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The document presents a study comparing the properties of lightweight concrete made with cinder and expanded clay aggregate (ECA). It discusses the objectives, scope, and various research findings regarding compressive and flexural strengths, workability, and density of lightweight concrete relative to conventional concrete. The research concludes that while lightweight concrete offers economic and environmental benefits, its strength properties vary significantly with the proportions of aggregates used.

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Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya (Engineering College) (An Autonomous Institution) Affiliated with Gujarat Technological University 1 “comparing properties of hardened concrete containing cinder and ECA” Project-2 Group ID: 28 Presented by: 17CE312 : Jagani Bhavesh 17CE320 : Kachiya Akhil 17CE334: Parmar Hitesh 17CE335 : Shah Sagar 17CE336 : Dafada Ravi 16CE089 : Zapada Bhala Guided by: Dr. Deepa A.Sinha UDP Presentation on
 Introduction  Scope  Objectives  Literature review  Work done  Results and discussion  References 2 ITEMS TO BE COVERED :
 Lightweight concrete mixture is made with a lightweight coarse aggregate and sometimes a portion or entire fine aggregates may be lightweight instead of normal aggregates. Normal weight concrete a density in the range of (2240 to 2400 kg/m³).  density - 300 kg/m3 and1850 kg/m3.  Structural lightweight concrete density - 1440 to 1840 kg/m³.  strength of the light-weight concrete - 0.3 N/mm2 to 40 N/mm2.  Strength of light-weight concrete depends on the density of concrete. Less porous aggregate which is heavier in weight produces stronger concrete particularly with higher cement content. The grading of aggregate, the water/cement ratio, the degree of compaction also effect the strength of concrete. 3 Introduction:
scope :  It gives us economy in concrete construction and to utilize E.C.A and cinder in an effective environment friendly manner.  To meet the scarcity of cement and coarse aggregates in future.  To reduced the weight of the structure as compared with structure which made from normal concrete.  This concrete also used as a concrete blocks, panel walls. 4
 Designing M20 grade L.W.C using cinder and E.C.A for non structural member.  Optimizing the different proportions of cinder and E.C.A to get the maximum strength.  To compare the strength and density of L.W.C. with conventional concrete.  to compare the cost of L.W.C with conventional concrete.  To know the application of L.W.C in construction industries. 5 Objectives of the study:
RESEARCH PAPER 1 MATERIALS TESTS CARRIED OUT OUTCOMES PAPER Expanded Clay Aggregate + silica fumes + PVA Compressive Strength Flexural strength The compressive strength of light weight concrete is lower than the ordinary conventional concrete The workability of light weight concrete is not good when it is compared to the ordinary conventional concrete percentage of ECA is increasing the compressive and flexure strength is decreasing since, the density of concrete is reduced by addition of ECA This light weight concrete has low thermal conductivity and has an ability to absorb sound. So, it can be used for acoustic structures. Rapolu Kishore Kumar, S. Nikhil and P. Sairamchander, (April 2017), ‘’ STUDY OF LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE’’, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), Volume 8, Issue 4, PP.1223–1230. STUDY OF LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE 6
RESEARCH PAPER 2 MATERIAS TESTS CARRIEDOUT OUTCOMES PAPER • Leca  Compressive strength test  Split tensile strength  Flexural strength test • The main aim of the project is to reduce the density of concrete without affecting the strength • Cube compressive strengths achieved for M20 grade of LWAC are 20.19N/mm2 for 28 days • The percentage reduction in density of cubes as compared to conventional concrete for M 20 grade of LWAC is 34.22% for 28 days • The Workability of LWAC gets considerably increased when LECA is used as coarse aggregate • The cube Compressive strength, Split tensile strength of cylinder and beam Flexural strength of light weight aggregate concrete is reduced as compared to conventional concrete . Hanamanth shebannavar1, maneeth p. d2 ,brijbhushan s3. “comparative study of leca as a complete replacement of coarse aggregate by aci method with equivalent likeness of strength of is method” (irjet), volume: 02 issue: 08 | COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LECA AS A COMPLETE REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE 7
RESEARCH PAPER 3 MATERIALS TESTS CARRIED OUT OUTCOMES PAPER • leca and cinder as coarse aggregates  slump test  Compression strength test.  Split tensile test • The slump value is found to increase gradually until the (40%,60%) leca and cinder proportions, and thereafter the slump goes on decreasing gradually .Therefore with 40% replacement of leca and 60% replacement of cinder the better workability are obtained for the both concrete mixes. • The compression test results are found to be decrease gradually until the (40%, 60%) leca and cinder proportion, but after this proportion there is a sudden decrease in strength to a larger extent • The split tensile strength is decreasing from first proportion till that last proportion in a gradual way in a same way as that of the compression test results Dr. S. Vijaya and Nagashree B , ’’ Experimental Study on Light Weight Concrete using Leca and Cinder as Coarse Aggregates’’, July-2015, (IJERT), Vol. 4 Issue 07, Experimental Study on Light Weight Concrete using Leca and Cinder as Coarse Aggregates 8
RESEARCH PAPER 4 MATERIALS TESTS CARRIED OUT OUTCOMES PAPER Cinder aggregate Slump test Compaction factor test Compressive strength test Split tensile strength  The cube compressive strength is decreased continuously with the increase in percentage of cinder.  The split tensile strength is decreased continuously with increase in percentage of cinder and also the percentage of decrease in split tensile strength is increased continuously with increasing cinder.  The densities have decreased continuously with the increase in percentage of cinder Dasthagir and Dadapeer A.B.S, Strengths Analysis of Concrete by using Cinder Aggregate, December 2016, Vol. 5, Issue 12 Strengths Analysis of Concrete by using Cinder Aggregate 9
RESEARCH PAPER 5 MATERIALS TESTS CARRIED OUT OUTCOMES PAPER Cinder aggregate+ cinder powder+norma l aggregate Flexural Tensile strength Compressive strength test Split tensile strength  Densities of concrete mixes with increase in cinder percentages are observed as smaller than conventional normal aggregate concrete. Use of cinder aggregate reduces the dead weight of structure. Cinder aggregate concrete has good workability properties compared to conventional concret Cinder aggregate concrete with replacement level of 40% of cinder achieved the equal target mean strength as conventional concrete(32 Mpa) E.Hanuman Sai Gupta and V.Giridhar Kumar, (july 2015), ‘’Investigations on Properties of Light Weight Cinder Aggregate Concrete’’, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume 11, Issue 07, PP.50-59. Investigations on Properties of Light Weight Cinder Aggregate Concrete 10
Problem statement Objectives Scope of Study Literature Study Laboratory Investigation Conventional concrete Light weight concrete Experiment Outcome  Compressive strength test  Split-tensile strength test  Permeability test Comparison Conclusion Work flowchart :  Compressive strength test  Split-tensile strength test  Permeability test 11
 Cement  Requirement of IS 12269: 2013  Test result  Specific gravity 3.15 3.15  Standard Consistency 25-35% 32%  Initial setting time 30 min 50 min  Final setting time 600 min 320 min 12 Properties of cement
Test results on aggregate Size  Coarse aggregate  20 mm  Requirement Of IS :383 (2016)  Test result  Specific gravity 20 mm 2.6-2.8 2.67  Elongation & Flakiness 20 mm 40-45% 9.6% 33.3%  Water absorption 20 mm Not more then 3% 1.30%  Crushing strength 20 mm Less then 30% 22.29%  Impact strength 20 mm Not more then 45% 22.6% 13 Properties of coarse aggregate
Properties of fine aggregate  Fine aggregate  Requirement of IS: 383  Test result  Specific gravity 2.66 2.57  Water absorption 1% 0.60%  Bulking 4% 3.33% 14
Properties of expanded clay aggregate 15 E CA Test result Specific gravity 0.97 Water absorption 14.78% Density(kg/m3) 400
Properties of cinder aggregate 16 E CA Test result Specific gravity 1.77 Water absorption 1.30% Density(kg/m3) 1050
Mix design calculations:100% cinder aggregate replace a) Grade designation : M20 b) Type of cement : OPC conforming to IS 12269-2013 c) Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 20 mm d) Minimum cement content and e) maximum water-cement ratio to be adopted and/or : Severe(for reinforced concrete) Exposure conditions as per Table 3 and Table 5 of IS 456. = 0.50 f) Workability : 75 mm (slump) g) Method of concrete placing : Chute (Non pumpable) h) Degree of site control : Good i) Type of aggregate : Crushed angular aggregate j) Maximum cement content not including fly ash : 450kg/m3 k) Chemical admixture type : not used 17
TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS a) Cement used : 0PC conforming to IS 12269-2013 b) Specific gravity of cement : 3.15 c) Specific gravity of 1) Coarse aggregate [at saturated surface dry : 2.67] 2) Fine aggregate [at saturated surface dry : 2.57] 3) cinder :1.77 4) E.C.A. :0.97 d) Water absorption of 1) Coarse aggregate: 1.3 percent 2) Fine aggregate : 0.6 percent0 3) cinder : 1.3 percent 4)E.C.A. : 14.78 percent e) Moisture content of aggregate [As per IS 2386 (Part 3)] 1) Coarse aggregate: Nil 2) Fine aggregate: Nil 18
TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING f ’ck = fck+1.65 S or f ’ck = fck + X whichever is higher. where f ’ck = target average compressive strength at 28 days, fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days, S = standard deviation, and X = factor based on grade of concrete. From Table 2, standard deviation, S = 4 N/mm2. From Table 1, X = 5.5. Therefore, target strength using both equations, that is, a) f ’ck = fck+1.65 S = 20+1.65 × 4 = 26.6 N/mm2 b) f ’ck = fck + 5.5 = 20 + 5.5 = 25.5 N/mm2 The higher value is to be adopted. Therefore, target strength will be 26.6 N/mm2 as 26.6N/mm2 > 25.5 N/mm2. 19
APPROXIMATE AIR CONTENT • From Table 3, the approximate amount of entrapped air to be expected in normal (non-air-entrained) concrete is 1.0 percent for 20 mm nominal maximum size of aggregate. For 16 mm – 0.66 20 SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO From Fig. 1, the free water-cement ratio required for the target strength of 26.6 N/mm2 is 0.62 for OPC 53 grade curve. This is lower than the maximum value of 0.45 prescribed for ‘severe’ exposure for reinforced concrete as per Table 5 of IS 456. 0.62 < 0.6, hence O.K.
SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT From Table 4, water content = 190.8 kg (for 50 mm slump) for 16 mm aggregate. Estimated water content for 75 mm slump, = 190.8 +3( 190.8)/100 = 197 kg 21 CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT Water-cement ratio = 0.47 Cement content =197/0.47 = 419 kg/m3 From Table 5 of IS 456, minimum cement content for ‘severe’ exposure condition = 240 kg/m3 419 kg/m3> 250kg/m3, hence, O.K.
PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE AGGREGETE CONTENT • From Table 5, the proportionate volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 16 mm size aggregate and fine aggregate (Zone II) for water-cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.572 • In the present case water-cement ratio is 0.47.Therefore, corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for the water-cement ratio of 0.47 = 0.572 + 6×10^-3 = 0.578 • Volume of fine aggregate content = 1 – 0.578 =0.422 22
MIX CALCULATIONS • The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows: a) Total volume = 1 m3 b) Volume of entrapped air in wet concrete = 6.6×10^-3 m3 c) Volume of cement= Mass of cement × 1/Specific gravity of cement × 1 000 =419× 1/3.15 × 1 000 = 0.1330 m3 d) Volume of water = mass of water × 1/Specific gravity of water × 1 000 =197 × 1/1 × 1 000 =0.197 m3 d) Volume of all in aggregate = (a-b)-(c+d) = 0.6634 m3 e) Mass of C.A. = 0.6634 × 0.578 × 1.7682 × 1000 = 678 kg/m3 f) Mass of F.A. = 0.6634 × 0.442 × 2.57× 1000 = 720 kg/m3 23
Mix proportions  Cement =412 kg/m3  Water =197 kg/m3  Fine aggregate =720 kg/m3  Cinder =678 kg/m3 24
Sr No. Cement FA(Sand) CA Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.578 Quantity (kg) 419 720 1024 25 Sr No. Cement FA(Sand) ECA Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.578 Quantity (kg) 419 720 372 (1) The mix design for normal concrete ( M20 ) (2) The mix design for LWC concrete using 100% E.C.A ( M20 )
Sr No. Cement F.A.(Sand) Cinder Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.578 Quantity (kg) 419 720 678 26 Sr No. Cement F.A. C.A. ECA Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.1445 0.4335 Quantity (kg) 419 720 256 279 (4) The mix design for LWC concrete using 25% normal C.A and 75% E.C.A ( M20) (3) The mix design for LWC concrete using 100% cinder ( M20 )
Sr No. Cement F.A. C.A E.C.A Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.289 0.289 Quantity (kg) 419 720 512 186 27 (5) The mix design for LWC concrete using 50% normal C.A and 50% E.C.A ( M20) Sr No. Cement F.A. C.A ECA Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.289 0.289 Quantity (kg) 419 720 170 269 (6) The mix design for LWC concrete using 50% normal C.A and 50% Cinder ( M20)
Sr No. Cement F.A. E.C.A. cinder Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.289 0.289 Quantity (kg) 419 720 512 339 28 Sr No. Cement F.A. C.A cinder Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.1445 0.4335 Quantity (kg) 419 720 256 509 (7) The mix design for LWC concrete using 25% normal C.A and 75% cinder ( M20) (8) The mix design for LWC concrete using 50% E.C.A and 50% cinder ( M20)
29 Sr No. Cement F.A. ECA cinder Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.1445 0.4335 Quantity (kg) 419 720 186 339 (9) The mix design for LWC concrete using 25% cinder and 75% E.C.A ( M20)
Compressive strength test 30
Observation table CONCRETE MIX AVERAGE 3 DAYS STRENGTH (N/mm2) AVERAGE 7 DAYS STRENGTH (N/mm2) AVERAGE 28 DAYS STRENGTH (N/mm2) DENSITY (kg/m3) M1 15.55 17.26 18.50 2450 M2 7.32 8.33 12.60 1495 M3 13.44 15 18.35 2198 M4 8.00 9.58 14.09 1546 M5 10.50 11.46 13.95 1806 M6 11 11.092 12.00 2044 M7 14.65 15.047 17.81 1989 M8 8.35 8.40 11.52 1702 M9 8.50 8.70 12.84 1555 31
32 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) DIFFERENT MIX DESIGNS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULT AFTER 3 DAYS (N/mm2) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULT AFTER 3 DAYS (N/mm2)
33 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm 2 ) DIFFERENT MIX DESIGNS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULT AFTER 7 DAYS (N/mm2) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULT AFTER 7 DAYS (N/mm2)
34 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm 2 ) DIFFERENT MIX DESIGNS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS AFTER 28 DAYS (N/mm2) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS AFTER 28 DAYS (N/mm2)
35 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 DENSITY (KG/m 3 ) DIFFERENT MIX DESIGNS DENSITY (KG/m3) DENSITY (KG/m3)
36 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 3 DAYS RESULT 7 DAYS RESULT 28 DAYS RESULT
Permeability test • Permeability test of concrete is carried out by IS 3085:1965. • Objective : Permeability of concrete is of particular significance in structures which are intended to retain water or which come into contact with water. Besides functional considerations, permeability is also intimately related to the durability of concrete, specially its resistance, against progressive deterioration under exposure to severe climate, and leaching due to prolonged seepage of water, particularly when it contains aggressive gases or minerals in solution. The determination of the permeability characteristics of mortar and concrete, therefore, assumes considerable importance. 37
Apparatus 1. Permeability Cell 38
2. Water Reservoir : 3. Pressure Lines : Heavy duty armoured rubber hose or suitable metal tubing or any other equally suitable hose or pipe shall be used for the various high pressure connections. All joints shall be properly made to render them leakproof. 39
procedure 1. Calibrating the Reservoir 2. Preparing the Specimen 3. Sealing the Specimen 4. Testing the Seal 5. Assembling the Apparatus 6. Running the Test 7. Test Temperature 40
Calculations : • The Coefficient of Permeability shall be calculated as follows: K = Q / (A*T*H/L) where, K= Coefficient of permeability (cm/sec), Q= quantity of water in millimeters percolating over the entire period of test after the steady state has been reached, A= area of the specimen face in cm2, T= time in seconds over which Q is measured, and H/L= ratio of the pressure head to thickness of specimen, both expressed in the same units. 41
Precautions • The seal around the specimen should be effective. Leakage through can give rise to misleading results. Obtaining a good seal is best achieved by experience, and a general guidance alone can be provided. • It is necessary to ensure that air content does not exceed about 0.2%, Excessive amount of dissolver air can result in air in the specimen and apparent reduction in permeability. Periodic sampling through drain cock wall facilitates determination of air content .if the air content access the limit, the whole system shall be drained and replenished with fresh de-aired water. • Coefficient of permeability shall be calculated after attainment of permeability shall be calculated after steady state, monitor the inflow and outflow date with time or draw suitable graphs to establish steady state. • The outflow is liable to be influenced by evaporation during period of collection, the collector bottle shall be housed in a humid chamber of blank observation on a similar bottle containing water should be made, to apply necessary correction. The inflow measurement provide an additional check. 42
Cost analysis • Market rate of different materials: 43 material per price cement bag 320 Fine aggregate m3 850 Coarse aggregate m3 900 Cinder aggregate Kg 2 Expanded clay aggregate (ECA) Kg ( 16 kg per bag 8-16 mm size ) 28.75
Observation table 44 CONCRETE MIX COST ANALYSIS M1 4215.2 M2 3962.04 M3 4649.6 M4 4025.33 M5 4088.62 M6 3984.6 M7 4542 M8 4891.6 M9 4305.82
45 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 COST (INDIAN RUPEES) DIFFERENT MIX DESIGNS cost analysis for 1m3 of concrete made by M20 geade cost analysis for 1m3 of concrete made by M20 geade
Comparison of light weight concrete and conventional concrete Light weight concrete Conventional concrete 46 • density - 300 kg/m3 and1850 kg/m3 • Lower in weight • Density is less • cost is more when we replace coarse aggregate more then 50% • L.W.C. has low thermal conductivity and has an ability to absorb sound. • Workability – poor • density - 2240 kg/m3 and 2400 kg/m3 • Higher in weight • Density is more • Cost is more • Conventional concrete has more thermal conductivity as compared to L.W.C. • Workability-good
Conclusion :  The density of Concrete using ECA falls in the range of 1200 –1500 kg/m³.  Surface finishing of ECA concrete is not good.  The compressive strength of large ECA concrete has lesser strength than the small ECA concrete.  Concrete using cinder gives more strength than Concrete using ECA.  The compressive strength of light weight concrete is lower than the ordinary conventional concrete.  From the compressive strength results, it is observed that as the percentage of ECA is increasing the compressive strength is decreasing since, the density of concrete is reduced by addition of ECA.  This light weight concrete has low thermal conductivity and has an ability to absorb sound. So, it can be used for acoustic structures.  Workability of L.W.C. is poor then conventional concrete. 47
 Rapolu Kishore Kumar, S. Nikhil and P. Sairamchander, (April 2017), ‘’ STUDY OF LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE’’, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), Volume 8, Issue 4, PP.1223–1230.  Dr. S. Vijaya and Nagashree B , ’’ Experimental Study on Light Weight Concrete using Leca and Cinder as Coarse Aggregates’’, July-2015, (IJERT), Vol. 4 Issue 07,  Dasthagir and Dadapeer A.B.S, Strengths Analysis of Concrete by using Cinder Aggregate, December 2016, Vol. 5, Issue 12  E.Hanuman Sai Gupta and V.Giridhar Kumar, (july 2015), ‘’Investigations on Properties of Light Weight Cinder Aggregate Concrete’’, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume 11, Issue 07, PP.50-59.  r.S. muralitharan and V. ramasamy, (october - november 2017),Development of lightweight concrete for structural applications ,’’ Journal of Structural Engineering’’, Vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 1-5  Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, Ind 48 References:
 www.wikipedia.com  Concrete technology by M.S. SHETTY.  Building material by S.K.DUGGAL.  IS 10262-2019  IS 383  IS 12269-2013  IS 516-1959  IS 3085:1965 49 References:
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Group_28_17CE334_Deepa.A.sinha.pptx

  • 1. Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya (Engineering College) (An Autonomous Institution) Affiliated with Gujarat Technological University 1 “comparing properties of hardened concrete containing cinder and ECA” Project-2 Group ID: 28 Presented by: 17CE312 : Jagani Bhavesh 17CE320 : Kachiya Akhil 17CE334: Parmar Hitesh 17CE335 : Shah Sagar 17CE336 : Dafada Ravi 16CE089 : Zapada Bhala Guided by: Dr. Deepa A.Sinha UDP Presentation on
  • 2.  Introduction  Scope  Objectives  Literature review  Work done  Results and discussion  References 2 ITEMS TO BE COVERED :
  • 3.  Lightweight concrete mixture is made with a lightweight coarse aggregate and sometimes a portion or entire fine aggregates may be lightweight instead of normal aggregates. Normal weight concrete a density in the range of (2240 to 2400 kg/m³).  density - 300 kg/m3 and1850 kg/m3.  Structural lightweight concrete density - 1440 to 1840 kg/m³.  strength of the light-weight concrete - 0.3 N/mm2 to 40 N/mm2.  Strength of light-weight concrete depends on the density of concrete. Less porous aggregate which is heavier in weight produces stronger concrete particularly with higher cement content. The grading of aggregate, the water/cement ratio, the degree of compaction also effect the strength of concrete. 3 Introduction:
  • 4. scope :  It gives us economy in concrete construction and to utilize E.C.A and cinder in an effective environment friendly manner.  To meet the scarcity of cement and coarse aggregates in future.  To reduced the weight of the structure as compared with structure which made from normal concrete.  This concrete also used as a concrete blocks, panel walls. 4
  • 5.  Designing M20 grade L.W.C using cinder and E.C.A for non structural member.  Optimizing the different proportions of cinder and E.C.A to get the maximum strength.  To compare the strength and density of L.W.C. with conventional concrete.  to compare the cost of L.W.C with conventional concrete.  To know the application of L.W.C in construction industries. 5 Objectives of the study:
  • 6. RESEARCH PAPER 1 MATERIALS TESTS CARRIED OUT OUTCOMES PAPER Expanded Clay Aggregate + silica fumes + PVA Compressive Strength Flexural strength The compressive strength of light weight concrete is lower than the ordinary conventional concrete The workability of light weight concrete is not good when it is compared to the ordinary conventional concrete percentage of ECA is increasing the compressive and flexure strength is decreasing since, the density of concrete is reduced by addition of ECA This light weight concrete has low thermal conductivity and has an ability to absorb sound. So, it can be used for acoustic structures. Rapolu Kishore Kumar, S. Nikhil and P. Sairamchander, (April 2017), ‘’ STUDY OF LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE’’, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), Volume 8, Issue 4, PP.1223–1230. STUDY OF LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE 6
  • 7. RESEARCH PAPER 2 MATERIAS TESTS CARRIEDOUT OUTCOMES PAPER • Leca  Compressive strength test  Split tensile strength  Flexural strength test • The main aim of the project is to reduce the density of concrete without affecting the strength • Cube compressive strengths achieved for M20 grade of LWAC are 20.19N/mm2 for 28 days • The percentage reduction in density of cubes as compared to conventional concrete for M 20 grade of LWAC is 34.22% for 28 days • The Workability of LWAC gets considerably increased when LECA is used as coarse aggregate • The cube Compressive strength, Split tensile strength of cylinder and beam Flexural strength of light weight aggregate concrete is reduced as compared to conventional concrete . Hanamanth shebannavar1, maneeth p. d2 ,brijbhushan s3. “comparative study of leca as a complete replacement of coarse aggregate by aci method with equivalent likeness of strength of is method” (irjet), volume: 02 issue: 08 | COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LECA AS A COMPLETE REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE 7
  • 8. RESEARCH PAPER 3 MATERIALS TESTS CARRIED OUT OUTCOMES PAPER • leca and cinder as coarse aggregates  slump test  Compression strength test.  Split tensile test • The slump value is found to increase gradually until the (40%,60%) leca and cinder proportions, and thereafter the slump goes on decreasing gradually .Therefore with 40% replacement of leca and 60% replacement of cinder the better workability are obtained for the both concrete mixes. • The compression test results are found to be decrease gradually until the (40%, 60%) leca and cinder proportion, but after this proportion there is a sudden decrease in strength to a larger extent • The split tensile strength is decreasing from first proportion till that last proportion in a gradual way in a same way as that of the compression test results Dr. S. Vijaya and Nagashree B , ’’ Experimental Study on Light Weight Concrete using Leca and Cinder as Coarse Aggregates’’, July-2015, (IJERT), Vol. 4 Issue 07, Experimental Study on Light Weight Concrete using Leca and Cinder as Coarse Aggregates 8
  • 9. RESEARCH PAPER 4 MATERIALS TESTS CARRIED OUT OUTCOMES PAPER Cinder aggregate Slump test Compaction factor test Compressive strength test Split tensile strength  The cube compressive strength is decreased continuously with the increase in percentage of cinder.  The split tensile strength is decreased continuously with increase in percentage of cinder and also the percentage of decrease in split tensile strength is increased continuously with increasing cinder.  The densities have decreased continuously with the increase in percentage of cinder Dasthagir and Dadapeer A.B.S, Strengths Analysis of Concrete by using Cinder Aggregate, December 2016, Vol. 5, Issue 12 Strengths Analysis of Concrete by using Cinder Aggregate 9
  • 10. RESEARCH PAPER 5 MATERIALS TESTS CARRIED OUT OUTCOMES PAPER Cinder aggregate+ cinder powder+norma l aggregate Flexural Tensile strength Compressive strength test Split tensile strength  Densities of concrete mixes with increase in cinder percentages are observed as smaller than conventional normal aggregate concrete. Use of cinder aggregate reduces the dead weight of structure. Cinder aggregate concrete has good workability properties compared to conventional concret Cinder aggregate concrete with replacement level of 40% of cinder achieved the equal target mean strength as conventional concrete(32 Mpa) E.Hanuman Sai Gupta and V.Giridhar Kumar, (july 2015), ‘’Investigations on Properties of Light Weight Cinder Aggregate Concrete’’, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume 11, Issue 07, PP.50-59. Investigations on Properties of Light Weight Cinder Aggregate Concrete 10
  • 11. Problem statement Objectives Scope of Study Literature Study Laboratory Investigation Conventional concrete Light weight concrete Experiment Outcome  Compressive strength test  Split-tensile strength test  Permeability test Comparison Conclusion Work flowchart :  Compressive strength test  Split-tensile strength test  Permeability test 11
  • 12.  Cement  Requirement of IS 12269: 2013  Test result  Specific gravity 3.15 3.15  Standard Consistency 25-35% 32%  Initial setting time 30 min 50 min  Final setting time 600 min 320 min 12 Properties of cement
  • 13. Test results on aggregate Size  Coarse aggregate  20 mm  Requirement Of IS :383 (2016)  Test result  Specific gravity 20 mm 2.6-2.8 2.67  Elongation & Flakiness 20 mm 40-45% 9.6% 33.3%  Water absorption 20 mm Not more then 3% 1.30%  Crushing strength 20 mm Less then 30% 22.29%  Impact strength 20 mm Not more then 45% 22.6% 13 Properties of coarse aggregate
  • 14. Properties of fine aggregate  Fine aggregate  Requirement of IS: 383  Test result  Specific gravity 2.66 2.57  Water absorption 1% 0.60%  Bulking 4% 3.33% 14
  • 15. Properties of expanded clay aggregate 15 E CA Test result Specific gravity 0.97 Water absorption 14.78% Density(kg/m3) 400
  • 16. Properties of cinder aggregate 16 E CA Test result Specific gravity 1.77 Water absorption 1.30% Density(kg/m3) 1050
  • 17. Mix design calculations:100% cinder aggregate replace a) Grade designation : M20 b) Type of cement : OPC conforming to IS 12269-2013 c) Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 20 mm d) Minimum cement content and e) maximum water-cement ratio to be adopted and/or : Severe(for reinforced concrete) Exposure conditions as per Table 3 and Table 5 of IS 456. = 0.50 f) Workability : 75 mm (slump) g) Method of concrete placing : Chute (Non pumpable) h) Degree of site control : Good i) Type of aggregate : Crushed angular aggregate j) Maximum cement content not including fly ash : 450kg/m3 k) Chemical admixture type : not used 17
  • 18. TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS a) Cement used : 0PC conforming to IS 12269-2013 b) Specific gravity of cement : 3.15 c) Specific gravity of 1) Coarse aggregate [at saturated surface dry : 2.67] 2) Fine aggregate [at saturated surface dry : 2.57] 3) cinder :1.77 4) E.C.A. :0.97 d) Water absorption of 1) Coarse aggregate: 1.3 percent 2) Fine aggregate : 0.6 percent0 3) cinder : 1.3 percent 4)E.C.A. : 14.78 percent e) Moisture content of aggregate [As per IS 2386 (Part 3)] 1) Coarse aggregate: Nil 2) Fine aggregate: Nil 18
  • 19. TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING f ’ck = fck+1.65 S or f ’ck = fck + X whichever is higher. where f ’ck = target average compressive strength at 28 days, fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days, S = standard deviation, and X = factor based on grade of concrete. From Table 2, standard deviation, S = 4 N/mm2. From Table 1, X = 5.5. Therefore, target strength using both equations, that is, a) f ’ck = fck+1.65 S = 20+1.65 × 4 = 26.6 N/mm2 b) f ’ck = fck + 5.5 = 20 + 5.5 = 25.5 N/mm2 The higher value is to be adopted. Therefore, target strength will be 26.6 N/mm2 as 26.6N/mm2 > 25.5 N/mm2. 19
  • 20. APPROXIMATE AIR CONTENT • From Table 3, the approximate amount of entrapped air to be expected in normal (non-air-entrained) concrete is 1.0 percent for 20 mm nominal maximum size of aggregate. For 16 mm – 0.66 20 SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO From Fig. 1, the free water-cement ratio required for the target strength of 26.6 N/mm2 is 0.62 for OPC 53 grade curve. This is lower than the maximum value of 0.45 prescribed for ‘severe’ exposure for reinforced concrete as per Table 5 of IS 456. 0.62 < 0.6, hence O.K.
  • 21. SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT From Table 4, water content = 190.8 kg (for 50 mm slump) for 16 mm aggregate. Estimated water content for 75 mm slump, = 190.8 +3( 190.8)/100 = 197 kg 21 CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT Water-cement ratio = 0.47 Cement content =197/0.47 = 419 kg/m3 From Table 5 of IS 456, minimum cement content for ‘severe’ exposure condition = 240 kg/m3 419 kg/m3> 250kg/m3, hence, O.K.
  • 22. PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE AGGREGETE CONTENT • From Table 5, the proportionate volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 16 mm size aggregate and fine aggregate (Zone II) for water-cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.572 • In the present case water-cement ratio is 0.47.Therefore, corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for the water-cement ratio of 0.47 = 0.572 + 6×10^-3 = 0.578 • Volume of fine aggregate content = 1 – 0.578 =0.422 22
  • 23. MIX CALCULATIONS • The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows: a) Total volume = 1 m3 b) Volume of entrapped air in wet concrete = 6.6×10^-3 m3 c) Volume of cement= Mass of cement × 1/Specific gravity of cement × 1 000 =419× 1/3.15 × 1 000 = 0.1330 m3 d) Volume of water = mass of water × 1/Specific gravity of water × 1 000 =197 × 1/1 × 1 000 =0.197 m3 d) Volume of all in aggregate = (a-b)-(c+d) = 0.6634 m3 e) Mass of C.A. = 0.6634 × 0.578 × 1.7682 × 1000 = 678 kg/m3 f) Mass of F.A. = 0.6634 × 0.442 × 2.57× 1000 = 720 kg/m3 23
  • 24. Mix proportions  Cement =412 kg/m3  Water =197 kg/m3  Fine aggregate =720 kg/m3  Cinder =678 kg/m3 24
  • 25. Sr No. Cement FA(Sand) CA Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.578 Quantity (kg) 419 720 1024 25 Sr No. Cement FA(Sand) ECA Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.578 Quantity (kg) 419 720 372 (1) The mix design for normal concrete ( M20 ) (2) The mix design for LWC concrete using 100% E.C.A ( M20 )
  • 26. Sr No. Cement F.A.(Sand) Cinder Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.578 Quantity (kg) 419 720 678 26 Sr No. Cement F.A. C.A. ECA Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.1445 0.4335 Quantity (kg) 419 720 256 279 (4) The mix design for LWC concrete using 25% normal C.A and 75% E.C.A ( M20) (3) The mix design for LWC concrete using 100% cinder ( M20 )
  • 27. Sr No. Cement F.A. C.A E.C.A Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.289 0.289 Quantity (kg) 419 720 512 186 27 (5) The mix design for LWC concrete using 50% normal C.A and 50% E.C.A ( M20) Sr No. Cement F.A. C.A ECA Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.289 0.289 Quantity (kg) 419 720 170 269 (6) The mix design for LWC concrete using 50% normal C.A and 50% Cinder ( M20)
  • 28. Sr No. Cement F.A. E.C.A. cinder Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.289 0.289 Quantity (kg) 419 720 512 339 28 Sr No. Cement F.A. C.A cinder Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.1445 0.4335 Quantity (kg) 419 720 256 509 (7) The mix design for LWC concrete using 25% normal C.A and 75% cinder ( M20) (8) The mix design for LWC concrete using 50% E.C.A and 50% cinder ( M20)
  • 29. 29 Sr No. Cement F.A. ECA cinder Quantity (m3) 0.133 0.422 0.1445 0.4335 Quantity (kg) 419 720 186 339 (9) The mix design for LWC concrete using 25% cinder and 75% E.C.A ( M20)
  • 31. Observation table CONCRETE MIX AVERAGE 3 DAYS STRENGTH (N/mm2) AVERAGE 7 DAYS STRENGTH (N/mm2) AVERAGE 28 DAYS STRENGTH (N/mm2) DENSITY (kg/m3) M1 15.55 17.26 18.50 2450 M2 7.32 8.33 12.60 1495 M3 13.44 15 18.35 2198 M4 8.00 9.58 14.09 1546 M5 10.50 11.46 13.95 1806 M6 11 11.092 12.00 2044 M7 14.65 15.047 17.81 1989 M8 8.35 8.40 11.52 1702 M9 8.50 8.70 12.84 1555 31
  • 32. 32 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2) DIFFERENT MIX DESIGNS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULT AFTER 3 DAYS (N/mm2) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULT AFTER 3 DAYS (N/mm2)
  • 33. 33 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm 2 ) DIFFERENT MIX DESIGNS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULT AFTER 7 DAYS (N/mm2) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULT AFTER 7 DAYS (N/mm2)
  • 34. 34 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm 2 ) DIFFERENT MIX DESIGNS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS AFTER 28 DAYS (N/mm2) COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS AFTER 28 DAYS (N/mm2)
  • 35. 35 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 DENSITY (KG/m 3 ) DIFFERENT MIX DESIGNS DENSITY (KG/m3) DENSITY (KG/m3)
  • 36. 36 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 3 DAYS RESULT 7 DAYS RESULT 28 DAYS RESULT
  • 37. Permeability test • Permeability test of concrete is carried out by IS 3085:1965. • Objective : Permeability of concrete is of particular significance in structures which are intended to retain water or which come into contact with water. Besides functional considerations, permeability is also intimately related to the durability of concrete, specially its resistance, against progressive deterioration under exposure to severe climate, and leaching due to prolonged seepage of water, particularly when it contains aggressive gases or minerals in solution. The determination of the permeability characteristics of mortar and concrete, therefore, assumes considerable importance. 37
  • 39. 2. Water Reservoir : 3. Pressure Lines : Heavy duty armoured rubber hose or suitable metal tubing or any other equally suitable hose or pipe shall be used for the various high pressure connections. All joints shall be properly made to render them leakproof. 39
  • 40. procedure 1. Calibrating the Reservoir 2. Preparing the Specimen 3. Sealing the Specimen 4. Testing the Seal 5. Assembling the Apparatus 6. Running the Test 7. Test Temperature 40
  • 41. Calculations : • The Coefficient of Permeability shall be calculated as follows: K = Q / (A*T*H/L) where, K= Coefficient of permeability (cm/sec), Q= quantity of water in millimeters percolating over the entire period of test after the steady state has been reached, A= area of the specimen face in cm2, T= time in seconds over which Q is measured, and H/L= ratio of the pressure head to thickness of specimen, both expressed in the same units. 41
  • 42. Precautions • The seal around the specimen should be effective. Leakage through can give rise to misleading results. Obtaining a good seal is best achieved by experience, and a general guidance alone can be provided. • It is necessary to ensure that air content does not exceed about 0.2%, Excessive amount of dissolver air can result in air in the specimen and apparent reduction in permeability. Periodic sampling through drain cock wall facilitates determination of air content .if the air content access the limit, the whole system shall be drained and replenished with fresh de-aired water. • Coefficient of permeability shall be calculated after attainment of permeability shall be calculated after steady state, monitor the inflow and outflow date with time or draw suitable graphs to establish steady state. • The outflow is liable to be influenced by evaporation during period of collection, the collector bottle shall be housed in a humid chamber of blank observation on a similar bottle containing water should be made, to apply necessary correction. The inflow measurement provide an additional check. 42
  • 43. Cost analysis • Market rate of different materials: 43 material per price cement bag 320 Fine aggregate m3 850 Coarse aggregate m3 900 Cinder aggregate Kg 2 Expanded clay aggregate (ECA) Kg ( 16 kg per bag 8-16 mm size ) 28.75
  • 44. Observation table 44 CONCRETE MIX COST ANALYSIS M1 4215.2 M2 3962.04 M3 4649.6 M4 4025.33 M5 4088.62 M6 3984.6 M7 4542 M8 4891.6 M9 4305.82
  • 45. 45 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 COST (INDIAN RUPEES) DIFFERENT MIX DESIGNS cost analysis for 1m3 of concrete made by M20 geade cost analysis for 1m3 of concrete made by M20 geade
  • 46. Comparison of light weight concrete and conventional concrete Light weight concrete Conventional concrete 46 • density - 300 kg/m3 and1850 kg/m3 • Lower in weight • Density is less • cost is more when we replace coarse aggregate more then 50% • L.W.C. has low thermal conductivity and has an ability to absorb sound. • Workability – poor • density - 2240 kg/m3 and 2400 kg/m3 • Higher in weight • Density is more • Cost is more • Conventional concrete has more thermal conductivity as compared to L.W.C. • Workability-good
  • 47. Conclusion :  The density of Concrete using ECA falls in the range of 1200 –1500 kg/m³.  Surface finishing of ECA concrete is not good.  The compressive strength of large ECA concrete has lesser strength than the small ECA concrete.  Concrete using cinder gives more strength than Concrete using ECA.  The compressive strength of light weight concrete is lower than the ordinary conventional concrete.  From the compressive strength results, it is observed that as the percentage of ECA is increasing the compressive strength is decreasing since, the density of concrete is reduced by addition of ECA.  This light weight concrete has low thermal conductivity and has an ability to absorb sound. So, it can be used for acoustic structures.  Workability of L.W.C. is poor then conventional concrete. 47
  • 48.  Rapolu Kishore Kumar, S. Nikhil and P. Sairamchander, (April 2017), ‘’ STUDY OF LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE’’, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), Volume 8, Issue 4, PP.1223–1230.  Dr. S. Vijaya and Nagashree B , ’’ Experimental Study on Light Weight Concrete using Leca and Cinder as Coarse Aggregates’’, July-2015, (IJERT), Vol. 4 Issue 07,  Dasthagir and Dadapeer A.B.S, Strengths Analysis of Concrete by using Cinder Aggregate, December 2016, Vol. 5, Issue 12  E.Hanuman Sai Gupta and V.Giridhar Kumar, (july 2015), ‘’Investigations on Properties of Light Weight Cinder Aggregate Concrete’’, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume 11, Issue 07, PP.50-59.  r.S. muralitharan and V. ramasamy, (october - november 2017),Development of lightweight concrete for structural applications ,’’ Journal of Structural Engineering’’, Vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 1-5  Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, Ind 48 References:
  • 49.  www.wikipedia.com  Concrete technology by M.S. SHETTY.  Building material by S.K.DUGGAL.  IS 10262-2019  IS 383  IS 12269-2013  IS 516-1959  IS 3085:1965 49 References: