Hands on with smart contracts 2. Presentation for the Blockchain Applications and Smart Contracts meetup.
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This document provides an overview of blockchain and smart contracts. It discusses Ethereum concepts like accounts, contracts, calls and messages. It also covers Solidity, the most popular smart contract programming language used for Ethereum. The hands-on section demonstrates how to set up a development environment with Truffle, deploy a sample "Hello World" smart contract to the Ethereum test network, and test it.
![ARRAYS
Data Type Example
<type>[M] fixed-length array of fixed-
length type
byte[100]
<type>[] variable-length array of
fixed-length type
byte[]
bytes dynamic sized byte sequence bytes ab;
string dynamic sized Unicode
string
String s = “String”;
fixed<M>x<N>
ufixed<M>x<N>
Signed fixed-point decimal
number of M bits
fixed128x19 f = 1.1;](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hands-onwithsmartcontracts2-180223164401/85/Hands-on-with-smart-contracts-2-Presentation-for-the-Blockchain-Applications-and-Smart-Contracts-meetup-14-320.jpg)
![FUNCTIONS
Functions
Constant
Transactional
Function Visibility
External Can be called via
transactions
Public Can be called via
messages or locally
Internal Only locally called or
from derived contracts
Private Locally called
pragma solidity^0.4.12;
contract Test {
function test(uint[20] a) public returns (uint){
return a[10]*2;
}
function test2(uint[20] a) external returns (uint){
return a[10]*2; }
}
}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hands-onwithsmartcontracts2-180223164401/85/Hands-on-with-smart-contracts-2-Presentation-for-the-Blockchain-Applications-and-Smart-Contracts-meetup-15-320.jpg)
Hands on with smart contracts 2. Presentation for the Blockchain Applications and Smart Contracts meetup.
- 1. BLOCKCHAIN AND SMART CONTRACTS SESSION 2 Hands-on introduction for Software Developers and Architects
- 2. PLAN FOR TODAY Understand basis Etherium concepts Selenium Language Install Etherium Test Network Install truffle code development environment Create your first contract Compile Test
- 3. CONCEPTS • Accounts • Contracts • Messages
- 4. TWO TYPES OF ACCOUNTS Account StorageBalance Code <> Externally Owned Account StorageBalance Account StorageBalance Code <> Contract StorageBalance Code <>
- 5. CONTRACTS Contracts are accounts that contain code Store the state • Example: keeps account balance Source of notifications (events) • Example: messaging service that forwards only messages when certain conditions are met Mapping - relationship between users • Example: mapping real-world financial contract to Etherium contract Act like a software library • Example: return calculated value based on message arguments
- 6. CALLS AND MESSAGES Contract A Contract B Message Call • Source • Target • Data Payload • Ether • Gas • Return Data Externally owned account Message CallSend Transaction Call
- 7. WHAT CONTRACT CAN DO? Read internal state • contract ReadStateDemo { • uint public state; • function read() { • console.log(“State: "+state); • } • } Modify internal State • contract ModStateDemo { • uint public state; • function update() { • state=state+1; • } • } Consume message • contract ReadStateDemo { • uint public state; • function hi() { • console.log(“Hello from: “ "+msg.sender + “ to “ + msg. receiver); • } • } Trigger execution of another contract • contract CallDemo { • function send(address receiver, uint amount) public { • Sent(msg.sender, receiver, amount); • } • }
- 9. REGISTRARS (ETHEREUM NAME SERVICE, ENS) 1. Send ether to an address in Metamask (soon: MEW, Mist, Bitfinex) 2. Use it inside your own contracts to resolve names of other contracts and addresses 3. Store contract ABIs for easy lookup using the ethereum-ens library 4. Address of a Swarm site Use Cases Registry Regista r Resolve r
- 10. ETHER • Wei: 1 • Ada: 1000 • Fentoether: 1000 • Kwei: 1,000 • Mwei: 1,000,000 • Babbage: 1,000,000 • Pictoether: 1,000,000 • Shannon: 1,000,000,000 • Gwei: 1,000,000,000 • Nano: 1,000,000,000 • Szabo: 1,000,000,000,000 • Micro: 1,000,000,000,000 • Microether: 1,000,000,000,000 • Finney: 1,000,000,000,000,000 • Milli: 1,000,000,000,000,000 • Milliether: 1,000,000,000,000,000 • Ether: 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 Wei = 10-18 Ether
- 11. GAS step 1 Default amount of gas to pay for an execution cycle stop 0 Nothing paid for the STOP operation suicide 0 Nothing paid for the SUICIDE operation sha3 20 Paid for a SHA3 operation sload 30 Paid for a SLOAD operation sstore 100 Paid for a normal SSTORE operation (doubled or waived sometimes) balance 20 Paid for a BALANCE operation create 100 Paid for a CREATE operation call 20 Paid for a CALL operation memory 1 Paid for every additional word when expanding memory txdata 5 Paid for every byte of data or code for a transaction transaction 500 Paid for every transaction Example: 300 CPU cycles = 300 gas units = 0.000006 ETH = $0.00553 (as of 2/20/2018) Cost of Gas as in 2018
- 12. 2 MINUTE INTRODUCTION TO SOLIDITY Data Types Functions
- 13. ELEMENTARY DATA TYPES Data Type Example uint<M> , M=1,2,4, …, 256 int<M>, uint, int Unsigned/signed integer uint256 counter = 1; address 160-bit value that does not allow any arithmetic operations. It is suitable for storing addresses of contracts or keypairs belonging to external persons address owner = msg.sender; bool Same as uint8 but values are 0 or 1 Bool b = 0; fixed<M>x<N> ufixed<M>x<N> Signed fixed-point decimal number of M bits fixed128x19 f = 1.1; bytes<M>, M=1..32 Binary of M bytes bytes32 n=123; function Same as bytes24 Function f;
- 14. ARRAYS Data Type Example <type>[M] fixed-length array of fixed- length type byte[100] <type>[] variable-length array of fixed-length type byte[] bytes dynamic sized byte sequence bytes ab; string dynamic sized Unicode string String s = “String”; fixed<M>x<N> ufixed<M>x<N> Signed fixed-point decimal number of M bits fixed128x19 f = 1.1;
- 15. FUNCTIONS Functions Constant Transactional Function Visibility External Can be called via transactions Public Can be called via messages or locally Internal Only locally called or from derived contracts Private Locally called pragma solidity^0.4.12; contract Test { function test(uint[20] a) public returns (uint){ return a[10]*2; } function test2(uint[20] a) external returns (uint){ return a[10]*2; } } }
- 17. PREREQUISITES
- 18. INSTALL TRUFFLE FRAMEWORK •$ sudo npm install -g truffle •$ mkdir solidity-experiments •$ cd solidity-experiments/ •$ truffle init Truffle Framework
- 19. INSTALL AND START LOCAL TEST NETWORK •$ npm install -g ganache-cli •$ ganache-cli & Etherium test network
- 20. CONFIGURE TRUFFLE • module.exports = { • networks: { • development: { • host: "localhost", • port: 8545, • network_id: "*" • } • } • } Update truffle.js
- 21. DEVELOPING SMART CONTRACT WITH TRUFFLE Write Code Create deployment script Migrate/Deploy
- 22. HELLO WORLD CONTRACT (SOLIDITY CODE) pragma solidity ^0.4.4; contract Hello { function Hello() public { // constructor } function sayHello() public pure returns (string) { //console.log("sayHello() function called..."); return 'Hello World!'; } }
- 23. DEPLOYMENT SCRIPT var Hello1 = artifacts.require("./Hello.sol"); module.exports = function(deployer) { deployer.deploy(Hello1); };
- 24. DEPLOY CONTRACT TO THE TEST NETWORK$ truffle console truffle(development)> truffle migrate --reset Using network 'development'. Running migration: 1_initial_migration.js Deploying Migrations... ... 0xb6bbeaaf3649ecb38d548cba96f681682dad9e0225726924fbee3ce3 6eff94e3 Migrations: 0xc08c46796ba0edc0bebbbd0d90868c010055cb0e Saving successful migration to network... ... 0x16fe364b9f2c3e8f07fa1ebd6b84b8ad9b4e750d8698a7e920d824eb d019dd80 Saving artifacts... Running migration: 2_deploy_contracts.js Deploying Hello... ... 0xfe120836b2d7395bd988104feff018fe352f93555f71003bbf1a6467 1cca9ba1 Hello: 0x2b649a87d20ce1ac3b6a0218e911165fa0f095f0 Saving successful migration to network... ... 0x1a09073a3b3f7996f3d63a81a99d8cd09198ad7b467f35f7ddc500a 4291332b9 Saving artifacts... truffle(development)>
- 25. TEST CONTRACT truffle(development)> var he = Hello.at(Hello.address) Undefined truffle(development)> he.sayHello() 'Hello World!'
- 26. STAY IN TOUCH Gene Leybzon https://www.linkedin.com/in/leybzon/ https://www.meetup.com/members/90744 20/ https://www.leybzon.com
Editor's Notes
- #5: Every account has a persistent key-value store mapping 256-bit words to 256-bit words called storage Accounts can be externally owned or contracts
- #7: Message: This is contract-to-contract. These are not delayed by mining because they are part of the transaction execution. Transaction: Like a message, but originates with an externally owned account. It's always a transaction that gets things started, but multiple messages may be fired off to complete the action. Ethereum also has two modes of execution. These modes are indifferent to the syntax or vernacular in the client that summoned the contract. So, the important things are to know which one is appropriate, and how to select it in your client of choice. sendTransaction: Transaction is sent to the network and verified by miners. Sender gets a transaction hash initially since no results are available until after the transaction is mined. These are potentially state-changing. call: Transaction is executed locally on the user's local machine which alone evaluates the result. These are read-only and fast. They can't change the blockchain in any way because they are never sent to the network. Most languages/platforms don't have this idea of running the code in either "read-only/dry run/practice" mode and "read-write/real world/sticky" mode. (https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/12065/what-is-the-difference-between-a-call-message-call-and-a-message)
- #9: https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Serpent
- #10: https://github.com/ethereum/ens https://medium.com/the-ethereum-name-service/a-developers-guide-to-ens-concepts-7004eea8a073
- #12: http://ether.fund/tool/gas-fees https://etherscan.io/chart/gasprice https://ethgasstation.info/calculatorTxV.php
- #14: https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Ethereum-Contract-ABI
- #15: https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Ethereum-Contract-ABI
- #16: https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/19380/external-vs-public-best-practices
- #18: Ubuntu Linux Ask for the WiFi guest password
- #20: https://github.com/trufflesuite/ganache-cli Options: -a or --accounts: Specify the number of accounts to generate at startup. -e or --defaultBalanceEther: Amount of ether to assign each test account. Default is 100. -b or --blocktime: Specify blocktime in seconds for automatic mining. Default is 0 and no auto-mining. -d or --deterministic: Generate deterministic addresses based on a pre-defined mnemonic. -n or --secure: Lock available accounts by default (good for third party transaction signing) -m or --mnemonic: Use a specific HD wallet mnemonic to generate initial addresses. -p or --port: Port number to listen on. Defaults to 8545. -h or --hostname: Hostname to listen on. Defaults to Node's server.listen() default. -s or --seed: Use arbitrary data to generate the HD wallet mnemonic to be used. -g or --gasPrice: Use a custom Gas Price (defaults to 20000000000) -l or --gasLimit: Use a custom Gas Limit (defaults to 90000) -f or --fork: Fork from another currently running Ethereum client at a given block. Input should be the HTTP location and port of the other client, e.g. http://localhost:8545. You can optionally specify the block to fork from using an @sign: http://localhost:8545@1599200. -i or --networkId: Specify the network id the ganache-cli will use to identify itself (defaults to the current time or the network id of the forked blockchain if configured) --db: Specify a path to a directory to save the chain database. If a database already exists, ganache-cli will initialize that chain instead of creating a new one. --debug: Output VM opcodes for debugging --mem: Output ganache-cli memory usage statistics. This replaces normal output. --noVMErrorsOnRPCResponse: Do not transmit transaction failures as RPC errors. Enable this flag for error reporting behaviour which is compatible with other clients such as geth and Parity.
- #23: http://leybzon.blogspot.com/2018/01/hello-world-from-solidity.html
- #24: http://leybzon.blogspot.com/2018/01/hello-world-from-solidity.html
- #25: http://leybzon.blogspot.com/2018/01/hello-world-from-solidity.html
- #26: http://leybzon.blogspot.com/2018/01/hello-world-from-solidity.html