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gridFUTURE, A Concept
The document presents a vision for a future electrical grid called gridFUTURE. It describes gridFUTURE as: 1) A holistic vision that evolves constantly as technology, economics, and societal needs change. 2) Integrating both centralized and distributed energy resources through a hierarchical control system. 3) Achieving higher efficiency and sustainability through widespread use of distributed generation, energy storage, demand response, and waste heat recovery.
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gridFUTURE, A Concept
- 1. gridFUTURE, a Concept OSUECE3040 SP17 John M. Schneider, Dr. Eng. [email protected] Technology Consultant
- 2. gridFUTURE • Well rootedin power systems knowledge, grid operational experience and a fundamental understanding of existing and emerging technologies. – Technologically achievable, but not commercially viable … today. • gridFUTURE will never be achieved – Constantly evolves as technology, the economy and societal needs change. • Current Smart Grid efforts involve near term tactics, which will gradually evolve towards gridFUTURE, again and again and again... – Forward compatible (No Regrets Strategy) A holistic vision of the future energy grid. Primary electrical energy source through utilization. Vision must precede strategy, which is achieved through tactics 2
- 3. U.S. Electrical Energy SourceProfile • Energy Source Mix (2016) – 30.4% Coal, 19.7% Nuclear, 33.8% Gas, 14.9% Renewable, 0.6% Oil, 0.6% Other • Total Generation Capacity (2015) – 665.2 GW Utility, 429.2 GW IPP, 37.3 GW IPP CHP, 31.4 GW Industrial, 4.2 GW Commercial (1167.3 GW Total) • Consumption (2015) – 37.7% Residential, 36.5% Commercial, 25.8% Industrial 3
- 4. Losses & Efficiencyin Electric Generation & Delivery 100 coal electricity 65% loss Generation ~ 35 ~ 5.7% loss Transmission electricity ~ 33 ~ 87% loss End Use Utilization ~4 Distribution electricity ~ 31 ~ 6% loss 4
- 5. U.S. 2015 ElectricityFlow (Quads, 1015 BTUs) Grid Net efficiency ≈ 32.64%! 5 Commercial 4.63 Residential 4.78 Coal 14.19 Natural Gas 10.4 Conversion Losses 24.12 Total Energy Consumed 38.85 Fossil Fuels 24.99
- 6. Waste Heat • The~33% net efficiency of the U.S. electrical grid, implies that 67% of the primary energy consumed in the production, transmission and distribution of electricity is wasted primarily as heat rejected to the environment, due to the remote location of ‘central’ generation – Combined Heat and Power (CHP, Cogeneration) • Industrial colocation – Distributed Generation, locates many small generation sources closer to the electrical (and thermal) load • Space heating • Water heating • Absorption cooling 6
- 7. Sustainability The optimal utilizationof human, natural and man-made resources, in a safe and environmentally responsible manner, to enhance the lives of generations into the future. • Multi-dimensional • Environmental • Primary energy sources • Infrastructure • O&M • Financial • Security & reliability of supply • … 7
- 8. ≈ ≈ Commercial NO/NC ≈ ~ ≈ ~ ≈ ~ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ Industrial Residential Existing Grid •Generation: Large, Central, Remote (No Cogeneration), Moderate Monitoring Communications & Control (MCC) • Transmission: Interconnected, Self- protecting, Low/Moderate MCC (SCADA) • Distribution: Extensive, Low/No MCC (Manual) • Customer: No MCC (Limited exceptions) Extensive infrastructure Moderate/No MCC No Cogeneration 8
- 9. G,T&D Asset BaseLoading Implications • Base load power system assets – Reduce variation in load level by reducing peaks and filling valleys of load variation. • Power system components are rated to meet the peak requirement of the load. – Less G,T&D Infrastructure – Higher utilization of all grid assets • Most thermal power plants are optimized for peak load operation – More efficient generation • Reduced thermal cycling of grid components – Less thermal stress, less maintenance 9
- 10. Distributed storage wouldenable ‘base-load’ operation of grid assets. Distributed storage and generation would enable grid independence. Something to think about… Average 3kW Time DailyLoad Peak 8-10 kW Distribution System Energy Storage • The Grid is designed to meet the peak power requirement, from the coal pile to the blow dryer. 3 kW Fuel Cell or 9 kW Solar PV 10
- 11. Typical Efficiencies % Efficiency CoalGeneration 25-44% Fuel Cell 30-75% Automobile 15-35% 11
- 12. Fuel Cell ElectricVehicle • FCEV is an electric vehicle powered by the combination of a fuel cell and a battery. – Fuel Cell is an electrochemical energy converter: It converts the chemical energy in a fuel (natural gas) in the presence of an oxidant (oxygen in air) into electricity, heat & byproducts (H2O & CO2). – Requires on-board fuel storage. • Mobile electrical/thermal/water generation source • Potential to power and heat homes, businesses and remote locations 12
- 13. …and think about… Theengine ‘kW-equivalent’ (~100 kW/auto) of two years of U.S. auto sales exceeds the country’s total installed electrical generating base (~1167 GW). Consider: • HQ building: Maximum load ≈ 5.4 MW • HQ Total Garage Capacity: 2087 cars Assuming a 50kW fuel cell car (FCEV), operated at a composite net capacity of 30%… Garages’ Gen Capability ≈≈≈≈ 31 MWe + 39 MWt ηe = 40% / ηt = 50% 13
- 14. …the Grid ofthe Future? Residential Commercial Industrial Storage WindFuel Cell Solar Grid of the Future: Optimal integration of central & distributed assets. 14
- 15. gridFUTURE General Assumptions • Centralgeneration and transmission requirement is reduced • Distributed Generation & Storage (utility & customer) – Massively deployed throughout system – Waste heat utilization • Smart grid components and loads – Bidirectional communications – Imbedded sensors, actuators & intelligence (massive redundancy) • Real Time rates/Net metering • Redesigned grid – Engineered underground – Increased interconnections – DC Transmission & Distribution 15
- 16. DC Transmission &Distribution • Emergence of ‘DC transformers,’ would enable the possibility of DC T&D (Solid State or Vacuum Tubes) – Conversion of T&D circuits from AC to DC • Increased capacity • Increased OH/UG line length • Reduced losses • Increased controllability – Many emerging generation technologies produce DC directly (solar, fuel cells) or utilize DC internally (wind). – Modern industrial motors (on compressors, fans, conveyors, pumps…) also use variable speed drives, and DC. 16
- 17. DC Transmission &Distribution Cont’d. – Existing methods of storing electrical energy involve DC directly (batteries, flow cells, supercapacitors…) or conversion to DC (flywheels). – Virtually all electronic loads (TVs, DVD players, computers, electronic lighting, wireless telephones, sound systems…) utilize DC internally – Many major appliances (washers, dryers, refrigerators, air conditioners, furnaces…) have variable speed drives which utilize DC. • DC Transmission & Distribution may become preferred over AC 17
- 18. gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control SystemTopology Storage ≈ ≈ Commercial NO/NC ≈ ~ ≈ ~ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ Industrial Residential ≈ ~ Wind Fuel Cell Solar Monitoring & Optimization Center Regional Aggregation/ Control Control Point ≈ 18
- 19. gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control SystemTopology Storage ≈ ≈ Commercial NO/NC ≈ ~ ≈ ~ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ Industrial Residential ≈ ~ Wind Fuel Cell Solar Monitoring & Optimization Center Regional Aggregation/ Control Control Point ≈ 19 • Bottom of hierarchy: Dual paths proceed up the hierarchy through a series of control points: – Customer’s meter → secondary → distribution line → distribution substation → Regional Aggregation/Control Center → Monitoring & Optimization Center – Central plant control room → generator bus → plant substation → transmission lines → transmission substation → Regional Aggregation/Control Center → Monitoring & Optimization Center
- 20. gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control SystemTopology Storage ≈ ≈ Commercial NO/NC ≈ ~ ≈ ~ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≈ Industrial Residential ≈ ~ Wind Fuel Cell Solar Monitoring & Optimization Center Regional Aggregation/ Control Control Point ≈ 20 • Middle of hierarchy resides in T&D substations, ‘Regional Aggregation/Control Centers’ – Reconcile source with load – Communicates regional system status into Central Monitoring and Optimization Center. • Top of hierarchy resides in Central Monitoring and Optimization Center. – Monitors overall system operations – Enables longer term optimization & supervisory control – Distributes protocol & software updates Shifts supply/demand decision away from remote generating plants towards customer.
- 21. gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control SystemAttributes • Interfaces with smart loads & grid components. • Aggregation & dispatch – Central, Distributed Generation & Storage – Load (Load as a resource) • Autonomous Operation – Seamless separation/autonomous operation (reduced functionality)/reconnection • Self-healing – Automatically reconfigures topology & operating protocols in anticipation or result of system contingency • Grid Optimization – Both central & distributed assets in near real-time. 21
- 22. gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control SystemAttributes • Progressively higher level information develops as it flows up the hierarchy. • Timely control actions communicated throughout hierarchy as actionable information becomes available. – Decision making conducted at lowest level of hierarchy • Secure • Prioritized communications – System protection – Transient stability – Dynamic stability – Contingency planning – Load management – System optimization – System status 22
- 23. gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control SystemComponents • Robust, redundant communications system overlays entire hierarchy • Distributed intelligence throughout hierarchy – Self-aware AI systems • Broad array of sensors, actuators & intelligence integrated into traditional equipment throughout grid – Flexible platform – Broadly adaptable – Self-monitoring • Imbedded sensors, computation, communications and control – Massive redundancy (Compact & inexpensive) • Integrated protection, optimization, operational history, maintenance notification,... – Plug & play 23
- 24. gridFUTURE ‘Smart’ Components •‘Smart’ transformers, circuit breakers, generators,… • Bi-directional communications • Embedded sensors – Voltage, current, temperature, moisture, vibrations,... • On-board information archival – Operating criteria – Maintenance history – Operational history • Embedded intelligence – Self-monitoring – Self-diagnosis • Self-initiates corrective actions 24
- 25. Imc2, gridFUTURE’s KeyEnabler • Acronym for Intelligent monitoring communications and control. • Advanced concept that will be realized in the grid of the future, and can be generally characterized as the underlying technologies, which will make the ‘smart grid’ truly smart. • Involves the broad integration of sensors, bi-directional communications, actuators and intelligence (computational capability) into components throughout the grid from the sources of generation and storage, through the transmission and distribution systems, into the meter and, ultimately, the customer’s loads. • The embedded component intelligence will be controlled by an overarching, distributed, hierarchical control system responsible for coordinating everything from local component protection to overall grid optimization. • Enables anticipatory/reactionary self-healing; plug-n-play; aggregation and dispatch; autonomous operation; situational awareness and learning; self-adaptation. 25
- 26. Plug-In Hybrid ElectricVehicle • PHEV is a hybrid vehicle that utilizes a rechargeable battery-powered electric motor (20-60 mi. range) and a conventional gasoline engine (long range). • Recharges from wall outlet • Operated for ~75₵/GGE, on batteries • Centralizes emissions • Base load grid (recharge during light load conditions, preferably at night) • Load leveling (V2G), mobile energy storage. 26
- 27. Zero Energy Buildings •Buildings with zero net annual energy use • Utilize: – Own generation (solar, wind, fuel cells…) – Waste heat – Energy storage (electrical and thermal) – High efficiency lighting, HVAC, appliances… – Advanced thermal insulation – Energy management system… • Traditional grid serves as a back-up power source. 27
- 28. Sophisticated gridFUTURE Customer Adapted fromEPRI source image LG Electronics “High Demand Period” “Delay wash 2 hours?” “Please respond Yes or No” FC AMI 28
- 29. gridFUTURE Residential Customer Apps •Telecommunications – Internet, videophone, cable TV • Electrical protection – Overload & Fault • Load management – Smart appliances, PHEV, storage – Load coordination • Generation and storage management (Scenario 1) – PHEV, solar, fuel cell (FCEV), storage – Uninterruptible, quality power – Arbitrage into grid/neighborhood 29
- 30. gridFUTURE Customer Scenario1 Customer’s energy management system (CEMS) dispatches residence’s distributed generation (DG) and storage (DS) via preset protocol, which includes customer cost of electricity (CCOE), loads and real-time grid conditions. • 6:00 am: Warm summer morning; CCOE – Low; DG – Idle; DS – Float charging; CEMS – Normal load • 12:00 pm: Hot Summer Day; CCOE – Low/Mid; DG – Idle; DS – Float charging; CEMS – Reduce load • 4:00 pm: Heading towards peak; CCOE – Mid; DG – Minimum generation; DS – Float charging; CEMS – Essential load • 6:00 pm: At peak; CCOE – High; DG – Peak generation; DS – Peak shaving; CEMS – Essential load, arbitrage energy into grid. • 7:36 pm: Primary outage from severe storms; CCOE – Premium; DG – Peak generation; DS – Peak Discharge; CEMS – Critical load, arbitrage energy to secondary customers. • 10:43 pm: Primary restored; CCOE – Low; DG – Idle; DS – Charging; CEMS – Normal load 30
- 31. gridFUTURE Residential Customer Apps •Home automation – Environmental control (occupant dependent) • Preset room temperature, light, sound, air quality,… – Control smart electronics & appliances • Physical security • Fire/CO/pathogen detection (Scenario 2) • Continuous medical monitoring – Implants, diagnostic devices,… 31
- 32. gridFUTURE Customer Scenario2 Customer’s home monitoring & automation system (HMAS) monitors home and controls household systems per the occupants pre-selected preferences and/or voice/electronic overrides. • Customer approaches home via driveway: HMAS recognizes car, opens garage door to permit entry. • Customer exits car: HMAS recognizes customer, closes the garage door, grants entry into home and announces customer's arrival to occupants, as well as, occupants’ presence and location to customer. • Customer enters the laundry room: Lights turn on, and the laundry equipment reminds him that a load of laundry awaits washing, which the customer responds to by granting verbal permission to wash and dry. • Customer proceeds through the house, the HMAS ‘locationally’ adjusts lighting, temperature, and audio/visual equipment per the customer’s preset preferences or voice commands. • Suddenly, the HMAS alarms the customer to a dangerous level of carbon monoxide present in garage, instructs car to shutdown engine, secures laundry room external entry, and opens garage door, to enable fresh air entry… 32
- 33. gridFUTURE Residential Customer Apps •Home automation – Environmental control (occupant dependent) • Preset room temperature, light, sound, air quality,… – Control smart electronics & appliances • Physical security • Fire/CO/pathogen detection (Scenario 2) • Continuous medical monitoring (Scenario 3) – Implants, diagnostic devices,… 33
- 34. gridFuture Customer Scenario3 Customer with history of heart disease and lives alone has a communications enabled implanted heart monitor… • 2:17 am: Monitor detects impending heart attack, while customer sleeps unsuspectingly. CApS* dispatches emergency services and transmits EKG to hospital, where it is reviewed by cardiologist. • 2:22 am: Emergency squad arrives at residence. CApS disables security system, grants emergency access, and directs squad to customer’s location. • 2:35 am: Customer stabilized under cardiologist remote supervision. Placed in vehicle for transport to hospital. CApS secures residence, and notifies customer’s emergency contact of situation in progress. • 2:39 am: Patient rushed into hospital emergency room, and begins to receive treatment. • 3:19 am: Patient regains consciousness in presence of daughter, and is happy to be alive! * Customer Application System. 34
- 35. gridFUTURE Configuration Options • Customercontrols operating protocol • Default to enable plug & play • Customer interview • User interface – PC/Tablet – Cell phone – Cable box/TV remote – Wall display – Voice 35
- 36. Industrial Colocation • Colocationof electric power plants with complementary industries – Lower cost electricity – Utilize • ‘Waste’ streams – Heat – Ash, scrubber sludge, CO2 • Petrochemicals & synthetic fuels (IGCC) • Biofuels (Biomass) 36
- 37. Energy Utility ofthe FUTURE ‘Real-Time’ Optimization of Energy Production, Delivery & Utilization Distribution Substation Commercial Industrial Residential Bulk Generation Transmission & Distribution Transmission Substation Gensets, Fuel Cells, Load Management, CHP Gensets, Solar, Fuel Cells , Load Management, CHP Gensets, Solar, Fuel Cells, Load Management, CHP Imc2 IGCC- FC Hybrid, Biomass, Wind, Solar, Nuclear, Direct Carbon Fuel CellsHeat, Chemicals & Byproducts Synfuels & Biofuels Industrial Co-location 37
- 38. gridFUTURE Adoption Impediments •High capital cost • Immature stage of technical/commercial development – Emerging products – Very limited infrastructure • Unknown reliability • Unknown lifetime • Fueling • ...
- 39. Grid Competition • Ultimately,gridFUTURE technologies must compete directly with the existing grid on a customer cost of electricity basis (CCOE, $/kWh @ customer’s meter) – Capital cost – O&M – Environmental Emissions – Locational Value • T&D losses • Reduced G, T&D infrastructure • Reliability, security & constraint avoidance
- 40. gridFUTURE Implementation Status • Interfacingone-off components to grid – Disconnect under abnormal circumstances – Currently achievable • Integrating components collectively into grid operation – Assist grid under abnormal circumstances – Technically challenging • Optimizing integrated components – Ultimate challenge to the power industry Dynamically balance supply AND demand 40
- 41. Why? • Sustainability – Reducescentralized infrastructure (G, T&D) – Improves reliability, security and asset utilization – Increase overall efficiency • Higher base generation efficiency (η=60%, fuel to electricity) • Bypass T&D losses • Enables combined heat and power (CHP) on a grand scale (adjacent to load) – Bypass grid constraints – Imc2 enables grid optimization, autonomous operation & self-healing capabilities 41
- 42.