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grafting and budding [Autosaved]....pptx
- 1. Propogation of plants bygrafting
- 2. • Grafting isa propagation technique usually employed to improve the quality of the nursery stock or to produce seedlings that carry the plus qualities of a mother plant. • It is carried out by bringing together two vegetative parts from two different plants of a same species and joining them together to grow as a single plant. Grafted Plant
- 3. The plantpart that receives another plant part is called the stock, while the plant part that serves as the graft is called the scion. When these two are joined together, graft union takes place.
- 4. CHARACTERISTICS OFROOTSTOCK Adaptable to local climatic conditions Resistant to adverse climatic and soil conditions Resistant or tolerant to pests and diseases Propagates easily Compatible with scion CHARACTERISTICS OF SCION Scion wood must be of the previous season but not from more than one-year old plant. Flowering shoots or shoots from where the harvesting is recently done must be avoided. Healthy and well-developed vegetative buds must be selected. The scion or bud sticks must be selected from known performing orchard trees. The mother plant must be vigorous, high yielding, true-to-type and free from undesirable bud mutation and viral diseases. It is advisable to collect scion from grown-up trees. It must be preconditioned by defoliating the branch before it is used for budding or grafting. Promotes early healing and formation of cambium layer
- 5. ATTACHED METHOD OFGRAFTING Root system of scion and shoot system of rootstock are not removed until successful graft union formation takes place. APPROACH GRAFTING (INARCHING)
- 6. DETACHED METHOD OFGRAFTING Veneer grafting Side grafting Wedge or cleft grafting Stone or epicotyl grafting Whip or splice grafting Bark grafting Soft wood grafting Bridge grafting Double working Top working
- 7.
- 8. SIDE GRAFTING: In thismethod, the operated scion is inserted into the side of the established rootstock, which has more girth than the scion. e.g., hibiscus.
- 9. Cleft grafting It iscomparatively a simple and an easy method of grafting, which is widely used in fruit trees, e.g., mango, jackfruit, bael, amla, etc.
- 10. Stone or epicotylgrafting This method is commonly adopted for the rapid multiplication of mango plants. In this method, stones (seeds) are sown in polythene bags or moist sand bed and covered with 5 to 7-cm layer of leaf mould for germination. When the seedlings are about 15 days old, they are taken out and grafted indoor.
- 11. splice grafting Itis the oldest method of grafting. This method is used in fruit trees like apple, pear, walnut, etc. Selection of material Select one-year old rootstock. The rootstock and scion must be of uniform thickness. The scion must be 10 to 15 cm long having 4–5 swollen buds. The rootstock must be in active growth phase and sap-flowing condition. It is mostly performed in early spring season.
- 12. Bark grafting Aplant graft made by slitting the bark of the stock and inserting the scion beneath it is called ‘bark grafting’. It is commonly used in top working. The bark of the rootstock must be in sap-flowing condition. The scion must be in dormant condition. The scion must be 10–13 cm long and have 3−5 dormant buds.
- 13. Bridge grafting Thismethod is used for repairing wounds in trees made by implements, frost, rodents or diseases. In this grafting, the bark of a tree is damaged, resulting into girdling. Bridge grafting repairs girdling.
- 14.
- 15. Tongue grafting Applesand pear First diagonal cuts are made both on stock and scion Tongue is to be prepared, scion is to be slipped into the stock
- 16. Top working Topworking is a method of grafting by which inferior or older plants are rejuvenated into superior or new ones. Top working is, generally, adopted in plants with long leaves. It is suitable for cashew, apple, avocado, citrus fruits and mango and shrubs or vines. Top working can be done by top grafting or top budding. Top working is, usually, done during spring.
- 18. PLANT PROPAGATION BYBUDDING Budding Budding is the process of inserting a single mature scion bud into the stem (rootstock) in a way that results into a union and continues to grow as a new plant. It is also a type of grafting. T – budding or shield budding
- 19. T – budding Rose,apple, pear, peach, apricot, cherry, sweet orange, etc.
- 20. Patch budding This typeof budding is useful for the propagation of plants having a thick bark. Examples are amla, mango, jamun, rubber, etc
- 21. Ring budding Inthis method, a bark of approximately 3−6 cm wide in ring form is removed from the stock. The same dimension of bark with a healthy bud is removed from the scion bud stick and placed on the stalk. After placing the ring in position, tie it with a polythene strip, keeping the bud exposed, e.g., ber and cherry
- 22. Flute budding Thisis a slight modification of ring budding. Instead of removing the complete ring, a narrow portion of the bark about 1/8 of its circumference is left on the stock. A similar portion of the scion is removed along with the bud and is fitted on the cut portion of the stock. The bark of the stock and bud are tied with a polyethylene strip, exposing the growing point e.g., ber.
- 23. Forket budding cashew nut,jackfruit, mango.
- 24. Chip budding Thismethod is followed when the bark is thin and cannot be removed easily. In this method, a piece of thin bark, along with some wood piece, is removed between two nodes of the rootstock, and the same size of chip, which is similar in shape and is collected from the scion, is placed on the rootstock. This is mostly practiced- February−March. Fruits like apple, grapes and pear can be propagated through this technique.
- 25. PLANT PROPAGATION BYCUTTING Cutting Cutting is a detached vegetative part of a plant, which on separation and planting is able to regenerate the missing parts and develop itself into a new plant. It is an inexpensive and quick method of propagation. Stem cutting Based on the age and maturity of shoots detached for vegetative propagation, stem cuttings is of four types. (i) Hardwood cutting (ii) Semi-hardwood cutting (iii) Softwood cutting (iv) Herbaceous cutting
- 26. Hardwood cutting Mostly,deciduous plants are propagated by this method. One-year old mature branch is cut into pieces of suitable sizes and planted in the rooting medium, e.g., rose, grapes, fig, pomegranate, Bougainvillea, Tabernaemontana, Lagerstroemia, Jasminum, Hibiscus, etc.
- 27. Semi-hardwood cutting Asemi-hardwood cutting is taken from 4 to 9-month old shoots of current season woody plants. Most ornamental foliage plants like Croton, Acalyphas, Aralias, Diffenbachia, Russelia, Cestrum, Nerium, etc.,
- 28. Softwood cutting Sucha cutting is taken from herbaceous or succulent plants. Shoots of 2 to 3-month old plants are selected for softwood cuttings. Examples are Alternanthera, Coleus, Duranta, Clerodendrum, etc.
- 29. Herbaceous cutting Sucha cutting is taken from herbaceous plants. Shoots of 1 to 2-month old plants are selected for herbaceous cuttings. Examples are Chrysanthemum, Iresine, Pilea, Dahlia, petunia, carnation, marigold, etc.
- 30. Leaf cutting Plantswith thick fleshy leaves having buds are propagated by leaf cutting. Vegetative buds are present in the notches of leaf margin (bryophyllum) or on the vein (begonia rex). Leaf blade or pieces of it with bud are put on the rooting medium under favourable conditions. In case of black raspberry, the leaf blade, along with petiole and a short piece of the stem with attached axillary buds, are kept in the medium for rooting. Plants like snake plant (sanseveria), blackberry, Rhododendron and Bryophyllum are propagated by this method.
- 31. PLANT PROPAGATION BYLAYERING Layering It is an attached method of propagation. In this method, roots are allowed to develop on the covered portion of the stem while still being attached to the mother plant. After the emergence and development of the roots, this portion is separated from the mother plant and allowed to grow as a new plant on its own root stem. Such root stem is known as ‘layer’. Types of layering (i) Simple layering (ii) Compound or serpentine layering (iii) Trench layering (iv) Mound layering or stooling (v) Air layering
- 32. Simple layering Insimple layering, a partial tongue-like cut is given on a branch. The branch is then bent to the ground and the treated portion is covered with soil, keeping the top or terminal portion exposed. The layered branches produce roots in weeks and are ready for transplanting in a nursery after detaching them carefully. Examples are jasmine, ixora, clerodendron, pyrostegia, etc.
- 33. Compound or serpentinelayering Compound layering is similar to simple layering, except the branches are alternately covered and exposed along their length. The branches must be longer so that they can be layered at several places. This method is followed in plants like bougainvillea, jasmine, clematis, muscadine grape and wisteria.
- 34. Trench layering Trenchlayering is primarily used in fruit plants. Covering the shoots with soil results in etiolation, so it is also known as ‘etiolation layering’. New shoots arise from the length of the burried branches. After rooting, individual shoots are separated from the mother plant. This method is followed in apple, cherry, pear, jasmine and rhododendron
- 35. Mound layering orstooling This method is followed in plants whose branches are firm and difficult to bend. The selected plant must be at dormant stage at the time of layering.
- 36. Air layering Itis also known as ‘gootee’. Examples are Ficus elastica, Callistemon, croton, monstera, citrus fruits, Lychee, philodendron, Guava, Pomegranate, etc.
- 37. Plant propagation byspecialised organs Specialised organs are modified stems or roots, developing above the ground surface or underground, which may be used for multiplication of plants. In horticulture, bulbous ornamentals include bulbs, corms, tubers, tuberous roots and rhizomes
- 38. Bulb Bulb isa specialised underground structure having a flat basal stem and surrounded by fleshy scales, e.g., onion, tuberose, amaryllis. Structurally, bulbs are tunicated and non-tunicated. In tunicated bulbs, the outer layer of scales is converted into dry membranous covering, which gives protection, e.g., onion, tuberose, amaryllus, tulip, etc. Non-tunicated bulbs do not possess the enveloping dry covering and are represented by lilium.
- 39. Corm Corm is anunderground modified solid or compressed stem oriented vertically in the side having nodes and buds, e.g., gladiolus, crocus, etc. Tuber It is an underground storage organ having special swollen modified stem or roots, e.g., root tuber like Dahlia, Caladium, Dioscorea, Jerusalem artichoke, etc; and stem tuber like Begonia, Potato, etc. Rhizome A modified stem of some plant growing horizontally just below the ground surface, e.g., Canna, Ferns, Ginger, Iris, etc. Runner It is a modified stalk, which is creeping in nature, produced in the leaf axil and grows out from the parent plant. It grows horizontally along the ground, where roots are produced at the nodes, which can be used to produce new plants, e.g., Doob grass, Strawberry, Chlorophytum, etc.
- 40. Sucker Itis a special shoot arising from the root or stem portion of a plant below the ground level, e.g., chrysanthemum (stem), Clerodendron splendens (root suckers), anthurium, etc. Tuberous root It refers to a swollen tuberous growth that functions as a storage organ. Examples are satavar, dahlia, chlorophytum, etc
Editor's Notes
- #3 Selection of Stock Splitting of roots Stock Preparation of Sicon Tying of graft union Sprouting of sicon Removal of Plastic cap Ready for Planting Material
- #5 This method is useful for plants, in which successful graft unions are difficult to obtain. This method is, usually, performed for plants growing in a container, as well as, big trees. Approach grafting can be done in two ways, and accordingly, their names are given as ‘sliced approach grafting’ and ‘tongue approach grafting’. In both the methods, the success of grafting depends on the thickness of the scion and rootstock. At the point of contact, a thin slice of wood along with a 2.5 to 5-cm long bark from the rootstock and the scion is removed. • The operated size must be uniform on both the stems of the rootstock and the scion. • The cut surfaces are then brought together so that they cover each other completely by overlapping. Press them firmly together and tie them with a waxed string or polythene tape, so that water does not enter. • After successful union, head back the rootstock above the union and cut the scion below the union, e.g., mango, guava, sapota, etc A second slanting partial cut downward on the stock and upward on the scion is made, producing a thin tongue-like structure of the same size on the stem of the stock and the scion. • Insert the scion in the stock so that these tongue cuts interlock Splice approach-avocado,mango Tongue approach-apple,pear,walnut
- #7 Mango, cashew and peach are commercially propagated by this technique. In this, the vertical flap of the stock is completely removed and a slanting cut is given on one side of the scionA shallow 3 to 5-cm long downward cut is made on the selected rootstock. • At the base of the first cut, a short inward and downward cut is made that intersects the first cut. • In between both the cuts, remove the piece of wood along with the bark by making a small notch in the rootstock. GARDENER – CLASS XI • The scion is operated with a matching long cut on one side and a short cut on the opposite side is given at the base. • Insert the scion and fix it in the rootstock. Care must be taken to ensure that the cambium layer matches at least one side of the cut surface. • Wrap and tie the scion and rootstock firmly.
- #8 A rootstock of 2.5 cm diameter is selected. • The scion needs to have 3–5 buds and must be about 7.5 cm long. • The scion must be comparatively thinner than the rootstock. (e) Prepared plant (a) (b) Fig. 3.13 (a–b): Side grafting Procedure • Use a sharp knife for cutting the scion. • On the stem of the rootstock, a slanting downward and inward cut of about 2.5–5 cm deep is made. A wedge of the same size (2.5−5 cm) of the scion is prepared by two slanting cuts oppositely towards the base. • The scion is then inserted into the operated rootstock. • Pour wax and make the operated portion waterproof. • Wrap and tie the grafted portion to keep it intact. • After the graft is complete, cut the stock above the union.
- #9 Selection of material • The scion must be a terminal shoot with 3–5 buds. • It must be of the current season and in active growth. • The scion shoot is defoliated about two weeks ahead of being separated from the mother plant. • This will help accumulate food in the shoots. As a result, the buds on the shoots become swollen. • As compared to the rootstock, the thickness (diameter) of the scion may be the same or less. Procedure • The rootstocks of required plant species are raised in poly bags. • The seedling of the suitable rootstock, which is 4 to 5–month old is selected. • Head back the rootstock. • A sharp vertical downward cut of 3−5 cm is made in the centre of the stem. • Two slanting cuts of the same length (3–5 cm) as in the rootstock are given on the sides towards the base on the scion shoot. • This will give a wedge-shaped appearance to the scion stick. • The wedge-shaped scion is inserted in the split of the rootstock. • Insert the scion in a way that it matches the cambium layer at least on one side with the stock. GARDENER – CLASS XI • Tie the grafted portion firmly in position with a polythene tape. • After successful union, the terminal buds of the scion begin to sprout. • Loosen or remove the polythene tape to allow the shoot to grow normally. • It is better to stake the newly grafted plant
- #10 Young mango seedlings with copper coloured leaves (15 days old) are used as rootstocks. • Young (current season growth) 3 to 4-month old shoot with pencil thickness is selected as the scion on the mother plant. • The scion must have 4−5 terminal (apical) buds. • Defoliate the selected shoot 15 days prior to grafting. • Defoliation makes the buds swollen and induces early sprouting. A wedge in the scion is made at the base by giving two slanting cuts of 5 cm. • Head back the stock by giving a straight horizontal cut. • From the centre of the stock, give a 5-cm long vertical cut downward. • Insert the wedge-shaped scion in the split portion of the stock so that the operated portion is in full contact. • Tie the graft firmly with a polythene strip. The successful graft sprouts and new shoots emerge. Such grafts are ready for planting within one year, e.g., mango.
- #11 Give a slanting cut of 2.5−5 cm downwards from the top. • Operate similarly but reversely on the scion. • On the scion, a slanting cut of the same size is given from the base upward. • The cuts on both the stock and scion need to be smooth. • Put the operated portions on each other so that they form a single stem. • Wrap the union with a polythene tape or a special nursery tape. • The tape must be removed after the graft has healed, else the growth is restricted around the union, and such plants break due to the force of wind.
- #12 A vertical cut of 3−5 cm is made in the bark of the stub of the rootstock. • To prepare wedge shape of the scion, a 3 to 5-cm long cut is made at the end of the scion, followed by another cut on the opposite side of the first cut. • Slightly lift the bark of the rootstock of the cut portion. • Insert the wedge-shaped scion into the rootstock and cover it with the bark of the rootstock. • After grafting, the exposed cut surfaces of the stub and scion are covered with wax. • Several scions may be used for grafting on a single stock, according to the width of the stub. Two cuts of 5 cm are made on the bark of the stub and the bark is lifted. • At the base of the scion, a 5-cm long slanting cut is given. • On the opposite side of the first cut, a slanting cut of 1.5 cm is made so as to form a wedge. • The operated scion is inserted in the loose bark of the rootstock. • Care must be taken to have a long cut of the scion towards the wood of stem and wedge at the base. • After grafting, the exposed portion must be waxed
- #14 Trim the wounded area by removing the dead bark. • The cuts are made in the bark at the top and bottom of the wound at 5 to 7.5 cm distance. • Long slanting cuts are given on the scion at the top, as well as, bottom. GARDENER – CLASS XI • Both the cuts must be on the same side. • A sharp wedge of scion is made by an additional short, slanting cut opposite to the first. • Prepare the required number of scions in the same way. • Buds on the scion(s) are removed. • The operated portion of the scion is inserted in each slot of the bark on the rootstock in a way that the wedge remains under the flap of the bark at each end. • The scions must be put in upright position. The graft unions at top to bottom are waxed
- #15 Commercially used for Mango, sapota, tamarind and cashewnut. One year old rootstock is to be selected. scion of 60-70 days old. When seedlings attain 30-45 cm soft shoot has to be beheaded leaving only 8 cm. longitudinal slit of 3cm on stock Scion lower portion is made in wedge shape of 3cm long Then wedge part is inserted on slit made on stock.
- #17 Prepare the rootstock and scion by any of the above suitable method. • Usually, 3–5 scaffold branches must be used for rejuvenation in top working. • In frame working, the secondary scaffold branches are used for grafting. • The branches to be worked with must be well-distributed around the trunk. • The branches must be 3−10 cm in thickness. • Scion sticks of the desired cultivar with 7−10 dormant buds are selected. PLANT PROPAGATION (d) Insert the scion into the prepared rootstock 77 notES 78 Precautions • Observe the progress of the branches of a top worked tree every 3−5 days. • Cracks developed in the wax coating must be re-waxed. • Whitewash the trunk to avoid sunburn. • The scion must also be protected from the Sun by keeping the graft in shade. • New shoots developing from scions are tied to stakes to avoid breaking off due to winds. • New growth on older branches and trunk must be removed from time-to-time. • The top worked trees must be regularly irrigated and manured.
- #20 Since a ‘T’-shaped incision is made for bud insertion on the rootstock, it is called T – budding. T – budding is also called ‘shield budding’ as the bud used for insertion is in the shape of a ‘shield’. It is widely used for propagating fruit trees and ornamental plants. In this method, the rootstocks of compatible plants are raised in beds or poly bags. One-year old rootstock of a healthy and vigorous growth is selected. A T-shaped cut is made at a height of 15−25 cm from the ground level on the rootstock with the help of a sharp knife. Also, a vertical cut, extending up to 2.5−3.75 cm is given on the bark in the internodes. At the top of this vertical cut, another horizontal cut is given in such a way that the two cuts resemble the shape of ‘T’. Now, the bark of the cut portion is loosened. The bud from the desirable plant is selected. The shield-shaped bud along with the woody chip is removed from the scion stick. The bud is inserted in the T-shaped cut in the stock. After the insertion of the bud with the help of a budding knife, the bud and stock are firmly wrapped with a polyethylene strip, exposing the bud. The bud sprouts within a month.
- #21 A rectangular patch of bark, measuring 2.4×1.5 cm (length and width), is completely removed from the internodes of the stock plant. A similar patch of bark with a healthy bud is removed from the scion bud stick. This patch is placed on the cut portion of the stock and wrapped with a polyethylene strip, keeping the bud exposed.
- #24 In forkert method, a horizontal cut at the internodes of the selected rootstock is given at a distance of 20−25 cm above the ground level. Two vertical cuts from either ends of the horizontal cut, extending downwards, are taken and a flap of the bark is pulled out, exposing a rectangular woody portion of about 2.5×5 cm on the rootstock. A rectangular piece of bark of the same size along with a matured bud is removed from the bud stick with the help of a budding knife. This piece of bark is then shifted over the exposed portion on the rootstock. The flap of the bark is loosened and tied to its original position, covering the scion bud f itted inside. After three weeks, the polyethylene strip is removed and the flap of the bark is pulled out for observation. If the bud shows sprouting signs, the flap is removed by giving a horizontal cut on the downside. Then, the polyethylene strip is wrapped, keeping the growing point exposed. The bud sprouts within 3 – 5 weeks of budding operation
- #27 Select branches of one-year old healthy plants, having pencil thickness. Cut the branches into 10–15 cm long cuttings. Fig. 3.1: Hardwood cuttings • Long cuttings are used to raise rootstocks for fruit trees. Each cutting must have at least 4–5 dormant vegetative buds. Leaves and thorns, if present, are completely removed. This checks transpiration loss. • A slanting cut is given at the base of the cuttings just below the node and a straight upper cut is given away from the top bud. • The cut portion will help identify the planting position. Slanting cut at the base is given so that a large area of the cuttings is in contact with the rooting medium for inducing roots. • The secretion of hormones at the bud near the cut portion induces rooting. Straight cut at upper end reduces transpiration loss, which can be inhibited by the application of wax. • The cuttings are planted slant-wise in a nursery bed or small poly bags for growing plants. Callus tissues form the cambium layer and rooting takes place in this region. The best season for planting the cuttings is monsoon for evergreen plants and November–February for deciduous plants. Cuttings can be planted in greenhouse or poly-house for better results
- #28 Semi-hardwood cuttings are prepared from branches having pencil thickness. The length of these cuttings varies from 7.5 to 15 cm. The cuttings must have at least 4–5 dormant vegetative buds. Some leaves are retained as they help in preparing food by photosynthesis. Large leaves are reduced in size by cutting. A slant basal cut is given just near the vegetative bud and a straight top cut must be given away from the bud. The slant cut helps to expose more area of the cambium layer, which helps in more water absorption and callus formation. The upper straight cut minimises exposure to the atmosphere, which reduces transpiration loss from the cuttings. It is useful to dip the top of the cuttings in wax to check transpiration and infections. Dipping the base of the cuttings before planting in IBA @ 5000 ppm induces early rooting. The cuttings are planted in slanting position so that their maximum base is in contact with the rooting medium. The planting season for semi-hardwood cuttings is monsoon. Commercially, such cuttings are rooted under mist spray or fog.
- #29 Softwood cuttings are prepared from tender but mature branches. The length of these cuttings varies from 10–12 cm. Tender shoots do not have sufficient food material. Hence, all leaves present on the shoots are retained for photosynthesis. The cutting material are gathered early in the morning and must be kept moist by keeping them in a wet cloth. Sandy loam medium is the best for planting softwood cuttings.
- #33 Select one-year old healthy, flexible, long un-branched shoot near the ground level. Remove leaves of the selected shoot, retaining some at the top. The retained leaves prepare food through photosynthesis. Bend down the shoot so that some part of it touches the ground. At that portion, generally, 15−30 cm away from the terminal end, a sharp slanting inward cut of 2−3 cm is given. A small matchstick is inserted in the cut to keep the slit open. Bend down the branch and cover the cut part with soil. Keep some weight or stone over the buried part so that it is not pulled upward, and remains GARDENER – CLASS XI in the same position. A stake is fixed near the layered branch and the branch operated upon is tied with it. Water the layered portion regularly. After 3−4 weeks, rooting starts at the operated portion and this can be indicated by sprouting buds on the shoot. After this, the layer is separated from the mother plant and planted in a new place
- #34 One-year old healthy and flexible long shoot near the ground is selected for compound layering. The selected stem is placed in soil in a way that the nodes at certain distance are covered under the soil and the intermediate internodes are exposed. Remove leaves from the selected branch but retain few leaves at the top. Give two circular cut around the bark about 2.5−4 cm wide. Remove the bark of the operated portion (girdling). Apply rooting hormone to the girdled portion and cover it with soil. The same branch is operated at 3−4 places at certain distance in the same way. The growing shoots, which emerge from the covered portion of the branch, are separated from the mother plant for planting in a nursery.
- #36 Cut back the upper portion of the plant 2.5 cm above the ground level. After few days, new shoots will emerge. When the shoots grow to a height of 7−15 cm and 62 GARDENER – CLASS XI become little sturdy, place loose soil around them so that they are half buried. When the shoots attain a height of 20−25 cm, again add soil around them so that they are half buried. Water the heaped soil regularly. It will take 3−4 months to get the layers. Cut the rooted layers close to the base from the mother plant and plant it in a nursery. Examples are apple, guava, currant, gooseberry, pear, etc
- #37 Select healthy, vigorously growing aerial branch having pencil-size thickness. The selected branch must be of the past growing season. Girdle the selected branch up to 2−3.5 cm wide just below the node 15–30 cm back from the tip of the shoot. A strip of the bark from the girdled portion is removed. Scrap the girdled portion, which helps in the removal of phloem tissues and prevents formation of bark at the girdled portion. Excessive moisture from sphagnum moss is squeezed out before placing it over the cut portion. A piece of polyethylene f ilm is carefully wrapped around the branch so that the sphagnum moss is completely covered. Both the ends of the polyethylene film are made airtight by tying PLANT PROPAGATION (e) Rooted layers are detached 63 notES 64 them with strings. The layer is removed from the parent plant when roots are observed through the transparent polyethylene film. It takes 2−3 months for rooting. Rainy season is the best for air layering.