Growth and Development.pptxmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

PEDIATRIC
TOPIC: Growth and Development.
presenters
Bangura Marilyn Elizabeth 22006
Bangura Lama. Hassan 22005
LECTURER: DR AMADU JALLOH

INTRODUCTION
 GROWTH: refers to increase in the physical size of the body and
Development refers to increase in skulls and functions.
 Both are consider together, because a child grows and develops as a
whole but at different speeds
 Growth and development are closely interrelated that is virtually not
possible to separates one from the other but they represents two different
aspects.

What is Growth
 Growth: Is an increased in the physical size of the body as a whole and it
various organ.
 It can be measured in terms of centimeters or kilogram.
 Optimal child growth occur only with adequate food ,a caring , nurturing,
social environment and absence of illness which provide full attention of the
growing baby. Mothers too need to be healthy prior to conception and they
should received quality antinatal and peripartum care.

PHASES OF GROWTH
Normal growth can be divided into four distinct phases:
 INTRAUTERINE PHASE ( 8 weeks embryonic age to birth)< with physical growth
greatest in the third trimester.
 INFANTS AND EARLY CHILDHOOD: (Birth to 18 months), a phase of rapid growth.
 Childhood: (18 months to the onset of puberty), a phase of slow steady growth.
 PUBERTY: (from 10 years in girls and 12 years in boys, on average), a phase of
rapid growth initially followed by a gradually slowing down of growth.
FACTORS INFLUCING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
 Genetic
 Nutritional
 Chronic disease
 Socioeconomic
 Environmental and seasonal factors
 Emotional factors

FACTORS THAT INFLUNCING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
 Genetic factors like:
• Parental trait: tall parent likely to have tall offspring likewise the intelligence of parent
influences the intelligent of their children.
• Genetic disorder: transmission of some abnormal genes may results in a familiar illness which
affects the physical and functional maturation.
• Chromosomal disorder: include down syndrome , turner syndrome.
 Nutritional factors: nutritional deficiency of protein calories and mineral vatamins and
essential amino acid retard growth and development.
 Chronic disease: chronic disease of the heart , kidney, liver, lung.
 Socioeconomic factors: poverty influenced with growth, children with well to do family are
better nourished’
 Emotional factors: emotional trauma from unstable family ,insecurity and sibling jealousy, loss
of parent, inadequate schooling ,all have negative effects on growth and development.

How Children Grow
 Children grow more rapid at a younger age.
 A child in the mother womb grows many times from a tiny egg to a baby weighing
between 2.5 kg – 3.99 kg at birth.
 Baby grows more rapidly in the first year of life cycle called infancy.
If a child is growing we say she is healthy , that shows increase in size , height , and
weight. When growth stops or slow we say growth falters , this is a sign that something is
wrong with the child or the child is sick. We must find out why and take action to restore
the growth. We discovered growth by monitoring or measuring it.

Growth monitoring
What is growth monitoring : Weighing of the child at regular interval ,
plotting of that weight on a graph ( called growth chart) enable one to see
changes in weight, and giving to the mother base on the weight change.
 It keep a regular track on something, like every week or every month
 It helps in early identification and treatment of growth disorder which
improves outcome.
 It identifies undernutrition or over nutrition .
 Growth monitoring must start at an early age in the child life, right from
birth. New born and children from birth to month should weight weekly ,
from one month to 3 years should once every month.

How to measure growth
Growth assessment involves:
1. Measuring a child weight
2. Height ( length)
3. Arm circumference
4. Head and chest circumference
The most accurate and sensitive measure of growth is weight gain, by weighing a child
regularly to see how much weight the child has gain
 It is best done on a growth chart
Other way are by measuring the height (length) , arm circumference.

weight
 regular weighing of the child is necessary for monitoring growth. This is
done on growth chart.
 From birth to one month should weigh every week, from one month to 3
years of age should once in a month.
 Scale must be on a flat and firm surface’
 Child must be undressed completely and weigh on a weighing scale

Types of scales
Weight can be recorded using a :
1. Beam type weighing balance:
 it advantage is that is accurate
and reliable .
 It disadvantage is that, it heavy
and expensive and require lot of
manual efforts and precision

2. Salter( dial) spring scale:
 It is reliable light and portable
 Weight are marked in kilograms around
 Can weigh children up to 25 kg not more
than 25 kg.
How to weigh it
 Undressed the child completely and placed
on the weighing pant.
 Make sure the child hang freely and not to
hold on anything.
 When the child is settled and the arrow is
ready read the child weight at eye level. Eg
( 6.4 kg).
 And ask another health worker to repeat the
weight for verification and record it’

3. Electronic weighing scales for new born
and infant:
 The scale are essential in pediatric
healthcare settings, maternity ward,
pediatrician offices where growth and
development where monitor.
 Scale show reading in various units such
as, pounds ,ounces, kilograms ,or gram.
How to weigh it
 Place the scale on a flat and firm
surface.
 Undressed and place on the scale.
 record the scale.

HEIGHT( LENGTH)
 This is measure immediately after weighing
 Remove the child shoes and socks
 Undo braids and remove hair ornaments if interfere the
measurement
 If a child age <2 years old, measure the child length lying
down( recumbent) using a length board which should be
place on a flat stable surface such as table,
 with knees straight.
 Two people need to ensure that child is lying straight
 If the child is > 2 years or more ensure the measure should
on a level ground and against a wall.
 Also check shoes and socks and hair ornament.
 Hold the child if not able to stand properly .
 The ideal lenth of full term infant at birth is 50 cm, rises at
60 cm at 3months, 70 cm at nine months, 75cm at 1 year,
90 cm at 2 years.

ARM CIRCUMFERENCE
 Mid upper arm circumference is measure by using
a tape around the arm .
 Ask the mother to remove clothes.
 Calculates the mid point of the child left arm.
 Bend the elbow to make the right angle.
 Place the tape at zero which indicated two arrow
and pull the tape straight.
 Mark the mid point with pen on the arm and read
the number to the nearest cm.

Head circumference
 the head circumference present growth on the brain
 Head circumference increases by 2cm/month for the
first 3 months, then 1cm/month from 3-6 months, then
by 0.5cm/month from 6-12 months
 Measures 34-35 cm at birth, 41 cm at 3 months,44 cm
at 6 months. 47 cm in a year
 it a great value for low birth weight
 Place the tape over the occiput at the back and just
above the supraorbital ridges in front and measure
the point.

GROWTH CHART
 It was first design by divide Morley and later modified by WHO(2).
 Important tool for growth and nutritional status for clinical and
epidemiologist
 Consist of series of percentile curve
 The chart is a little display of a graph, showing showing horizontal x axis
and longitudinal Y axis.
 WHO charts- blue for boys and pink for girls.
 it help to sensitize health worker
 For identification for over weight and under weight.

INTERPRETATION OF GROWTH CHART
Z score Height for age Weight for age
>3 May be
abnormal
May be
abnormal
>2 Normal Normal
>! Normal Use BMI
0 normal Use BMI
<-1 Normal Normal
<-2 stunted underweight
<-3 Severely stunted Severely
underweight

Growth curve
 Formed by joining the plotting point on the growth
chart.
 The curve whether the child is growing or not.
 Help to determine the growth pattern of a child.
 Upward curve indicates adequate weight gain for the
child , the child is growing well and healthy.
 Flat curve indicates the child has not gain weight and
is not growing adequately.
 Downward curve indicates loss of weight. The child
requires immediate referral and health care.

Development
Child development refers to how a child develops functional skills to change from being an
immobile and fully dependent infants through childhood to become a fully functional and
dependent young adult.
the progress is monitor by noting the achievement of developmental milestones, which
mark the acquisition of skills in 4 domains.
 Gross motor: the skills of using large muscle groups such as the limb and trunk, progressing
from rolling to sitting to walking
 Fine motor: skills perform by using smaller muscles for example manipulation of object and
drawing by muscle of the hand
 Communicating and language: the use of gesture( non verbal communication), the
development of speech and understanding of language.
 Social: the skills need to interact appropriately with other and to carry out self care
activities such as feeding and toileting.

References
 www.eurekamedicine.com
 World health organization growth standards
 Slideshare
 Short text book of pediatrics.

Growth and Development.pptxmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

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