GROUP 8 PRESENTATION.pptx based on anemia

GROUP 8 PRESENTATION.pptx based on anemia

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  GROUP 8 PRESENTATION DIARRHOEA
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  OBJECTIVES  By theend of this presentation you should be able to; .know the definition of diarrhoea .know the types and subtypes of diarrhoea .causes and predisposing factors or diarrhoea .signs and symptoms of diarrhoea .management of diarrhoea
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  Introduction  Diarrhoea isthe passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day or more frequently than normal (WHO 2024).  Diarrhoea is the most common illness that affects the population. This presentation is going to explain more on the types, causes and the predisposing factors, signs and symptoms and most importantly the management of diarrhoea.
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  TYPES OF DIARRHOEA 1.Acutediarrhoea It lasts for less than two weeks. Classified into : acute watery and acute bloody diarrhoea(dysentery) 2. Chronic diarrhoea This one lasts for more then four weeks. 3. Persistent diarrhoea Lasts between two to four weeks.
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  CAUSES OF DIARRHOEA 1.Medication Certainmedications such as antibiotics, can disrupt gut flora and cause diarrhoea. 2. Infections Infections caused by pathogens such as bacteria(salmonella, Escherichia coli ,shigella), viruses and parasites(entamoeba histolytica) can cause diarrhoea. e.g. gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus and norovirus 3. Food intolerance and allergies (i)Lactose intolerance Inability to digest lactose, a sugar that is found in dairy product, can cause diarrhoea. (ii) Celiac disease This is an immune reaction to eating gluten, a protean found in wheat, barley and rye. 4.Stress and anxiety Stress hormones increases gut motility by increasing the speed of food movement through the digestive system, leading to diarrhoea. Stress hormones also change the balance of gut secretions leading to the increase in water and electrolytes in the gut which can cause diarrhoea. 5.Lifestyle Consuming food that is high in fibre and spicy can cause diarrhoea.
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  PREDISPOSING FACTORS OFDIARRHOEA . Poor hygiene . Age . overcrowding . Lifestyle . immunity . lack of knowledge of food handling practices
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  SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSOF DIARRHOEA . Signs of dehydration such as: sunken eyes, dry lips and increases skin turgor . Abdominal pain . Urgency to pass out stools . Bloating . Nausea and vomiting
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  MANAGEMENT OF DIARRHOEA 1.Fluidreplacement The most critical aspects of diarrhoea management is preventing dehydration. The nurse should: (I).Encourage fluid intake (ii). Administer oral rehydration therapy for mild to moderate diarrhoea, to replenish the lost fluids and electrolytes(WHO 2013). (iii).Electrolyte monitoring Nurses should monitor patients for electrolyte imbalances particularly potassium and sodium levels. (iv). Infuse intravenous fluids for severe dehydration. Intravenous fluids such as normal saline and ringer’s lactate, help to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. 2. Pharmacological management In some cases, medication may be used to treat diarrhoea. Ant motility agents e.g. loperamide, may be used to slow down bowel movements but should be avoided in cases of bacterial diarrhoea with fever or blood in stools (Potter and Perry ). Zinc supplements can also be administered as they reduce duration of diarrhoea episodes by 25% and reduce stool volume by 30% (WHO 2024).
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  3. DIETARY CHANGES Avoidspicy, fatty or high fibre foods, rather consider probiotics and probiotic rich foods like yogurt. Minimize meal quantity but eat frequently in the case of bloating and abdominal pains.
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  4. Therapuetical managment If thepatient hyperthemic or has fever tapid sponging should be done. The patient should also be positioned in a comfortable position to relieve pain.
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  conclusion  To sumit all, diarrhoea an essential health issue requiring awereness, prevention and proper management. By understanding the causes and more importantly how to manage it, its impact on lives and communities can be reduced.
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  References Potter P.A andPerry A.G (2017) Fundamentals of Nursing World Health Organization (2013) Oral Rehydration Salts World Health Organization (2024) Diarrhoeal Disease
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  Thank you!
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  Group Members  DanielMtawali 202420190067  Daniel Kaiwe 202420190049  Tapiwa Samu 202420160041  Chifundo Tanazio 202420160046  Portia Chitsulo 202420170009  Jacquiline Chimwala 202420160007  Kelvin Bland 202420170053  Wakisa Mwalilino 202420180033  Maureen Mthunzi 202420190068  Muhammad Sombolela 202420170045  Thulisile Kalambalale 202420170015  Hadad Solomon 202420180045  Grace Kumwenda 202420170020  Matthews Mumba 202420190069  Idah Lucius 202420170023  Linda Shumba 202420170043