Gunther hagleitner：apache hive & stinger

Apache Hive & Stinger
Petabyte-scale SQL in Hadoop

Gunther Hagleitner
(gunther@apache.org)

© Hortonworks Inc. 2013.

Batch AND Interactive SQL-IN-Hadoop
Stinger Initiative

A broad, community-based effort to
drive the next generation of HIVE

Stinger Project
(announced February 2013)
Hive 0.11, May 2013:
• Base Optimizations
• SQL Analytic Functions
• ORCFile, Modern File Format

Goals:

Speed
Improve Hive query performance by 100X to
allow for interactive query times (seconds)

Scale
The only SQL interface to Hadoop designed
for queries that scale from TB to PB

Hive 0.12, October 2013:
•
•
•
•

VARCHAR, DATE Types
ORCFile predicate pushdown
Advanced Optimizations
Performance Boosts via YARN

Coming Soon:

SQL
Support broadest range of SQL semantics for
analytic applications running against Hadoop

…all IN Hadoop

•
•
•
•
•

Hive on Apache Tez
Query Service
Buffer Cache
Cost Based Optimizer (Optiq)
Vectorized Processing

Hive 0.12
Hive 0.12
Release Theme

Speed, Scale and SQL

Specific Features

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Included
Components


10x faster query launch when using large number
(500+) of partitions
ORC File predicate pushdown speeds queries
Evaluate LIMIT on the map side
Parallel ORDER BY
New query optimizer
Introduces VARCHAR and DATE data types
GROUP BY on structs or unions

Apache Hive 0.12

SQL: Enhancing SQL Semantics
Hive SQL Datatypes

Hive SQL Semantics

SQL Compliance

INT

SELECT, INSERT

TINYINT/SMALLINT/BIGINT

GROUP BY, ORDER BY, SORT BY

BOOLEAN

JOIN on explicit join key

FLOAT

Inner, outer, cross and semi joins

DOUBLE

Sub-queries in FROM clause

Hive 12 provides a wide
array of SQL data types
and semantics so your
existing tools integrate
more seamlessly with
Hadoop

STRING

ROLLUP and CUBE

TIMESTAMP

UNION

BINARY

Windowing Functions (OVER, RANK, etc)

DECIMAL

Custom Java UDFs

ARRAY, MAP, STRUCT, UNION

Standard Aggregation (SUM, AVG, etc.)

DATE

Advanced UDFs (ngram, Xpath, URL)

VARCHAR

Sub-queries in WHERE, HAVING

CHAR

Expanded JOIN Syntax
SQL Compliant Security (GRANT, etc.)
INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE (ACID)

Available
Hive 0.12

Roadmap

Insert, Update and Delete (ACID)

HIVE-5317

• Additional SQL statements:
•
•
•
•
•
•

INSERT INTO table SELECT …
INSERT INTO table VALUES …
UPDATE table SET … WHERE …
DELETE FROM table WHERE …
MERGE INTO table …
BEGIN/END TRANSACTION

Page 5

Insert, Update and Delete


Page 6

SQL Compliant security

HIVE-5317

• Hive user has access to HDFS files
• Manages fine grained access via standard:
– Users and roles

–Privileges (insert, select, update, delete, all)
–Objects (tables, views)

–Grant/Revoke/Show statements to administrate
• Special roles
• PUBLIC – all users belong to this role
• SUPERUSER – privilege to create/drop role, grant access, …

• Trusted UDFs
• Pluggable sources for user to role mapping.
• E.g.: HDFS groups

Page 7

Extended sub-query support
• Sub-queries in where/having clause
• (NOT) IN/EXISTS
• Transformation at a high level are:
• In/Exists => Left outer join
• Not In/Exists => Left outer join
+ null check
• Correlation converted to “group by”
in sub-query
• Will work only if query can be flattened
• No “brute force” of sub-query


HIVE-784

Example:
select o_orderpriority, count(*)
from orders o
where
o_orderdate >= ’2013-01-01’
and exists (
select *
from lineitem
where
l_orderkey = o.o_orderkey
and l_commitdate < l_receiptdate
)
group by o_orderpriority
order by o_orderpriority;

HIVE-784

Alternate join syntax
• Allows for ‘comma separated’
join syntax
• Easier to use
• Facilitates integration with tools
• Important aspect is correct push
down of predicates
• Cross product is very expensive
• Conditions need to be pushed as
close to the table source as possible


Example:
select o_orderpriority, count(*)
from orders, lineitem
where
o_orderdate >= ’2013-01-01’
and l_orderkey = o_orderkey
and l_commitdate < l_receiptdate
group by o_orderpriority
order by o_orderpriority;

YARN: Taking Hadoop Beyond Batch
Store ALL DATA in one place…
Interact with that data in MULTIPLE WAYS

with Predictable Performance and Quality of Service
Applications Run Natively IN Hadoop
BATCH
INTERACTIVE
(MapReduce)
(Tez)

ONLINE
(HBase)

STREAMING
(Storm, S4,…)

GRAPH
(Giraph)

IN-MEMORY
(Spark)

HPC MPI
(OpenMPI)

OTHER
(Search)
(Weave…)

YARN (Cluster Resource Management)
HDFS2 (Redundant, Reliable Storage)


Page 10

Apache Tez (“Speed”)
• Replaces MapReduce as primitive for Pig, Hive, Cascading etc.
– Smaller latency for interactive queries
– Higher throughput for batch queries
– 22 contributors: Hortonworks (13), Facebook, Twitter, Yahoo, Microsoft
Task with pluggable Input, Processor and Output

Input

Processor

Output

Task
Tez Task - <Input, Processor, Output>

YARN ApplicationMaster to run DAG of Tez Tasks

Tez: Building blocks for scalable data processing
Classical ‘Map’

HDFS
Input

Map
Processor

Classical ‘Reduce’

Sorted
Output

Shuffle
Input

Shuffle
Input

Reduce
Processor

Sorted
Output

Intermediate ‘Reduce’ for
Map-Reduce-Reduce

Reduce
Processor

HDFS
Output

HIVE-4660

Hive-on-MR vs. Hive-on-Tez
SELECT g1.x, g1.avg, g2.cnt
FROM (SELECT a.x, AVERAGE(a.y) AS avg FROM a GROUP BY a.x) g1
JOIN (SELECT b.x, COUNT(b.y) AS avg FROM b GROUP BY b.x) g2
ON (g1.x = g2.x)
ORDER BY avg;

Hive – MR
M

M

Hive – Tez
GROUP b BY b.x

M

M

GROUP a BY a.x
R

Tez avoids
unnecessary writes
to HDFS

GROUP BY x

M
M

R

M

M

M

R
R

HDFS

JOIN (a,b)

HDFS

M

GROUP BY a.x
JOIN (a,b)
R

M

R

R

ORDER BY
HDFS

M

ORDER BY
R


R

M

Tez Sessions
… because Map/Reduce query startup is expensive

• Tez Sessions
– Hot containers ready for immediate use
– Removes task and job launch overhead (~5s – 30s)

• Hive
– Session launch/shutdown in background (seamless, user not
aware)
– Submits query plan directly to Tez Session

Native Hadoop service, not ad-hoc

Tez Delivers Interactive Query - Out of the Box!
Feature
Tez Session
Tez Container PreLaunch

Description
Overcomes Map-Reduce job-launch latency by prelaunching Tez AppMaster

Latency

Overcomes Map-Reduce latency by pre-launching
hot containers ready to serve queries.

Latency

Finished maps and reduces pick up more work
Tez Container Re-Use rather than exiting. Reduces latency and eliminates
difficult split-size tuning. Out of box performance!
Runtime reRuntime query tuning by picking aggregation
configuration of DAG parallelism using online query statistics
Tez In-Memory Cache Hot data kept in RAM for fast access.

Complex DAGs

Benefit

Tez Broadcast Edge and Map-Reduce-Reduce
pattern improve query scale and throughput.

Latency

Throughput

Latency

Throughput
Page 15

ORC File Format

HIVE-3874

• Columnar format for complex data types
• Built into Hive from 0.11
• Support for Pig and MapReduce via HCatalog
• Two levels of compression
–Lightweight type-specific and generic

• Built in indexes
–Every 10,000 rows with position information
–Min, Max, Sum, Count of each column
–Supports seek to row number


Page 16

ORC File Format
• Hive 0.12
–Predicate Push Down
–Improved run length encoding
–Adaptive string dictionaries
–Padding stripes to HDFS block boundaries

• Trunk
–Stripe-based Input Splits
–Input Split elimination
–Vectorized Reader
–Customized Pig Load and Store functions


Page 17

Vectorized Query Execution

HIVE-4160

• Designed for Modern Processor Architectures
–Avoid branching in the inner loop.
–Make the most use of L1 and L2 cache.

• How It Works
–Process records in batches of 1,000 rows
–Generate code from templates to minimize branching.

• What It Gives
–30x improvement in rows processed per second.
–Initial prototype: 100M rows/sec on laptop


Page 18

HDFS Buffer Cache
• Use memory mapped buffers for zero copy
–Avoid overhead of going through DataNode
–Can mlock the block files into RAM

• ORC Reader enhanced for zero-copy reads
–New compression interfaces in Hadoop

• Vectorization specific reader
–Read 1000 rows at a time
–Read into Hive’s internal representation


Cost-based optimization (Optiq)

HIVE-5775

• Optiq: Open source, Apache licensed query execution framework in Java
– Used by Apache Drill, Apache Cascade, Lucene DB, …
– Based on Volcano paper
– 20 man years dev, more than 50 optimization rules

• Goals for hive
– Ease of Use – no manual tuning for queries, make choices automatically based on cost
– View Chaining/Ad hoc queries involving multiple views
– Help enable BI Tools front-ending Hive
– Emphasis on latency reduction

• Cost computation will be used for
 Join ordering
 Join algorithm selection
 Tez vertex boundary selection


Page 20

How Stinger Phase 3 Delivers Interactive Query

Feature

Description

Benefit

Tez Integration

Tez is significantly better engine than MapReduce

Latency

Vectorized Query

Take advantage of modern hardware by processing
thousand-row blocks rather than row-at-a-time.

Throughput

Query Planner

ORC File

Using extensive statistics now available in Metastore
to better plan and optimize query, including
predicate pushdown during compilation to eliminate
portions of input (beyond partition pruning)

Latency

Columnar, type aware format with indices

Latency

Cost Based Optimizer Join re-ordering and other optimizations based on
(Optiq)
column statistics including histograms etc. (future)


Latency

Page 21

SCALE: Interactive Query at Petabyte Scale
Sustained Query Times

Smaller Footprint

Apache Hive 0.12 provides
sustained acceptable query
times even at petabyte scale

Better encoding with ORC in
Apache Hive 0.12 reduces resource
requirements for your cluster

File Size Comparison Across Encoding Methods
Dataset: TPC-DS Scale 500 Dataset

585 GB
(Original Size)

505 GB

Impala

(14% Smaller)

221 GB
(62% Smaller)

Hive 12

131 GB
(78% Smaller)

Encoded with

Encoded with

Encoded with

Encoded with

Text

RCFile

Parquet

ORCFile


• Larger Block Sizes
• Columnar format
arranges columns
adjacent within the
file for compression
& fast access

Stinger Phase 3: Interactive Query In Hadoop
Query 27: Pricing Analytics using Star Schema Join
Query 82: Inventory Analytics Joining 2 Large Fact Tables
1400s

190x
Improvement

3200s

200x
Improvement

65s
39s
14.9s

7.2s
TPC-DS Query 27

Hive 10

Hive 0.11 (Phase 1)

TPC-DS Query 82

Trunk (Phase 3)

All Results at Scale Factor 200 (Approximately 200GB Data)

Page 23

Speed: Delivering Interactive Query
Query Time in Seconds

Query 52: Star Schema Join
Query 55: Star Schema Join

41.1s

39.8s

4.2s
TPC-DS Query 52
Hive 0.12

Trunk (Phase 3)

4.1s
TPC-DS Query 55

Test Cluster:
• 200 GB Data (ORCFile)
• 20 Nodes, 24GB RAM each, 6x disk each

Speed: Delivering Interactive Query
Query Time in Seconds

Query 28: Vectorization
Query 12: Complex join (M-R-R pattern)

31s
22s

9.8s
TPC-DS Query 28
Hive 0.12

Trunk (Phase 3)

6.7s
TPC-DS Query 12

Test Cluster:
• 200 GB Data (ORCFile)
• 20 Nodes, 24GB RAM each, 6x disk each

Next Steps
• Blog
http://hortonworks.com/blog/delivering-on-stinger-a-phase-3-progress-update/

• Stinger Initiative
http://hortonworks.com/labs/stinger/

• Stinger Beta: HDP-2.1 Beta, December, 2013


Thank You!
gunther@apache.org
gunther@apache.org
@yakrobat
@hortonworks

© Hortonworks Inc. 2013. Confidential and Proprietary.

Gunther hagleitner：apache hive & stinger

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