GROUP Numnber Four Presentation.pptx
- 1. MICROECONOMICS CHAPTER 19 EARNINGS and DISCRIMINATIONS
- 2. Group Members: 1. 168-ZAINAB HASAN 2. 188-ZAINAB SHAHID 3. 174-EMAN SHAHBZ Presented to: MA'AMM SADAF RAZZAQ
- 3. EARNINGS DISCRIMINATION + Earnings refer to the income or wages that individuals receive for their work, typically through salaries, hourly wages, commissions, bonuses, or other forms of compensation. It reflects the reward for labor, skills, and contributions in the workplace. The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, gender, or disability. + “victims of racial discrimination”
- 4. EARNINGS DISCRIMINATIONS + Earnings discrimination is the unfair treatment of individuals or groups that leads to differences in wages or income based on factors like gender, race, age, or other personal characteristics, rather than their skills, qualifications, or job performance.
- 5. EQUILIBRIUM WAGES + Equilibrium wages refer to the wage rate at which the supply of labor equals the demand for labor in a labor market. In other words, it is the wage rate at which the number of workers willing to work equals the number of workers that employers are willing to hire.
- 6. DETERMINANTS
- 7. Compensating Differentials + A compensation differential, also known as a compensating differential, is a difference in pay or benefits that reflects the relative attractiveness or unattractiveness of a job, occupation, or work environment. EXAMPLES Climate premium Location premium
- 8. HUMAN CAPITAL + Demanders of Labour + Suppliers of Labour + The accumulation of investments in people, such as education and on-the-job training
- 9. ABILITY, EFFORT AND CHANCE Ability: A person’s productive skill or talent that earns income. Example: A skilled software engineer’s ability to design apps earns a high salary. Difference in phsical and mental abilities of people because of heredity.
- 10. ABILITY, EFFORT AND CHANCE Efforts: The labor or work input that contributes to economic output. Example: A farmer’s effort to work long hours and cultivate land results in a bountiful harvest. Hardwork and efforts are related to abilities of a person
- 11. ABILITY, EFFORT AND CHANCE Chance: Random events or uncertainties that affect economic outcomes and earnings. Example: Winning a stock market lottery or inheriting a business due to chance events.
- 12. THE SUPERSTAR PHENOMENON Definition: The Superstar Phenomenon refers to the extreme concentration of rewards, such as income and fame, among a small group of individuals, often in creative fields like music, arts, and sports. Examples EMMA STONE-ACTORESS CHRISTIANO RONALDO
- 13. THE SUPERSTAR PHENOMENON CHARACTERISTICS: • Every customer in the market wants to enjoy the good supplied by the best producer. • The good is produced with a technology that makes it possible for the best producer to supply every customer at low cost.
- 14. ECONOMICS OF DISCRIMINATION DISCRIMINATION: The offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristics
- 15. TYPES of ECONOMICS OF DISCRIMINATIONS 1. Measuring labour market discrimination 2. Discrimination by Employers 3. Discrimination by customers and governments 4. Statistical discrimination
- 16. Discrimination by customers And Government Discrimination by customers: Discrimination by customers happens when customers treat employees unfairly based on personal characteristics like race, gender, age, sexual orientation, or disability. This can show up in different ways, such as: •Visual abuse •Refusal of service •Unfair treatment •Harassment
- 17. Discrimination by Government. Discrimination by government is the unfair treatment of specific groups or individuals by governmental institutions or policies based on factors like race, religion, gender, or disability, which violates their rights and undermines equality.
- 18. Statistical discrimination Definition statistical discrimination discrimination that arises because a irrelevant but observabile personal characteristic is correlated with a relevant but unobservable attribute Some important points about statistical discrimination.. Correlation Stereotypes Impact on opportunities
- 19. CONCLUSION