GPAT Presentation PPT and details about imp topics.pptx
- 1. GRADUATE PHARMACY APTITUDE TEST GPAT Dr. Nilesh Patel Associate Professor B. K. Mody Govt. Pharmacy College, Rajkot
- 2. Fortunately, or unfortunately, competitive exams have become a strict norm for selection to various professional courses in our country.
- 3. HOW TO PREPARE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS “Success is simple. Do what's right, the right way, at the right time.”
- 4. There is no magic formula for success To my mind, the first prerequisite for success in these examinations is determination. “Success comes in cans; failure in can'ts”
- 5. Once one is sufficiently motivated, one needs to be ready to give enough hours of his or her time in studies. “Every success is built on the ability to do better than good enough”
- 6. The third requirement, is selection of the right study material. “There are no secrets to success. It is the result of preparation, hard work, and learning from failure.”
- 7. The fourth consideration is an appropriate 'Study Strategy' “Success is doing ordinary things extraordinarily well.”
- 8. Should I prepare notes even for exams? “For true success ask yourself these four questions: Why? Why not? Why not me? Why not now? .”
- 9. Syllabus Overview Subject wise Frequently asked topics
- 10. Physical Pharmacy • Particle size and distribution, Measurement techniques • Porosity, density, bulkiness, angle of repose • Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow • Viscosity and methods of measurement • Thixotropy, plastic, pseudoplastic, and dilatant flow • Gold number, lyophilic/lyophobic colloids • Surface tension, interfacial tension, surfactants, HLB
- 11. Dispensing Pharmacy • Chemical kinetics: zero, first, and second-order reactions • Determination of shelf life, half-life, and expiration dating • Calculation of pH, buffer capacity, Henderson- Hasselbalch equation • Solubility principles, partition coefficient • Calculation methods (freezing point depression, sodium chloride equivalence) • Polymorphism, crystal habits, amorphous/crystalline
- 12. Hospital Pharmacy • Classification- Hospital and Pharmacy • Laminar airflow and aseptic techniques • TDM, CSSD, ADR, Pharmacovigilance • Inventory Control Methods: ABC, VED, FIFO, FEFO • Narcotics and Poison Management
- 13. Unit Operations • Types of flow: laminar and turbulent, Reynolds number • Valves, flow meters, and manometers • Flow and pressure measurement techniques • Heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation • Raoult’s law and phase diagrams • Volatility concepts: simple, steam, flash distillation, rectification, Azeotropic and extractive distillation • Principles of milling, grinding, and pulverization • Sieve Standards • Types of mixers and agitators • Principles and types of filtrations, Filter media, Filtration equipment
- 14. • Tablets, Capsules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, elixirs, ointments, creams, gels, pastes, Parenteral • Binders, fillers, disintegrants, lubricants, preservatives, coloring agents, flavoring agents • Wet granulation, dry granulation, direct compression • Immediate release, sustained release, controlled release formulations • Novel delivery systems: transdermal patches, Pharmaceutical Technology
- 15. Pharmaceutical Technology • Factors affecting stability, shelf-life determination • Types of containers, packaging materials, packaging techniques • Sterilization and Preservation • Specifications and tests for different dosage forms • In-vitro dissolution testing, content uniformity, assay methods • Process validation and scale-up considerations • Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)
- 16. Biopharmaceutics • Factors influencing drug action • Passive diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion • Routes of drug administration and their impact on absorption • Concepts of volume of distribution • Protein binding of drugs • Phase I and Phase II reactions, Sites of metabolism • Enzyme induction and inhibition • Routes of excretion (renal, biliary, pulmonary)
- 17. Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence • Pharmacy Act, Registration of pharmacists • Pharmacy Council, members and functions • D and C Act, 1940, Definitions, classifications of drugs • Schedules and Forms • INDA, ANDA, NDA, DMF, CTD, CDSCO, IPR • Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act • Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act • Consumer Protection Act
- 18. Human Anatomy and Physiology • Cell structure and functions, transport mechanisms • Blood, Composition and functions, Blood groups and coagulation • Hemoglobin and oxygen transport • Heart structure and functions • Blood circulation and cardiac cycle • Blood pressure regulation • Mechanism of respiration and gas exchange • Respiratory volumes and control of respiration
- 19. • Digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients • Urine formation and acid-base balance, Renal disorders • Endocrine Glands • Bone structure and functions, Types of bones and joints • Central and peripheral nervous systems overview • Male and female reproductive anatomy • Physiology of reproduction and hormonal regulation Human Anatomy and Physiology
- 20. • Causes and mechanisms of cell injury • Acute and chronic inflammation • Mediators of inflammation • Characteristics of benign and malignant tumors • Anemias, leukemias, and clotting disorders • Hypersensitivity reactions • Autoimmune diseases • Immunodeficiency disorders • Cardiovascular diseases (e.g., hypertension, atherosclerosis) • Respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma) • Gastrointestinal diseases (e.g., peptic ulcer, hepatitis) • Endocrine disorders (e.g., diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders) • Basic diagnostic tests related to various diseases Pathophysiology
- 21. • Routes of drug administration • Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics basics • Mechanisms of drug action and receptors • Drug interactions and adverse drug reactions • Principles of toxicology and antidotes Classifications for drug used in disease/ Disorder, Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, Sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics Antipsychotics, antidepressants, antiepileptics, Parkinson’s, Antihypertensives, Antiarrhythmics, Anticoagulants, corticosteroids, proton pump inhibitors, Insulin and oral hypoglycemics, Thyroid and antithyroid drugs, Antibiotics, Antiviral, antimalarial drugs, Anticancer, Diuretics, Vitamins and Minerals, Immunopharmacology Pharmacology
- 22. • Antihypertensives • Major antibiotic • Sedatives • Antiepileptics • Anticancer drugs Pharmacology • ANS • Diabetes • Inflammation management drugs
- 23. Pharmacognosy • Classification of trichomes, stomata, non living crystals • Microscopy techniques for drug identification • Herbal Drug Standardization • BS, CC, Chemical test, Use, Adulteration, Microscopy for Guggul, Artemisia, Digitalis, Aloe, Senna, Neem, Turmeric, Glycyrrhiza (Liquorice), Cinchona, Opium, ipecac, nux vomica, Black pepper, , coriander, cardamom, cinnamon, clove, Catechu, asafoetida
- 24. Physical Chemistry • Properties like dipole moment, dielectric constant • Vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, osmotic pressure • Determination of molecular weights using colligative properties • Refractive index, specific refractivity, molar refractivity • Expression of concentration: molarity, molality, mole fraction, percentage • Nernst equation, standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), • Ion mobility, theory and applications in electrolyte solutions • Order and molecularity of reactions • Rate laws, rate constants, derivation of rate equations
- 25. Inorganic Chemistry • Limit Tests for chlorides, sulfates, iron, arsenic • Iron preparations (e.g., ferrous sulfate) • Calcium salts (e.g. calcium phosphate) • Iodine and its compounds • Radioactive isotopes used in therapy and diagnostics • Oral care products, fluoride compounds • General classification and therapeutic uses electrolytes and antiseptics • Storage condition of gases
- 26. Organic Chemistry • Hybridization, sigma and pi bonds, bond lengths, bond angles, bond energies, Bond polarization, hydrogen bonding, inductive effect, resonance • Acidity and basicity theories • Stereochemistry • Huckel’s rule, electrophilic aromatic substitution • Carbohydrates- Structure, stereochemistry, reactions, mutarotation • Amino Acids and Proteins- Peptide bond formation and sequencing • Important test for functional group identification
- 27. Medicinal Chemistry • Nomenclature including stereochemical aspects, Classification and general properties, • Structures of Penicillins, beta-lactam antibiotics, macrolides, tetracyclines, Corticosteroids, sex steroids, anti-inflammatory steroids, Adrenalin, Acetyl choline, Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, • Quantitative SAR (QSAR), Hansch analysis, substituent constants
- 28. Pharmaceutical Analysis • Quality assurance and quality control • Definitions (Arrhenius, Lewis), Normality, molarity, molality, equivalent weight • Primary and secondary standards, their examples and differences • Standardization procedures for strong acids and bases • Non-Aqueous Titrations- Solvent classification • KMnO4 normality , Iodo- Iodi metry difference • EDTA structure and titrations for metal ions • Mohr’s method, Volhard’s method and Fajan’s method for chloride estimation
- 29. Pharmaceutical Analysis • pH scale, pH meter use and applications • Buffer capacity, preparation and calculations, Buffered isotonic solutions • Spectroscopic and Chromatographic Techniques (often core topics in GPAT) • Basics of UV, IR, NMR, Mass Spectrometry for drug analysis • Chromatography: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography (GC) • Electrodes in conductometry, Potentiomentry and polarography
- 30. Biochemistry • Carbohydrates (~2%) , Types, structure, functions, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, HMP shunt, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis • Proteins (~2%) & Amino acids, structure, functions, Urea cycle • Lipids (~2%), Classification, functions, Beta-oxidation of fatty acids, Cholesterol biosynthesis, Ketone bodies • Vitamins (~2%), Classification, Synonyms, Structure ring name, Biochemical roles, Deficiency symptoms (Imp. A D E K B1 B2 B6 B12 C) • Enzymes (~2%), Classification, Michaelis-Menten equation • Nucleic Acids (~2%), DNA and RNA replication, transcription, translation (Virus based on DNA RNA)
- 31. Biotechnology • Plant Cell and Tissue Culture • Culture media and supplements • Cloning, transgenic animals, xenotransplantation concepts • Basics of fermentation, Types of fermenters and fermentation processes, Industrial applications of fermentation in pharmaceuticals • Recombinant DNA Technology • Production of biopharmaceuticals (e.g., vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, enzymes) • Detection and control of contaminants (pyrogens, microbial, and viral contaminants) • Biotechnology Derived Products examples and applications in medicine and pharmacy
- 32. Microbiology • Whittaker's Five Kingdom classification • Different Classification of Microorganism • Staining methods: simple, Gram staining, acid-fast staining, spore staining, capsule staining, flagella staining • Structure and classification of bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa • Methods: moist heat (autoclaving), dry heat, gamma radiation, filtration sterilization, Biological Indicators of sterilization, D value, z value • Bacterial vaccines and toxoids: Tetanus, TAB, Cholera, BCG, DPT, Viral vaccines: Polio (Salk and Sabin), Rabies, MMR, Hepatitis, Chickenpox, Influenza, • Antisera: diphtheria, tetanus, antiviral antisera (rabies) • Methods to determine antimicrobial potency and activity
- 33. Thank You