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Hallucination
- 2. is the phenomenon whereby perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perception where someone sees, hears, smells, tastes or feels things that don't exist outside their mind
- 3. TYPES OF HALLUCINATION CHARACTERISTICS OBSERVABLE BEHAV IOR AUDITORY •Hearing noises or sounds most commonly in the form of voice •Moving eye back and forth as if looking to see who or what is talking VISUAL •Sees a person or object that is not present •Visions can be pleasant or terrifying as in seeing monsters •Suddenly running into another room
- 4. TYPES OF HALLUCINATION CHARACTERISTICS OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR GUSTATORY •Experiences a taste that is not present and frequently is bitter or strong •Spitting out food or a beverage. •Refusing to eat, drink or take medicines TACTILE •Experiences the feeling of a touch. •Feeling electrical sensations coming from the ground, inanimate objects or other people •Slapping self as if putting out a fire
- 5. Drugs which causes hallucinations Drug which alter mood, behavior, thought and perception Psychedelic Psychotogenic Psychotomimetic Synonyms - • Lysergic acid diethylamine • Lysergic acid amide • Psilocybin • Mescaline • Cannabinoids
- 7. How do hallucinogens affect the brain? Interfere with the action of the brain chemical serotonin, which regulates: •mood •sensory perception •sleep •hunger •body temperature •muscle control Interfere with the action of the brain chemical glutamate, which regulates: •pain perception •responses to the environment •emotion •learning and memory Partially work by temporarily disrupting communication between brain chemical systems throughout brain and spinal cord
- 8. LSD •Lysergic acid diethylamine •Most potent hallucinogen •mood-changing chemical •found in the ergot fungus that grows on rye •25-50µg produces all effect • Pharmacology of LSD is indeed quite complex so its mechanisms of action remain unclear
- 9. Lysergic acid amide • Relative of LSD but 10 times less potent •Found in morning glory (Ipomoea violace) seeds
- 10. Psilocybin •Found in Mexican mushroom (Psilocybe mexicana) •also known as Magical mushroom •Mainly interacts with 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor subtypes Synonyms • Shrooms • Magic mushrooms • Sacred mushrooms
- 11. Mescaline •From Mexican “Lophophora williamsii” •Low potency hallucinogen •Phenylalkylamine
- 12. Cannabinoids •Found from Cannabis indica •Used in various forms like Bhang – dried leaves Ganja - dried female infloresence Charas – dried resinous extract
- 13. Zmigrod L, Garrison J, Carr J. The neural mechanisms of hallucinations: A quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2016 (69);113– 123 Strassman R. Hallucinogenic Drugs in Psychiatric Research and Treatment: Perspectives and Prospects, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 183, No. 3, pp. 127-138 Kokate C, Purohit A, Gokhale S. Pharmacognosy. Nirali prakashan, 51th ed, pp-451-453
- 14. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2011) Drug Profiles: Hallucinogenic Mushrooms. Available: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug- profiles/mushrooms. Accessed 21th Sep 2016 National Institute on Drug Abuse (2009) DrugFacts: Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP. Available: http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogen s-lsd-peyote-psilocybin-pcp. Accessed 21th Sep 2016