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Grade For Learning Oconnor
- 1. How to Gradefor Learning
- 2. Ideas from KenO’Connor •How to Grade for Learning •A Repair Kit for Grading, 15 Fixes for Broken Grades •Workshop at ATI (Assessment Training Institute)
- 3. In other words…… DON’T SHOOT THE MESSENGER!!!! (THAT’S ME!) ☺
- 4. Grades Why dowe have them? What does a grade mean? Do they help students learn? Are they motivational?
- 5. Reflect on yourown practices What are the principles on which your grading practices are based? What were or are the main influences on your grading principles & practices? How do these compare with other teachers at your school?
- 6. Calculate this student’sgrade after ten assignments: C C NTI (not turned in) D C B NTI NTI B A
- 7. Learning can (anddoes) happen in the absence of grades!
- 9. “Perhaps the mostcounterproductive aspect of schooling as we know it is the conventional system of letter grades. The problem with grades is not the use of symbols, but the absence of any DEFENSIBLE plan for coming up with the symbol… most grades reflect what is easy to count and average into a final grade.” - Grant Wiggins
- 10. O’Connor’s 7 perspectivesunderlying grading • Grading is not essential for learning. • Grading is complicated. • Grading is subjective & emotional. • Grading is inescapable. • Grading has a limited research base. • Grading has no single best practice. • Grading that is faulty damages students and teachers!
- 11. Do grades motivatelearners? If grades are extrinsic motivators, they can destroy intrinsic motivation. Good grades may motivate, but poor grades have no motivational value.
- 12. “Low grades pushstudents farther from our cause, they don’t motivate students. Recording a D on a student’s paper won’t light a fire under that student to buckle down and study harder. It actually distances the student further from us and the curriculum, requiring us to build an emotional bridge to bring him or her back to the same level of investment prior to receiving the grade.” -Guskey (documented by Guskey and Bailey)
- 13. O’Connor’s “15 Fixes”for our grading system (from his book A Repair Kit for Grading).
- 14. #1 - Don’tinclude student behaviors (effort, participation, polite manners, etc.) in grades; include only achievement.
- 15. #2 - Don’treduce marks on late work; provide support for the learner.
- 16. If our jobas teachers is to help students learn, why do we care WHEN they learn it? Isn’t doing the work LATE better than NEVER? Students should be given opportunities for “re-dos” to learn from their mistakes.
- 17. Some possible solutions? Take a few points off for every day an assignment is late, but not a whole grade. A whole grade lower is punitive, a few points off is instructive. Record two grades: one that represents his level of mastery and one that reflects the late penalties.
- 18. #3- Don’t givepoints for extra credit work or use bonus points; seek only evidence that more work has resulted in a higher level of achievement.
- 19. Extra credit? Howcan they do “extra” when they haven’t done the “regular”? - R. Wormeli
- 20. #4- Don’t punishacademic dishonesty with reduced grades; apply other consequences and reassess to determine actual level of achievement.
- 21. #5 - Don’tconsider attendance in grade determination; report absences separately.
- 22. #6- Don’t includegroup scores in grades; use only individual achievement evidence.
- 23. #7 - Don’torganize information in grading records by assessment methods or simply summarize into a single grade; organize and report evidence by standards/learning goals.
- 24. Relate grading proceduresto learning goals What are the key ideas students should know at the end of a unit? Tell them! Keep track of whether they know it and how well they know it. How to report this?
- 25. #8 - Don’tassign grades using inappropriate or unclear performance standards; provide clear descriptions of achievement expectations.
- 26. Use exemplars “Show us what good work looks like and what we have to do to get there.” - 8 yr. old (O’Connor)
- 27. #9 - Don’tassign grades based on student’s achievement compared to other students; compare each student’s performance to preset standards.
- 29. #10- Don’t relyon evidence gathered using assessments that fail to meet standards of quality; rely only on quality assessments.
- 30. #11 - Don’trely only on the mean; consider other measures of central tendency and use professional judgment.
- 31. Ask math teacherswhat else there is… median, mode….
- 32. #12- Don’t includezeros in grade determination when evidence is missing or as punishment; use alternatives, such as reassessing to determine real achievement or use “I” for Incomplete or Insufficient Evidence.
- 33. Zeros kill averages! 90-100= A (10 points) 80-89 = B (9 points) 70-79 = C (9 points) 60-69 = D (9 points) 0-59 = F (59 points!) It is almost impossible to overcome many zeros in a grading period. If our lowest score was a 50, many would still fail, but many more would believe they can overcome their low averages.
- 34. #13- Don’t useinformation from formative assessments and practice to determine grades; use only summative evidence.
- 35. Sample student performance Do not grade everything! If we want kids to grow and learn throughout a unit, most grades should come from the end of the unit when mastery should happen. Grades should reflect “latest learning”, not how confused the student was at the start.
- 36. Homework is practice! Students should make mistakes as they are learning and not be afraid to learn from their mistakes. Homework is practice - where mistakes should happen. Their mistakes should not be graded. FEEDBACK on homework is shown to be most effective. Grade (if graded at all) on attempt only, not mastery.
- 37. Homework Rubric: Homework (4) Homework is complete Presentation is exceptionally neat, detailed, and organized Few to no errors corrected in red pen (3) Homework is complete Presentation is legible Errors corrected in red pen (2) Homework is mostly complete but may be missing problems Presentation may be careless and disorganized Errors may not be corrected in red pen Errors and problems not completed done in red pen (1) Homework is not completed Missing work is done in red pen (0) No work turned in
- 38. “ The After reviewing8000 studies, a researcher made the following comment: most powerful single modification that enhances achievement is FEEDBACK. The simplest prescription for improving education must be ‘dollops of feedback’.” -Classroom Assessment & Grading that Work - Robert J. Marzano (2006)
- 39. #14 - Don’tsummarize evidence accumulated over time when learning is developmental and will grow with time and repeated opportunities; in those instances, emphasize more recent achievement.
- 40. #15 - Don’tleave students out of the grading process. Involve students; they can- and should- play key roles in assessment and grading that promote achievement.
- 41. One final thought…. “Ifyou wanted to make JUST ONE change that would immediately reduce student failure rates, then the most effective place to start would be challenging prevailing grading practices.” -Douglas B. Reeves, Ed. Leadership/February 2008, pg. 85
- 42. Action Plan! Reflectingon your own practices, what is ONE SMALL thing you could change to promote more learning in your grading practices?
- 43. Bibliography How ToGrade For Learning - Ken O’Connor A Repair Kit for Grading: 15 Fixes for Broken Grades - Ken O’Connor Classroom Assessment & Grading that Work - Robert Marzano Fair Isn’t Always Equal - Rick Wormeli Integrating Differentiated Instruction & Understanding by Design - Carol Ann Tomlinson & Jay McTighe How to Teach so Students Remember - Marilee Sprenger Grading - Susan Brookhart Mindset - Carol Dweck The Assessment Training Institute: www.ets.org/ati
- 44. Thank you! Anne Keith ChiefJoseph Middle School 309 N. 11th Bozeman, Montana 59715 [email protected] 406-522-6300