Group 5 IoT Architecture Layer
- 1. ARCHITECTURE LAYERS INTERNETOF THINGS IoT BY GROUP 5
- 2. IoT solutions have become a regular part of our lives. From the smartwatch on your wrist to industrial enterprises, connected devices are everywhere. Having things work for us is no longer sci-fi fantasy.
- 3. MAJOR IOT BUILDING BLOCKS AND LAYERS There is no single, agreed-upon IoT architecture. It varies in complexity and number of architecturallayersdependingon a particularbusiness task. For example, the Reference Model introduced in 2014 by Cisco, IBM, and Intelat the 2014 IoTWorld Forumhas as many as seven layers. The standardized architectural model proposed by IoT industry leaders.
- 4. MAJOR IOT BUILDING BLOCKS AND LAYERS The key buildingblocks of any Iot structure are alwaysthe same, namely: • smart things; • networks and gatewaysenabling low- power devices (which is often the case in IoT) to enter the big Internet; • the middlewareor IoT platforms providingdata storage spaces and advancedcomputing engines along with analytical capabilities;and • applications,allowingend users to benefit from IoT and manipulatethe physicalworld.
- 5. MAJOR IOT BUILDING BLOCKS AND LAYERS These elements make up the backbone of any IoT system upon which effective, multi-layered architecture can be developed.Most commonly, these layersare: • the PERCEPTION LAYER hosting smart things; • the CONNECTIVITY OR TRANSPORT LAYER transferring data from the physicallayerto the cloud and vice versa via networks and gateways; • the PROCESSING LAYER employing IoT platforms to accumulateand manage all data streams; and • the APPLICATION LAYER deliveringsolutionslike analytics,reporting, and device control to end users. Besides the most essential components, the article also describes three additional layers: • the EDGE OR FOG COMPUTING LAYER performing data preprocessing close to the edge, where IoT things collect new information.Typically,edgy computing occurs on gateways; • the BUSINESS LAYER where businesses make decisions based on the data;and • the SECURITY LAYER encompassing all other layers.
- 6. PERCEPTION LAYER Converting analog signals into digital data and vice versa The initialstage of any IoT system embraces a wide range of “things” or endpoint devices that act as a bridge between the real and digital worlds. They vary in form and size, from tiny silicon chipsto large vehicles. By their functions, IoT things can be dividedinto the following large groups • Sensors such as probes, gauges, meters, and others. They collect physicalparameterslike temperature or humidity, turn them into electrical signals, and send them to the IoT system. IoT sensors are typicallysmall and consume little power. • Actuators, translatingelectrical signalsfrom the IoT system into physicalactions. Actuatorsare used in motor controllers, lasers, robotic arms. • Machines and devices connected to sensors and actuatorsor having them as integral parts.
- 7. CONNECTIVITY LAYER Enabling data transmission The second level is in charge of all communicationsacross devices, networks, and cloud services that make up the IoT infrastructure. The connectivitybetween the physical layer and the cloud is achievedin two ways: The communications between devices and cloud services or gateways involve different networking technologies.
- 8. EDGE OR FOG COMPUTING LAYER Reducing system latency • This level is essential for enabling IoT systems to meet the speed, security, and scale requirementsof the 5th generation mobile network or 5G. The new wireless standard promises faster speeds, lower latency, and the abilityto handle many more connected devices, than the current 4G standard. • The idea behind edge or fog computing is to process and store information as early and as close to its sources as possible. Thisapproach allowsfor analyzingand transforming high volumes of real-time data locally,at the edge of the networks. Thus, you save the time and other resources that otherwise would be needed to send all datato cloud services. The result is reduced system latency that leadsto real-time responses and enhanced performance.
- 9. EDGE OR FOG COMPUTING LAYER Reducing system latency Edge computing occurs on gateways,local servers, or other edge nodes scattered across the network. At this level, data can be: • evaluatedto determine if it needs further processing at higher levels, • formatted for further processing, • decoded, • filtered, and • redirected to an additional destination
- 10. PROCESSING LAYER Making raw data useful The processing layer accumulates, stores, and processes data that comes from the previous layer. All these tasks are commonly handled via IoT platforms and include two major stages Data accumulation stage Data abstraction stage • The real-time data is captured via an API and put at rest to meet the requirements of non-real-time applications. The data accumulation component stage works as a transit hub between event-based data generation and query-based data consumption. • Here, datapreparationis finalized so that consumer applicationscan use it to generate insights. The entire process involvesthe following steps: 1. combining datafrom different sources, both IoT and non-IoT,including ERM, ERP, and CRM systems; 2. reconcilingmultiple data formats; and 3. aggregating datain one place or making it accessible regardless of locationthrough data virtualization.
- 11. APPLICATION LAYER Addressing business requirements At this layer, informationis analyzedby software to give answers to key business questions. There are hundredsof IoT applicationsthat vary in complexity and function, using different technology stacks and operatingsystems. Some examples are: • device monitoringand controlsoftware, • mobile apps for simple interactions, • business intelligenceservices, and • analyticsolutionsusing machine learning. Currently, applicationscan be built right on top of IoT platforms that offer software developmentinfrastructure with ready-to-use instrumentsfor datamining, advanced analytics, and data visualization.Otherwise, IoT applicationsuse APIs to integratewith middleware.
- 12. BUSINESS LAYER Implementing data-driven solutions The informationgenerated at the previouslayersbrings value if only it results in problem- solving solution and achieving business goals. New data must initiatecollaboration between stakeholderswho in turn introduce new processes to enhance productivity. The decision-makingusually involvesmore than one person working with more than one software solution. For this reason, the business layer is defined as a separate stage, higher than a single applicationlayer.
- 13. SECURITY LAYER Preventing data-breaches It goes without saying that there should be a security layer covering all the above- mentioned layers.IoT security is a broad topic worthy of a separate article. Here we’ll only point out the basic features of the safe architecture across different levels. Device security. Modern manufacturersof IoT devices typicallyintegratesecurity features both in the hardware and firmware installedon it. This includes • embedded TPM (Trusted Platform Module) chips with cryptographickeys for authenticationand protectionof endpointdevices; • a secure boot process that prevents unauthorizedcode from running on a powered- up device; • updatingsecurity patches on a regular basis; and • physicalprotectionlike metal shields to block physicalaccess to the device.
- 14. SECURITY LAYER Preventing data-breaches Connection security. Whether datais being sent over devices, networks, or applications, it should be encrypted. Otherwise, sensitive informationcan be read by anybodywho interceptsinformation in transit. IoT-centric messaging protocolslike MQTT, AMQP, and DDS may use standardTransport Layer Security (TSL) cryptographicprotocol to ensure end-to-end data protection. Cloud security. Data at rest stored in the cloud must be encrypted as well to mitigate risks of exposing sensitive information to intruders. Cloud security also involves authenticationand authorization mechanismsto limit access to the IoT applications. Another importantsecurity method is device identitymanagement to verify the device’s credibilitybefore allowing it to connect to the cloud.
- 15. Reference: • https://www.altexsoft.com/blog/iot-architecture-layers- components/ • https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jece/2017/9324035/ #:~:text=Architecture%20of%20IoT%20(A%3A%20three,( B%3A%20five%20layers).&text=%5D.,the%20architecture %20with%20three%20layers • https://www.zibtek.com/blog/iot-architecture/
- 16. THANK YOU! Group 5: Reymart John Aguho Lawrence Valdez Trishia Mae Salazar Gayle Allyson Guitones Dempster Winston Corpuz Matthew Erickson Quinto Marc Vincent Maneja