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- 1. Case Study on WillisTower Architectural Design of High Rise Building Course NO: BECM 3124 Group 06 Roll: 1823016 1823020 1823032 1823042 1823043 1823054 1823058
- 2. Contents Function Analysis Circulation Analysis Electro Mechanical Floor Stack Effect
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- 4. FUNCTION ANALYSIS Commercial Market Rentable Office Retailspace Excecutive Car Parking- Skydeck
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- 6. Skydeck Located onthe 103rd floor at an elevation of 1,353 feet (412.4 m), it is the highest observation deck in the United States. The tourist entrance can be found on the south side of the building along Jackson Boulevard. Skydeck entry
- 7. Skydeck •Skydeck is thehighest observation deck in the United States. •The Ledge is made of three layers of half-inch thick glass laminated into one seamless unit. •Each Ledge box has “heat tracing” to melt snow off. •The boxes retract into the building for easy cleaning and maintenance. •On a clear day, views can span 50 miles and four states: Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin and Michigan.
- 8. Function Analysis SearsTower is an attractive and modern Tower with a floor area of 418.64 square meters . Among them rentable office floor 353.96 m². 108 Floor above ground, which is accessed with 104 elevators, 16 of which are double height. It was the first skyscraper in the world to incorporate this type of lifts.
- 9. Ground Floor Plan Lobby Stairand Lift Passage Commercial Space Washroom
- 10. 4th-6th Floor-Small Sizerestaurant Space Dinning Space Lobby Kitchen Space Maintenance/Office Room Passage
- 11. 50-66th Floor-Large Size OfficeTower Common Area Service Area Lift & Stair Area Office room Passage Washroom
- 12. 90-108th Floor-Medium SizeOffice Space Office Area Passage Stair & lift Washroom
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- 14. Circulation 1.Vertical Circulation 2.Horizontal Circulation Circulation
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- 20. Vertical Circulation 1. Ramp 2. Escalator 3. Elevator/Lift 4. Stair Elements Of Vertical Circulation :
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- 27. MECHANICAL SYSTEM: 114elevators carry people and freight up and down the Willis Tower. 14 double-deck units carry passengers nonstop to the 33rd-34th floor or the 66th67th floor sky lobbies, which are transfer points for the single-deck elevators. These single-deck elevators travel a maximum of 8 floors so that riders don’t have to wait while an elevator stops at dozens of places. The two Skydeck elevators are among the world’s fastest elevators, traveling at a speed of 1,800 feet per minute. ELECTRO MECHANICAL FLOOR
- 28. At theWillis Tower, a wind of 60 miles per hour can make the top of the building sway a little; it was designed to sway about 6 inches. small amount of sway could jam an elevator. To accommodate the sway, the speed of the longest elevators is reduced. Six freight elevators also serve the building, in addition to 14 escalators that help people reach the lower mezzanine levels and floors and the two-story sky lobbies.
- 29. HVAC SYSTEM: A sophisticatedair-handling system cools, filters and circulates air throughout the building. The air comes in and out of each floor through ceiling vents. Sometimes heat is needed on the shady side of the building. At the direction of the command center, air can be filtered and exchanged between the warm and cool areas of the building. Installing two fan coils with distributed ductwork and slot diffusers brought the main job of heating/cooling to the ceiling and helped push the air down across the length of the tower’s single-pane glass. Water cooled water chiller Air cooled water chiller
- 30. Four large coolingtowers three stories high on the 106th-109th levels take water already used by the chillers and cool it down using fans as the water runs down the inside of each tower. Electric boilers can supply heat throughout the offices on the perimeter. The work of the chillers and cooling towers is monitored by the command center.
- 31. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM: I. Thepower for the Willis Tower comes through a 13,200-volt substation. II. Some 2,000 miles of cable-enough to reach from Chicago to Los Angeles-carry enough electricity throughout the building to serve a town of about 35,000 people. III. Eight o’clock means lights out for the building, except where tenants are still working and the cleaning crews are doing their jobs. IV. Turning off the lights is important when the building’s electrical bill is millions of dollars a year. The building features some 145,000 light fixtures and other electrical installations.
- 32. Stack Effect Stack Effectis a phenomenon that is induced by the differential pressure force originating from indoor- outdoor temperature differences
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- 34. Potential stack effectimpact Whistling airflow through door. Difficulty opening and closing doors Difficulty controlling temperatures on some floors with excessive infiltration Elevator door operability issues and whistling Increased building energy cost
- 35. Challenges with mitigation Solving one stack effect issue can result the creation of new issue somewhere else in the building It is impotent to understand pressures and air leakage through the whole building, not just individual floors
- 36. Challenges with mitigation Residential building: typically have many penetrations through the exterior facade (exhaust vents windows). Occupant behavior: leaving window open.
- 37. Challenges with mitigation Podium connection to adjacent building or underground subway/shopping with large open areas and /or different pressurization.
- 38. Managing stack effect Two mainoptions for mitigation Passive mitigation • Tightening the building envelope, specific door, or vents • Using revolving doors • Implementation of vestibules between building entrances and elevation banks • Using horizontal separation(internal partition) • increase the number of walls between the elevator shaft and the building envelope.
- 39. Managing stack effect Two mainoptions for mitigation • Active mitigation • HVAC pressurization using seasonal control
- 40. How to mitigatestack effect Greatest pressure differences across the elevator doors are usually measured at the first floor and the top floor The air flow rate from the elevator shaft to the office spaces on the upper floors is reduced The air flow rate from the lobby space on the first floor to the elevator shaft is also reduced Each floor of the neutral pressure level or above increases Pressurizing the ground floor during winter.
- 41. How to mitigate stackeffect The study found that the perimeter shaft had a much weaker stack effect owing to the lower air temperature within the shaft, resulting in a pressure difference across the elevator door in the perimeter shaft that is about half that of the core shaft(a glass wall exposed to the outdoors. ) Adding doors at the entry to elevator banks
- 42. How to mitigate stackeffect A separation method by installing so-called “air lock doors” between the elevator doors and entrances to the residential units to reduce the pressure differences across those doors.
- 43. How to mitigatestack effect Revolving doors are energy efficient as they (acting as an airlock) prevent drafts, thus decreasing the loss of heating or cooling for the building. Equal pressure in opposite direction about central pivot.
- 44. Minimizing stack effectin Willis Tower At the tower's freight entrance, a pressure lock was installed to combat the "stack effect“ generated by the differential in air pressure caused by cold air meeting warm air in the vast building Skydeck
- 45. Factors affect thestack effect: 1.Height of the building 2.Temperature 4.pressure difference between the indoors and outdoors 3.Moisture.
- 46. Advantages of stackeffect No Added Energy Costs. Installation is much less than other methods Maintenance and running costs in the system tend to be zero It works 24 hours a day without energy The operation doesn’t have any noise and works all the time silently
- 47. Advantages of stackeffect Lower Energy for Building Cooling. does not rely on wind Natural occurring force stable air flow Sustainable method
- 48. DISADVANTAGES OF STACK EFFECT We should consider a larger duct for air and may need fans in the inlets and outlets. We cannot change stack ventilation after construction unless a refurbishment is necessary. Stack effect ventilation in buildings can result in over-ventilation or under- ventilation due to its dependency on natural forces.
- 49. Ventilation Inadequacieson Upper Floors. Over-ventilation During Winter.
- 50. DISADVANTAGES OF STACK EFFECT Outside weather affects the quality of ventilation strongly and controlling systems are required. In order to solve this problem we have to use damper. Design and installation of stack ventilation systems are very sensitive, and much care.