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Guava production technology
- 3. Botanical Name : Psidium guajava Family : Myrtaceae Centre of Origin : Tropical America Pollination System : Self pollinated Chromosome No. : 2n=22,33
- 6. • Guava (Psidium guajava L.), an important fruit crop is grown throughout the tropical and sub-tropical parts of India due to its a hardy nature and wider adaptability. • There has been a paradigm shift in its production system from subsistence to commercial cultivation. • It is also called as apple of tropics and poor mans apple.
- 7. Over the last decade (2001 -2010), the area and production have increased 1.3 times (1.55 to 2.05 lakh hectares) and 1.4 times (17.16 to 24.62 lakh tons), respectively. In spite of substantial increase in area and production, there is an ample scope for area expansion; due to its precocious and prolific bearing habit, which in turn ensures high returns to the guava growers.
- 8. • In India, guava is well adapted in almost all the states and principally produced in Maharashtra, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. • Guava contributes 4 per cent of the total fruit production which is around 18.23 million tons from 182 thousand hectares. The productivity is around 9.9 MT /ha. • Maharashtra is the leading guava producer both in area and production followed by Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. • But its productivity is highest in Karnataka followed by Punjab, Bengal and Gujarat. However, overall productivity is far from its actual potential.
- 10. Guava is an important fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions of the country due to the hardy nature of its tree and prolific bearing even in marginal lands. Currently, there is a worldwide trend to plant fruit trees at higher density or meadow orcharding to control tree size and maintain desired architecture for better light interception and ease in operations such as pruning, pest control and harvesting. The high density or meadow orcharding facilitates enhance production and quality of fruits.
- 17. The Guava Trees are very hardy and could thrive in all types of soil conditions from alluvial to that of the lateritic, but they were sensitive to water logging. It could, however, be grown on heavier but well- drained soil. The best soils were deep, friable and well-drained ones. It could grow in a soil having a pH of 6.5 to 8.5. As Guava was a surface rooted plant, the surface soil should be rich in its fertility.
- 18. • Guava was successfully grown under Tropical and subtropical climatic • conditions. In areas having a distinct winter season, the yield tended to increase • and the quality also improved much. It could grow from sea level to an altitude of • about 5,000 Feet (1,515 Metre). It grows best when the annual rainfall was below • 40 Inches (1,016 Millimetre) and was restricted between June and September.
- 19. Lalit is guava variety with attractive saffron yellow colour with occasional red blush and are medium sized with an average weight. Flesh of fruit is firm and pink in colour. It has good blend of sugar and acid. It is suitable for both table and processing purposes. The pink colour in the beverage made from its pulp remains stable for more than a year during storage.
- 20. It is from the cross Kamsari x Purple Local. The pulp is firm and deep pink in colour. Fruit weight is on an average about 90-120g. The TSS is around 13-14 and keeping quality is good.
- 21. It is from the cross Kamsari x Purple Local. This hybrid is prolific and early bearer than its parents. Medium sized (180-200g) globose fruits with deep pink pulp, and medium soft seeds with TSS (12° Brix) It has yield potential of 30-35 t/ha
- 22. Shweta It is a half-sib selection from Apple Colour with attractive fruits. Fruits of this selection are sub-globose with few soft seeds, high TSS (140 Brix) and has good yield potential.
- 23. The Apple Guava fruits were medium sized and pink colored. They were sweet in taste with a good keeping quality. They required a low temperature for the development of their good pink color.
- 24. Seedless varieties namely Saharanpur Seedless, Nagpur Seedless and others were more or less of the same Type. Two types of fruits, the completely seedless and the partly seeded, were grown as a seedless plant variety.Thecompletely seedless fruits developed on the shoots rising from the Stem and were bigger in size and irregular in their shape.
- 25. Red fleshed varieties Arka Kiran
- 26. Arka Mridula was a seedling of a selected variety of Allahabad Safeda. Its medium sized fruits were of excellent quality with high TSS. The white pulp had only very few soft seeds. The plants were of medium vigour but were high yielding.
- 27. ARKA AMULYA: It is a progeny from the cross Allahabad Safeda x Triploid. Plants are medium in vigor and spreading type. Fruits are round in shape. Skin is smooth and yellow in colour. Fruits on an average weigh about 180 - 200 g, flesh is white in colour and firm. T.S.S is around 12° Brix, soft seeded, weight of 100 seeds is 1.80g. Keeping quality is good.
- 28. Allahabad Surkha was an outstanding variety with large, uniform pink fruits with a deep pink flesh. The plants produced upto 120 Kilograms Fruits in its sixth year of fruiting. The Fruit was sweet, strongly flavoured with very few seeds.
- 29. It is the most important variety of guava used for table as well as processing purposes. Fruit is of medium size, round in shape with smooth skin and white flesh. The fruits are relatively soft with less seeds. Its keeping quality is good.
- 30. Banarasi : The variety attains a height of 4.0 to 5.5 m with a broad crown and fruits are round, light- yellow in colour. It is mainly cultivated for table purpose.
- 31. Chittidar : The Chittidar is similar to the Safeda except that it has many pinkish red dots of the size of a pinhead on the surface of the fruit.
- 32. Harijha : The variety attains a height of about 3.5 to 4.5 m and is sparsely branched. Fruits are round,greenishyellow in colour with a sweet taste
- 33. Red Fleshed : Tree attains 3-5m height. The branches are spreading with roundish oval fruit, which has yellowish skin with pink colour flesh.
- 34. Lucknow 49 -Selection from Allahabad safeda Spreading and profuse bearing habit Fruits are skin yellowish collour , soft flesh with few seeds
- 35. TRY (G) 1: It is Off season bearing, shiny greenish yellow fruit with desirable aroma. Fruits are having high TSS (10o Brix) & ascorbic acid (180.8 mg/100 g. edible part). It is resistant to fruit fly and tolerant to mealy bug, scale, mite and wilt. This withstands drought and sodicity tolerant.
- 36. Safeda Jam: (Allahabad safeda x Kohir) FRS, Sangareddy (A.P) Fruits size bigger, soft seed, excellent fruit quality. Kohir safeda: (Kohir x Allahabad safeda) Fruits bigger is size less seed, yield & quality better than the parents.
- 39. Lalit , a new variety of Guava had been released by the CISH, Lucknow for commercial cultivation. Its fruits were medium-sized (185 Kilograms) with an attractive saffron-yellow colour with a red blush. Its flesh was firm and pink with Pant Prabhat had been selected by the Department of Horticulture,GBPU&T, Pantnagar (Uttranchal), for commercial cultivation
- 42. Guava can be propagated by seeds as well as by vegetative means. However, vegetative propagation methods are preferred over the seed propagation because in spite of being self pollinated crop, cross pollination is common in guava. Seed propagation cannot maintain the genetic purity and results in large variation in the seedling population because of segregation and recombination of characters during sexual reproduction
- 43. • The shoots are headed back to maintain the root and shoot balance before planting in the nursery. • Before separating the stools, a light irrigation should be given if soil is dry. • After separating the shoots apply ample quantity of manures and fertilizers and level the field. • Stooling can be done twice a year (spring and rainy season) and in this way, one can get 30-40 stools per mother plant per year. • The stooling of a mother stool can be done for many years.
- 44. Indole Butyric acid (IBA) @ 2,500 ppm in lanolin is applied to the upper portion of the girdled shoots and shoots are left open for 2-3 cm days after IBA application. These shoots are covered/ mounded with soil to encourage rooting in the stools. After 6-8 weeks, the roots are fully developed in the shoots and these shoots can be separated and planted in nursery.
- 45. • Air layering is also known as ‘goottee’ which is mainly practiced during rainy season (June to September) because of high rooting and survival of layers (80-85%). • For air layering 1 year old branches of 1 to 1.5 m length are selected. A ring of bark of 2.5 to 3.0 cm long is removed from 45 cm away from the tip. • For better rooting IBA (root promoting plant growth hormone) @ 4000-5000 ppm is applied at the upper cut end of girdled area. • The girdled area is covered with moist sphagnum moss and wrapped with polythene tape.
- 46. Rooting starts within 3-5 weeks. After 6 to 8 weeks when sufficient roots are visible through the transparent tape, the layer is removed from the branch by means of cutting the stem below the girdled area in stages. The polythene film is removed from the finally severed rooted stem and some of the top is headed back which is then potted and kept in the shade until new leaves appear. When the new flushes are produced, the plants can be transplanted in the field..
- 48. a. Approach grafting/Inarching: • Inarching or approach grafting is the oldest technique employed in many guava growing areas. • This methods yields very high success (85 to 95%) during rainy season. • A thin slice of bark about 2.5-3 inches in length and about 1/3 inch in thickness at a height of 15-20 cm above the ground level is removed from the rootstock with sharp knife.
- 49. A similar cut is made in the branch of mother plant to be used as scion. The cut portions of both rootstock and scion are brought together and tied firmly with the help of grafting tape. After two months, stock above and scion below the union are cut gradually. Suckers sprouting from the rootstock are also removed.
- 51. • The technique involves growing of seedlings in polyethylene bags, grafting, capping and hardening of grafts. • Seedlings are raised for rootstocks in the nursery for approximately 6 to 8 months. • When the stem diameter of seedling is of pencil thickness (0.5-1.0 cm) they are chosen for wedge grafting. • In this technique, proper selection and preparation of scion sticks is very important for obtaining higher success.
- 52. 15-20 cm long shoots (3-4 months old) with 3-4 healthy buds and of pencil thickness should be selected for grafting. Selected scion shoots are defoliated on the mother plant, about a week prior to detaching. At the same time, the apical growing portion of selected shoot is also beheaded. This helps in forcing the dormant buds to swell. In this way, the buds on the scion are ready to start sprouting at the time of grafting.
- 54. In areas of high atmospheric humidity budding could be practiced. Different budding techniques could be employed like forkert, shield and patch. Patch budding can be done during May –June with 75-80 per cent success. For patch budding seedlings of pencil thickness and about one year age with uniform active growth are selected.
- 55. The trees from which buds are taken should be highly vegetative with lush succulent growth to permit easy separation of buds from the stem. It is better to take swollen and un sprouted dormant buds from leaf axils of mature twigs of the scion variety. A patch of approximately 1-1.5 cm length with a bud is removed from the scion variety. Similarly, 1-1.5 cm long patch is removed from the rootstock and bud is fitted into the remaining portion on the stock seedling.
- 56. As guava responds very well to pruning, the following plant densities have been recommended by Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow for early, higher and quality guava production: A. 3.0m(row to row) x 1.5m(plant to plant) accommodating2222 plants / ha B. 3.0m (row to row) x3.0m(plant to plant) accommodating 1111plants/ha C. 6.0m(row to row) x 3.0m(plant to plant) accommodating 555plants/ha Establishing High Density Orchard
- 58. Plants spaced at 1x2 m accommodates 5000 plants per hectare Plants are topped 2 months of planting in October for emergence of new shoots below cut ends 50 per cent length of each new shoot , pruned again in December-January for induction of more shoots ; good spread is attained by May ; flower buds differentiate
- 59. Production starts from very first year of planting, 12.5 tons reaching up to 55 tons per hectare by 6-7 years Lalit performs very well in UHDP system This technology for meadow orcharding in guava developed at CISH, Lucknow which has spread to different parts of the country especially in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh ; Lalit Guava responds very well
- 60. Planting distance: 2.0 x 1.0m Heading back at height of 30 to 40 cm New growths after pruning Growth after 2nd pruning Growth after 3rd pruning Flowering after 3rd pruning
- 61. 1st year Fruiting in UHDP : Guava 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year After 5th
- 63. Attributes Traditional systems Meadow systems Bearing After two years From first year Production Overall production is low (12- 20 t ha-1 ) Increased overall production (30-50 t ha-1 ) Management Difficult to manage due to large size of trees Easy to manage due to small trees Labor requirement More Minimum Production cost Higher cost of production Reduced cost of production Harvesting Difficult Easy Quality Large canopy, poor sunlight penetration and poor quality Small canopy encourages air to circulate and sunlight to penetrate into centre of the tree canopy, good air circulation minimizes disease, sunlight interception contributes to high fruit quality and colour Comparison between traditional systems and HDP systems of guava growing
- 64. • CISH technology on rejuvenation involves heading back of trees to a level of 1.0-1.5 m from ground level • Emerging shoots are allowed to grow (40-50 cm) for 4-5 months after heading back • Shoots are further pruned to 50 per cent of their length to allow • Profuse fruiting and yield increases to about 70-90 per cent over non-rejuvenated trees is observed in the very first year of operation • Yield, fruit size and quality increase due to better light penetration into the canopy
- 65. Stages of rejuvenation in guava
- 66. Heading back of branches of guava tree Newly emerged shoots on beheaded branches of the tree Full growth after five months of heading back Showing shoot pruning after 5 month of heading back continued…
- 67. • Guava Tree normally produced as many as Three crops in a year; which was a unique phenomenon of the Tropical and sub-tropical regions because there was more than one growing season during a year. • In a mild climate, Guava could flower and bear fruits throughout the year, provided water and temperature did not become the limiting factors.
- 68. The blooming period had varied from 25 to 45 days depending upon thecultivar, season and the region where it is grown. The formation of the fruit could first be noticed after 12 days from flowering. The rainy season crop was harvested during August and the winter season crop during
- 69. • The Field should be deeply ploughed and properly leveled before the planting operations were begun. • Guava could be planted in February-March or August- September with earth balls or even bare rooted. • In the later case, the plants should be defoliated and the roots should be covered with some moist material.
- 70. Training is done primarily to give form to the tree. For development of a strong framework the first 60 to 90 cm from the base of the trunk should be cleaned followed by 4 to 5 scaffold branches at an interval of 20-25 cm. When the plants attained a height of about 1.5m to 1.8 m, it is headed back to make the center open.
- 71. In some parts of India (Maharashtra and South Bengal), the branches are bent downward and tied to each other. Thus forcing the dormant buds to grow. This results in increased yields. The trees are rarely pruned in North India, but light annual pruning after harvesting to promote vegetative growth and flowering is desirable. All dead, diseased, crowded growth and suckers sprouting from the base and sides of the framework are pruned back annually. Pruned trees give larger fruits and early ripening
- 74. Weed Control The orchard should be kept always free from weeds. During rainy season, weeding is done periodically. Light harrowing can check the weeds effectively. The weed growth around the seedlings should be kept down and used as a mulch.
- 75. There are three distinct flowering seasons with corresponding harvesting periods-rainy, winter and spring. It is desirable to take only one crop in a year. In South India the rainy season crop is preferred even though it is of poor quality, since the price is high at this time. In North India, winter crop is of better quality and the fruits also escape the attack of white flies.
- 76. In Western India, root pruning of guava to regulate the season of harvesting, as is done in the case of mandarins, is recommended in heavy soils only. In lighter soils, withholding of water serves the purpose. This practice is known as bahar treatment.
- 77. Fruit-Set About 80-90 per cent flowers of guava set fruit initially of which 35 to 60 per cent reaches maturity. The formation of fruit-set is noticed after 10-12 days of flowering. Spraying of GA3 at 15 to 30 ppm increased the fruit-set.
- 78. Different thinning chemicals, like NAA, NAD, 2,4-D, ONOC and urea are effective in de blossoming rainy-season flowers and fruitless and subsequent increase of winter crop. Spraying of NAA (50-100 mg/l) 2,4-0 (50-100 mg/l) ONOC (5- 10 mg/l) or urea at 10 per cent during April was effective to thin the summer seasons flowers and increased yield in winter.
- 79. Bahar Water stress Flowering Fruiting Ambe bahar (February) December- January February- March July-August Hasta bahar(Octobe r) August- September October- November March-April Mrig bahar (June) 3 week of April June-July NovemberDe cember
- 80. • The young Guava plants required irrigation at weekly intervals during the summer months and 2 to 3 irrigations during the winter months. • To the Fruit bearing trees, irrigation should be given for the flowering and for the better fruit setting at an interval of 2 to 3 weeks during the summer months and at monthly intervals during the winter months.
- 81. The fruits of Guava were borne on the basis of the current season s growth, and therefore, manures and fertilizers‟ encouraged the vegetative growth and the bearing of fruits. The Fertilization of the Guava plants not only increased their yield but also improved the quality of the Fruits.
- 83. • Farmyard manure should be applied in May. One half of the inorganic fertilizer should be applied during the period May –June and the remaining half during the period September-October. • Zinc Deficiency • Zinc deficiency was a common problem in the growth of the Guava plants.The affected plants produced small leaves with yellowing or chlorosis in between the veins of the plants. • The plant growth was suppressed and the branches dive back.
- 84. The zinc deficiency could be corrected by spraying the trees with the zinc sulphate lime mixture (1 Kilogram of zinc sulphate + ½ Kilogram of un slaked lime in 100 Litres of water). Two or three such sprays should be given atfortnightly intervals to cure the Zinc deficiency in the plants.
- 85. • The inter space between the plants could be economically utilized by suitable intercrops planted during the pre-bearing period in the Guava Orchards. • During initial 3 to 4 years, vegetables like brinjal , radish, carrot and okra could be Inter planted in the vacant spots of land. • The leguminous crops like cowpea, grams , beans and the like should be sown as safe intercrops. • Intercropping should be stopped when the trees attained the age of full growth.
- 86. • Guavas were harvested throughout the year (except during May and June) in one or the other Region of India. • Peak harvesting periods in North India were August for the rainy season crop • November-December for the winter season crop • March-April for the spring season crop.
- 87. The fruits were packed in baskets made from locally available packaging material. For distant markets, the wooden or corrugated fiberboard boxes were used along with good cushioning materials such as paddy straw, dry grass, Guava leaves or rough paper. Good ventilation was necessary to check the buildup of the heat. Guava was a delicate fruit which required very careful handling while Harvesting and Transporting. The fruits should reach the consumer in a fine condition.
- 88. • Being highly perishable by its nature, the Guava fruits should be marketed immediately after harvest. • However, the Fruits could be stored for a few days, to adjust to the market demand conditions. • Chundawat and others (1976) had reported that all the cultivars except the Allahabad Safeda could be stored for 2 days at the room temperature. • The Safeda could be stored for 4 weeks in cold storage at 47 to 57F (8.5-14C) (Singh and Mathur, 1954).
- 89. Singh and others (1976) had stored the Guava successfully up to 6 days in perforated polythene bags and wooden boxes without rotting and without much weight loss. At room temperatures, the fruits treated with aureofungin and ethylene chlorohydrin plus calcium carbonate could be stored for a period of 5 days without spoilage and up to 7 days with a 25 per cent spoilage only.
- 90. During the Monsoon, the adult Flies lay eggs on the surface of the Fruit. On hatching, the maggots entered into the fruits and in most cases the fruits dropped. Spraying of malathion , demicron , and the like and the burning of the infected fruits minimized the incidence.
- 91. Mealy Bug (Ferrisia varigata, Planococcos citri) : The tiny small bugs usually suck sap from twigs, leaves and flowers. Infested fruits will have uneven shapes, poor quality, and are susceptible to secondary infections by pathogens. Control : Soil application of Thimet and banding the tree trunk with polyethylene film will prevent the nymph to climb up from the soil. Spraying 400-ml neem oil with 50-ml liquid soap in 10 liters of water and repeating the spray after 10 days has been found effective.
- 93. Kajji Bug : Scab (Kajji) like symptoms are observed on fruits due to the infestation of the pest. Wart like formation develops on fruits due to secondary infection caused by decaying organisms. Control : Spray Carbaryl 50 WP 40g or Malathion 50 EC 20ml/10 liters in water, at early fruitset
- 94. This fungal disease Wilt was known to occur in Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. It was characterized by the yellowing of the leaves followed by the drying of the leaves and twigs from the tip and the complete wilting of the trees within 10 to 15 days. The disease occured more severely in the alkaline soils. Anthracnose, Stem Canker and Cercospora Leaf Spot were the other diseases which affected the Guava plant.
- 96. Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora sawadae) : Water-soaked patches under the leaf are the characteristic symptoms of the disease. Control : Spraying copper oxychloride at 0.3 per cent can reduce the infection.
- 98. Scab (Pestalotia psidii) : The fungus mainly attacks the unripe fruits to produce dark scabby lesions, 2-4mm in diameter. The scab disfigures the fruits and their market value is considerably reduced. Control : Application of Zineb 20g or Chlorthalonil-20g/10 litres of water at the time of flowering and then subsequent sprays at 15 days interval helps to control the disease effectively.
- 100. (Gloesporium psidii, Glomerella psidii) : The affected plants showed signs of die back from the tip of the branch. Control : Spraying the trees with Copper Oxychloride, Cuprous Oxide or Difolatan controls the disease
- 101. Cracks and lesions appear on stems. Twigs wilt due to collapse of stem tissues . Removal of all affected parts and pasting wounds and cut ends with copper fungicides can control this disease.
- 102. This is a complex nutritional disorder due to p ,k and zn deficiencies and is associated with soil , varietal and nutritional factors. Inciedence become more during rainy season and mild during winter . Allahabad safeda is free from this disorder.