(slice, fn interface{}) interface{} {
return transform(slice, fn, true)
}

MegaEase
Verify Function Signature
func verifyFuncSignature(fn reflect.Value, types ...reflect.Type) bool {
//Check it is a funciton
if fn.Kind() != reflect.Func {
return false
}
// NumIn() - returns a function type's input parameter count.
// NumOut() - returns a function type's output parameter count.
if (fn.Type().NumIn() != len(types)-1) || (fn.Type().NumOut() != 1) {
return false
}
// In() - returns the type of a function type's i'th input parameter.
for i := 0; i < len(types)-1; i++ {
if fn.Type().In(i) != types[i] {
return false
}
}
// Out() - returns the type of a function type's i'th output parameter.
outType := types[len(types)-1]
if outType != nil && fn.Type().Out(0) != outType {
return false
}
return true
}

MegaEase
Generic Map Test
func TestTransformnPlace(t *testing.T) {
list := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
expect := []int{3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27}
TransformInPlace(list, func (a int) int {
return a*3
})
if !reflect.DeepEqual(expect, list) {
t.Fatalf("Transform failed: expect %v got %v",
expect, list)
}
}
func TestMapEmployee(t *testing.T) {
{"Hao", 44, 0, 8000},
{"Bob", 34, 10, 5000},
{"Alice", 23, 5, 9000},
{"Jack", 26, 0, 4000},
{"Tom", 48, 9, 7500},
}
var expect = []Employee{
{"Hao", 45, 0, 9000},
{"Bob", 35, 10, 6000},
{"Alice", 24, 5, 10000},
{"Jack", 27, 0, 5000},
{"Tom", 49, 9, 8500},
}
result := TransformInPlace(list, func(e Employee) Employee {
e.Salary += 1000
e.Age += 1
return e
})
if !reflect.DeepEqual(expect, list) {
expect, list)
}
}
func TestTransformString(t *testing.T) {
list := []string{"1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"}
expect := []string{"111","222","333","444","555","666"}
result := Transform(list, func(a string) string{
return a +a +a
})
if !reflect.DeepEqual(expect, result) {
expect, result)
}
}

MegaEase
Generic Reduce
func Reduce(slice, pairFunc, zero interface{}) interface{} {
panic("reduce: wrong type, not slice")
}
len := sliceInType.Len()
if len == 0 {
return zero
} else if len == 1 {
return sliceInType.Index(0)
}
fn := reflect.ValueOf(pairFunc)
if !verifyFuncSignature(fn, elemType, elemType, elemType) {
t := elemType.String()
panic("reduce: function must be of type func(" + t +
", " + t + ") " + t)
}
var ins [2]reflect.Value
ins[0] = sliceInType.Index(0)
ins[1] = sliceInType.Index(1)
out := fn.Call(ins[:])[0]
for i := 2; i < len; i++ {
ins[0] = out
ins[1] = sliceInType.Index(i)
out = fn.Call(ins[:])[0]
}
return out.Interface()
}
func mul(a, b int) int {
return a * b
}
a := make([]int, 10)
for i := range a {
a[i] = i + 1
}
// Compute 10!
out := Reduce(a, mul, 1).(int)
{"Hao", 44, 0, 8000},
{"Bob", 34, 10, 5000},
{"Alice", 23, 5, 9000},
{"Jack", 26, 0, 4000},
{"Tom", 48, 9, 7500},
{"Marry", 29, 0, 6000},
{"Mike", 32, 8, 4000},
}
result := Reduce(list, func(a, b Employee) Employee {
return Employee{"Total Salary",0,0,a.Salary + b.Salary}
}, 0)
expect := 43500
if result.(Employee).Salary != expect {
t.Fatalf("expected %v got %v", expect, result)
}

MegaEase
Generic Filter
var boolType = reflect.ValueOf(true).Type()
func filter(slice, function interface{}, inPlace bool) (interface{}, int) {
panic("filter: wrong type, not a slice")
}
fn := reflect.ValueOf(function)
if !verifyFuncSignature(fn, elemType, boolType) {
panic("filter: function must be of type func(" +
elemType.String() + ") bool")
}
var which []int
for i := 0; i < sliceInType.Len(); i++ {
if fn.Call([]reflect.Value{sliceInType.Index(i)})[0].Bool() {
which = append(which, i)
}
}
out := sliceInType
if !inPlace {
out = reflect.MakeSlice(sliceInType.Type(), len(which), len(which))
}
for i := range which {
out.Index(i).Set(sliceInType.Index(which[i]))
}
return out.Interface(), len(which)
}
func Filter(slice, fn interface{}) interface{}
{
result, _ := filter(slice, fn, false)
return result
}
func FilterInPlace(slicePtr, fn interface{}) {
in := reflect.ValueOf(slicePtr)
if in.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
panic(“FilterInPlace: wrong type, ” +
"not a pointer to slice")
}
_, n := filter(in.Elem().Interface(), fn, true)
in.Elem().SetLen(n)
}
func isEven(a int) bool {
return a%2 == 0
}
func isOddString(s string) bool {
i,_:= strconv.ParseInt(s, 10, 32)
return i%2 == 1
}
a := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
result := Filter(a, isEven)
//{2, 4, 6, 8}
s := []string{"1","2","3","4","5","6","7","8","9"}
FilterInPlace(&s, isOddString)
// {"1", "3", "5", "7", "9"}

MegaEase
Notes

MegaEase
Warnning
Reflection is generally SLOW and
should be avoided for latency-
sensitive applications.

MegaEase
Why Go haven’t Map/Reduce?
https://github.com/robpike/filter
I wanted to see how hard it was to implement this sort of thing
in Go, with as nice an API as I could manage. It wasn't hard.
Having written it a couple of years ago, I haven't had occasion to
use it once. Instead, I just use "for" loops.
You shouldn't use it either.
Personally, I think Rob doesn’t
write business code…

MegaEase
Type Assert & Reflection
//Container is a generic container, accepting anything.
type Container []interface{}
//Put adds an element to the container.
func (c *Container) Put(elem interface{}) {
*c = append(*c, elem)
}
//Get gets an element from the container.
func (c *Container) Get() interface{} {
elem := (*c)[0]
*c = (*c)[1:]
return elem
}
intContainer := &Container{}
intContainer.Put(7)
intContainer.Put(42)
// assert that the actual type is int
elem, ok := intContainer.Get().(int)
if !ok {
fmt.Println("Unable to read an int from intContainer")
}
fmt.Printf("assertExample: %d (%T)n", elem, elem)
Type Assert
type Cabinet struct {
s reflect.Value
}
func NewCabinet(t reflect.Type) *Cabinet {
return &Cabinet{
s: reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(t), 0, 10),
}
}
func (c *Cabinet) Put(val interface{}) {
if reflect.ValueOf(val).Type() != c.s.Type().Elem() {
panic(fmt.Sprintf(“Put: cannot put a %T into ”+
"a slice of %s", val, c.s.Type().Elem()))
}
c.s = reflect.Append(c.s, reflect.ValueOf(val))
}
func (c *Cabinet) Get(retref interface{}) {
retref = c.s.Index(0)
c.s = c.s.Slice(1, c.s.Len())
}
f := 3.14152
c := NewCabinet(reflect.TypeOf(f))
c.Put(f)
Reflection

MegaEase
Can we do better?
Can we do something like C++ template,
which could generate the code for specify data type ?
template <class T>
T GetMax (T a, T b) {
T result;
result = (a>b)? a : b;
return (result);
}
int main () {
int i=5, j=6, k;
long l=10, m=5, n;
k=GetMax<int>(i,j);
n=GetMax<long>(l,m);
cout << k << endl; cout << n << endl;
return 0;
}

MegaEase
Go Generation

MegaEase
Go Generate – Example 1
package PACKAGE_NAME
type GENERIC_NAMEContainer struct {
s []GENERIC_TYPE
}
func NewGENERIC_NAMEContainer() *GENERIC_NAMEContainer {
return &GENERIC_NAMEContainer{s: []GENERIC_TYPE{}}
}
func (c *GENERIC_NAMEContainer) Put(val GENERIC_TYPE) {
c.s = append(c.s, val)
}
func (c *GENERIC_NAMEContainer) Get() GENERIC_TYPE {
r := c.s[0]
c.s = c.s[1:]
return r
}
#!/bin/bash
set -e
SRC_FILE=${1}
PACKAGE=${2}
TYPE=${3}
DES=${4}
#uppcase the first char
PREFIX="$(tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]' <<< ${TYPE:0:1})${TYPE:1}"
DES_FILE=$(echo ${TYPE}| tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')_${DES}.go
sed 's/PACKAGE_NAME/'"${PACKAGE}"'/g' ${SRC_FILE} |
sed 's/GENERIC_TYPE/'"${TYPE}"'/g' |
sed 's/GENERIC_NAME/'"${PREFIX}"'/g' > ${DES_FILE}
Template – container.tmp.go Script – gen.sh

MegaEase
//go:generate ./gen.sh ./template/container.tmp.go gen uint32 container
func generateUint32Example() {
var u uint32 = 42
c := NewUint32Container()
c.Put(u)
v := c.Get()
fmt.Printf("generateExample: %d (%T)n", v, v)
}
//go:generate ./gen.sh ./template/container.tmp.go gen string container
func generateStringExample() {
var s string = "Hello"
c := NewStringContainer()
c.Put(s)
v := c.Get()
fmt.Printf("generateExample: %s (%T)n", v, v)
}
Command template source file Package name type Destination file suffix

MegaEase
package gen
type Uint32Container struct {
s []uint32
}
func NewUint32Container() *Uint32Container {
return &Uint32Container{s: []uint32{}}
}
func (c *Uint32Container) Put(val uint32) {
}
func (c *Uint32Container) Get() uint32 {
r := c.s[0]
c.s = c.s[1:]
return r
}
package gen
type StringContainer struct {
s []string
}
func NewStringContainer() *StringContainer {
return &StringContainer{s: []string{}}
}
func (c *StringContainer) Put(val string) {
}
func (c *StringContainer) Get() string {
r := c.s[0]
c.s = c.s[1:]
return r
}
uint32_container.go string_container.go
After run ”go generate” command, two source code go file would be generated

MegaEase
package PACKAGE_NAME
type GENERIC_NAMEList []GENERIC_TYPE
type GENERIC_NAMEToBool func(*GENERIC_TYPE) bool
func (al GENERIC_NAMEList) Filter(f GENERIC_NAMEToBool) GENERIC_NAMEList {
var ret GENERIC_NAMEList
for _, a := range al {
if f(&a) {
ret = append(ret, a)
}
}
return ret
}
Template – filter.tmp.go

MegaEase
//go:generate ./gen.sh ./template/filter.tmp.go gen int filter
func filterIntArrayExample() {
a := IntList{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
b := a.Filter(func(i *int) bool {
return *i%2 == 0
})
fmt.Println(b)
}
package gen
type IntList []int
type IntToBool func(*int) bool
func (al IntList) Filter(f IntToBool) IntList {
var ret IntList
if f(&a) {
}
}
return ret
}
Int_filter.go

MegaEase
//go:generate ./gen.sh ./template/filter.tmp.go gen Employee filter
func filterEmployeeExample() {
var list = EmployeeList{
{"Hao", 44, 0, 8000},
{"Bob", 34, 10, 5000},
{"Alice", 23, 5, 9000},
{"Jack", 26, 0, 4000},
{"Tom", 48, 9, 7500},
}
var filter EmployeeList
filter = list.Filter(func(e *Employee) bool {
return e.Age > 40
})
fmt.Println("----- Employee.Age > 40 ------")
for _, e := range filter {
fmt.Println(e)
}
type Employee struct {
Name string
Age int
Vacation int
Salary int
}
package gen
type EmployeeList []Employee
type EmployeeToBool func(*Employee) bool
func (al EmployeeList) Filter(f EmployeeToBool) EmployeeList
{
var ret EmployeeList
if f(&a) {
}
}
return ret
}
employee_filter.go

MegaEase
The 3rd-Pary Generate Libs
Genny - https://github.com/cheekybits/genny
Generic - https://github.com/taylorchu/generic
GenGen - https://github.com/joeshaw/gengen
Gen - https://github.com/clipperhouse/gen

MegaEase
Pros / Cons

MegaEase
Pros / Cons
Copy & Paste
Pros:
• Quick
• Needs no external libraries or tools
Cons:
• Code bloat
• Breaks the DRY principle
Type Assertions
Pros:
• Code stays quite clear
• No needs external libraries or tools
Cons:
• No compile-time type checking
• Runtime overhead from converting to/from interfaces
• Caller is required to do the type assertion
Interfaces & Reflection
Pros:
• Versatile & Flexible
• No needs external libraries or tools
Cons:
• Reflection makes code much more complicated.
• Runtime overhead
Code Generation
Pros:
• Clear code possible (depending on the tool),
• Compile-time type checking
• Allow writing tests against the generic code template
• No runtime overhead
Cons:
• Possible binary bloat,
• requires an extra build step and a third party tool

MegaEase
Decoration

MegaEase
Basice Example 1
func decorator(f func(s string)) func(s string) {
return func(s string) {
fmt.Println("Started")
f(s)
fmt.Println("Done")
}
}
func Hello(s string) {
fmt.Println(s)
}
func main() {
decorator(Hello)("Hello, World!")
}
Return an function wrapped another
function with same parameters

MegaEase
Basic Example 2
func Sum1(start, end int64) int64 {
var sum int64
sum = 0
if start > end {
start, end = end, start
}
for i := start; i <= end; i++ {
sum += i
}
return sum
}
func Sum2(start, end int64) int64 {
if start > end {
start, end = end, start
}
return (end - start + 1) * (end + start) / 2
}
type SumFunc func(int64, int64) int64
func getFunctionName(i interface{}) string {
return runtime.FuncForPC(reflect.ValueOf(i).Pointer()).Name()
}
func timedSumFunc(f SumFunc) SumFunc {
return func(start, end int64) int64 {
defer func(t time.Time) {
fmt.Printf("--- Time Elapsed (%s): %v ---n",
getFunctionName(f), time.Since(t))
}(time.Now())
return f(start, end)
}
}
sum1 := timedSumFunc(Sum1)
sum2 := timedSumFunc(Sum2)
fmt.Printf("%d, %dn", sum1(1, 10000000), sum2(1, 10000000))

MegaEase
HTTP Server Example
func WithServerHeader(h http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc {
return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
log.Println("--->WithServerHeader()")
w.Header().Set("Server", "HelloServer v0.0.1")
h(w, r)
}
}
func WithAuthCookie(h http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc {
log.Println("--->WithAuthCookie()")
cookie := &http.Cookie{Name: "Auth", Value: "Pass", Path: "/"}
http.SetCookie(w, cookie)
h(w, r)
}
}
func WithBasicAuth(h http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc {
log.Println("--->WithBasicAuth()")
cookie, err := r.Cookie("Auth")
if err != nil || cookie.Value != "Pass" {
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusForbidden)
return
}
h(w, r)
}
}
func hello(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
log.Printf("Recieved Request %s from %sn", r.URL.Path, r.RemoteAddr)
fmt.Fprintf(w, "Hello, World! "+r.URL.Path)
}
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/v1/hello", WithServerHeader(WithAuthCookie(hello)))
http.HandleFunc("/v2/hello", WithServerHeader(WithBasicAuth(hello)))
http.HandleFunc("/v3/hello", WithServerHeader(WithBasicAuth(WithDebugLog(hello))))
err := http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal("ListenAndServe: ", err)
}
}
func WithDebugLog(h http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc {
log.Println("--->WithDebugLog")
r.ParseForm()
log.Println(r.Form)
log.Println("path", r.URL.Path)
log.Println("scheme", r.URL.Scheme)
log.Println(r.Form["url_long"])
for k, v := range r.Form {
log.Println("key:", k)
log.Println("val:", strings.Join(v, ""))
}
h(w, r)
}
}

MegaEase
Generic Decorator
func Decorator(decoPtr, fn interface{}) (err error) {
var decoratedFunc, targetFunc reflect.Value
if decoPtr == nil ||
reflect.TypeOf(decoPtr).Kind() != reflect.Ptr ||
reflect.ValueOf(decoPtr).Elem().Kind() != reflect.Func {
err = fmt.Errorf("Need a function porinter!")
return
}
decoratedFunc = reflect.ValueOf(decoPtr).Elem()
targetFunc = reflect.ValueOf(fn)
if targetFunc.Kind() != reflect.Func {
err = fmt.Errorf("Need a function!")
return
}
v := reflect.MakeFunc(targetFunc.Type(),
func(in []reflect.Value) (out []reflect.Value) {
fmt.Println("before")
if targetFunc.Type().IsVariadic() {
out = targetFunc.CallSlice(in)
} else {
out = targetFunc.Call(in)
}
fmt.Println("after")
Return
}
)
decoratedFunc.Set(v)
return
}
func bar(a, b string) string {
fmt.Printf("%s, %s n", a, b)
return a + b
}
mybar := bar
err := Decorator(&mybar, bar)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Println(mybar("hello,", "world!"))
decoPtr - output parameter
the new function has been decorated
fn – input parameter
the function need be decorated

MegaEase
Kubernetes Visitor

MegaEase
Visitor
type VisitorFunc func(*Info, error) error
type Visitor interface {
Visit(VisitorFunc) error
}
type Info struct {
Namespace string
Name string
OtherThings string
}
func (info *Info) Visit(fn VisitorFunc) error {
return fn(info, nil)
}
type LogVisitor struct {
visitor Visitor
}
func (v LogVisitor) Visit(fn VisitorFunc) error {
return v.visitor.Visit(func(info *Info, err error) error {
fmt.Println("LogVisitor() before call function")
err = fn(info, err)
fmt.Println("LogVisitor() after call function")
return err
})
}
type NameVisitor struct {
visitor Visitor
}
func (v NameVisitor) Visit(fn VisitorFunc) error {
fmt.Println("NameVisitor() before call function")
err = fn(info, err)
if err == nil {
fmt.Printf(“==> Name=%s, NameSpace=%sn”,
info.Name, info.Namespace)
}
fmt.Println("NameVisitor() after call function")
return err
})
}
type OtherThingsVisitor struct {
visitor Visitor
}
func (v OtherThingsVisitor) Visit(fn VisitorFunc) error {
fmt.Println("OtherThingsVisitor() before call function")
err = fn(info, err)
if err == nil {
fmt.Printf("==> OtherThings=%sn", info.OtherThings)
}
fmt.Println("OtherThingsVisitor() after call function")
return err
})
}

MegaEase
Visitor Usage
func main() {
info := Info{}
var v Visitor = &info
v = LogVisitor{v}
v = NameVisitor{v}
v = OtherThingsVisitor{v}
loadFile := func (info *Info, err error) error {
info.Name = "Hao Chen"
info.Namespace = "MegaEase"
info.OtherThings ="We are running as remote team."
return nil
}
v.Visit(loadFile)
} LogVisitor() before call function
NameVisitor() before call function
OtherThingsVisitor() before call function
==> OtherThings=We are running as remote team.
OtherThingsVisitor() after call function
==> Name=Hao Chen, NameSpace=MegaEase
NameVisitor() after call function
LogVisitor() after call function

MegaEase
Decorate Visitor
type DecoratedVisitor struct {
visitor Visitor
decorators []VisitorFunc
}
func NewDecoratedVisitor(v Visitor, fn ...VisitorFunc) Visitor {
if len(fn) == 0 {
return v
}
return DecoratedVisitor{v, fn}
}
// Visit implements Visitor
func (v DecoratedVisitor) Visit(fn VisitorFunc) error {
if err != nil {
return err
}
if err := fn(info, nil); err !=nil {
return err
}
for i := range v.decorators {
if err := v.decorators[i](info, nil); err != nil {
return err
}
}
return nil
})
}
func NameVisitor(info *Info, err error ) error {
fmt.Printf("Name=%s, Namespace=%sn",
info.Name, info.Namespace)
return nil
}
func OtherVisitor(info *Info, err error ) error {
fmt.Printf("Other=%sn", info.OtherThings)
return nil
}
func LoadFile(info *Info, err error) error {
info.Name = "Hao Chen"
info.Namespace = "MegaEase"
info.OtherThings ="We are running as remote team."
return nil
}
func main() {
info := Info{}
var v Visitor = &info
v = NewDecoratedVisitor(v, NameVisitor, OtherVisitor)
v.Visit(LoadFile)
}

MegaEase
Pipeline

MegaEase
Basic Example
type HttpHandlerDecorator func(http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc
func Handler(h http.HandlerFunc, decors ...HttpHandlerDecorator) http.HandlerFunc {
for i := range decors {
d := decors[len(decors)-1-i] // iterate in reverse
h = d(h)
}
return h
}
http.HandleFunc(“/v4/hello”, Handler(hello, WithServerHeader, WithBasicAuth, WithDebugLog))
http.HandleFunc("/v2/hello", WithServerHeader(WithBasicAuth(hello)))
http.HandleFunc("/v3/hello", WithServerHeader(WithBasicAuth(WithDebugLog(hello))))

MegaEase
Generic Pipeline
// errType is the type of error interface.
var errType = reflect.TypeOf((*error)(nil)).Elem()
// Pipeline is the func type for the pipeline result.
type Pipeline func(...interface{}) (interface{}, error)
func empty(...interface{}) (interface{}, error) { return nil, nil }
func getFunctionName(i interface{}) string {
return runtime.FuncForPC(reflect.ValueOf(i).Pointer()).Name()
}
func Pipe(fns ...interface{}) Pipeline {
if len(fns) <= 0 {
return empty
}
return func(args ...interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
var inputs []reflect.Value
for _, arg := range args {
inputs = append(inputs, reflect.ValueOf(arg))
}
for _, fn := range fns {
outputs := reflect.ValueOf(fn).Call(inputs)
inputs = inputs[:0] //clean inputs
fnType := reflect.TypeOf(fn)
for oIdx, output := range outputs {
if fnType.Out(oIdx).Implements(errType) {
if output.IsNil() {
continue
}
err := fmt.Errorf("%s() failed: %w", getFunctionName(fn),
output.Interface().(error))
return nil, err
}
inputs = append(inputs, output)
}
}
return inputs[0].Interface(), nil
}
}
func TestPipeError(t *testing.T) {
pipe := Pipe(
func(x int) (int, error) {
if x == 0 {
return 0, errors.New("x should not be zero")
}
return x, nil
},
func(x int) float32 { return 100.0 / float32(x) },
func (x float32) string { return fmt.Sprintf(“%f”,x) },
)
result, err := pipe(3)
expect := "33.333332"
if err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
if result.(string) != expect {
t.Fatalf("pipeline failed: expect %v got %v", expect, result)
}
}

MegaEase
Channel Pipeline
func echo(nums []int) <-chan int {
out := make(chan int)
go func() {
for _, n := range nums {
out <- n
}
close(out)
}()
return out
}
func sq(in <-chan int) <-chan int {
go func() {
for n := range in {
out <- n * n
}
close(out)
}()
return out
}
func sum(in <-chan int) <-chan int {
go func() {
var sum = 0
for n := range in {
sum += n
}
out <- sum
close(out)
}()
return out
}
var nums = []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
for n := range sum(sq(echo(nums))) {
fmt.Println(n) // 165
}
Go Concurrency Patterns: Pipelines and cancellation
https://blog.golang.org/pipelines
echo $nums | sq | sum

MegaEase
Fan-out & Fan-in
Multiple functions can read from the same channel until
that channel is closed; this is called fan-out. This
provides a way to distribute work amongst a group of
workers to parallelize CPU use and I/O.
A function can read from multiple inputs and proceed
until all are closed by multiplexing the input channels
onto a single channel that's closed when all the inputs
are closed. This is called fan-in.
func merge(cs []<-chan int) <-chan int {
var wg sync.WaitGroup
wg.Add(len(cs))
for _, c := range cs {
go func (c <- chan int){
for n := range c {
out <- n
}
wg.Done()
}(c)
}
go func() {
wg.Wait()
close(out)
}()
return out
}
func makeRange(min, max int) []int {
a := make([]int, max-min+1)
for i := range a {
a[i] = min + i
}
return a
}
func main() {
nums := makeRange(1,1000)
in := gen(nums)
const nProcess = 5
var chans [nProcess]<-chan int
for i := range chans {
chans[i] = sum(in)
}
for n := range sum(merge(chans[:])) {
fmt.Println(n)
}
}

MegaEase
Further Readings
• Go Concurrency Patterns - Rob Pike - 2012 Google I/O
presents the basics of Go‘s concurrency primitives and several ways to apply them.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6kdp27TYZs
• Advanced Go Concurrency Patterns - Rob Pike – 2013 Google I/O
covers more complex uses of Go's primitives, especially select.
https://blog.golang.org/advanced-go-concurrency-patterns
• Squinting at Power Series - Douglas McIlroy‘s paper
shows how Go-like concurrency provides elegant support for complex calculations.
https://swtch.com/~rsc/thread/squint.pdf

MegaEase
Rob .C Pike
Born 1956
Nationality Canadian
Alma mater •University of Toronto (BS)
•California Institute of Technology
Occupation Software engineer
Employer Google
Known for Plan 9, UTF-8, Go
Spouse(s) Renée French
Website herpolhode.com/rob/
Thanks to teach people to write good code!

MegaEase
Thanks

Go Programming Patterns

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