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This document defines and classifies various sources of drug information. It discusses primary sources like journals and reports that contain original research. Secondary sources analyze and interpret primary sources, including review journals and databases. Tertiary sources combine and summarize primary and secondary sources, such as textbooks and encyclopedias. The document provides examples of specific drug information resources and recommends primary and secondary sources to consult for different types of drug-related questions.
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HARSHINI SAIDU
- 1. VARIOUS SOURCES OF DRUGINFORMATION IN SYSTEMIC APPROACH TO PROVIDE UNBIASED INFORMATION
- 2. CONTENTS: • Definition • Classification •Resources • Flow chart of drug information resources
- 3. DEFINITION • It iscalled drug information, medication information, or drug informatics. It’s really the discovery, use, and management of information in the use of medications. Drug information covers the gamut from identification, cost, and pharmacokinetics to dosage and adverse effects.
- 4. • Drug informationsources have been traditionally classified in three different categories: primary, secondary, and tertiary. For a more complete discussion of these categories of information resources, please refer to the following chapter
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- 6. Primary Sources • Primarysources are original materials/information on which other research is based. It includes journal articles of original research, conference papers, dissertations, technical reports, and patents. Primary sources are also sets of data, such as health statistics, which have been tabulated, but not interpreted.
- 7. main type ofpublication in which scientific research is reported. May be published by learned societies or by commercial publishers. A researcher(s) submits an article to a journal. It is then refereed by a editorial board of experts in that field before being accepted/rejected for publication JOURNALS
- 8. Theses: • detailed accountsof research conducted for the awarding of higher academic degrees. The research is assessed by external examiners before the degree is awarded. In many cases, it will also be later reported in a condensed form as a journal article.
- 9. Conferences: • an importantavenue for reporting new research or developments. Papers presented may or may not be subject to editorial scrutiny. Conference papers can be: not published at all, published only in abstract form, published in advance of the conference as a preprint, published in book form, or as a special issue of a journal.
- 10. Reports: • individual publicationsreporting research. They may report internal research within an organization, or research done by an individual or organization under contract to a client. They can be: freely available, available only to members of an organization, only available by purchase. Sometimes the information from the report will also be published in a journal article, but more often, the report is the only source of the information. Many governmental reports (full-text) are now being made available via the Internet.
- 11. Secondary Sources • Secondarysources analyses, evaluates, interprets, re-packages, summarizes or reorganizes information reported by researchers in the primary literature. These include: • Review Journals : These generally start with Annual Review of …, Advances in …, Current Opinion in … • Article Reviews : Articles that summarize the current literature on a specific topic. • Textbooks : These can be either specialized to a narrow topic or a boarder overview. • Data Compilations : Statistical databases (SEERS), Vital & Health Statistics, etc. • Article Indexes/Databases: These can be abstracting or citation (e.g. Biological Abstracts/MEDLINE).
- 12. Tertiary Sources • Tertiarysources consist of primary and secondary source information which has been collected and distilled. They present summaries of or an introduction to the current state of research on a topic, summarize or condense information from primary and secondary sources, or provide a list of primary and secondary sources of more extensive information. Examples are: • Encyclopedias • Almanacs • Fact books • Research Quickstarts/Library Course Pages/Pathfinders
- 13. Primary sources: Journals, thesis, conferences,reports Secondarysources: Review journals, articles, databases Teritory sources: Encyclopedias, textbooks
- 14. FLOWCHART OF DRUGINFORMATION SOURCES:
- 15. RESOURCES BY QUESTIONTYPE Question type First choice Next choice Adverse effects AHFS Drug Information, Facts & Comparisons (Licensed for academic use only) , MICROMEDEX , U pToDate Daily Med, Manufacturers’ web sites, Pub Med Bioequivalence FDA Electronic Orange Book AHFS Drug Information Chemical Data AHFS Drug Information, NLM Drug Information Portal Comparative Information AHFS Drug Information , Facts & Comparisons Licensed for academic use only) , MICROMEDEX Contraindications AHFS Drug Information
- 16. Cost UpToDate Commercialweb sites such as GoodRX.com Disease state Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 9th ed, Dynamed , MEDLINEPl us, Stat Ref , UpToDate MICROMEDEX , Natural Medicines, Clinical Key Dosage Recommendations AHFS Drug Information , Facts & Comparisons(Licensed for academic use only) , MICROMEDEX , G old Standard (Clincal Key) DailyMed, Manufacturers’ web sites Drug administration AHFS Drug Information , Facts & Comparisons(Licensed for academic use only) , MICROMEDEX , G old Standard (Clincal Key) Manufacturers’ web sites, NLM Drug Information Portal
- 17. Drug interactions (drug-drug, drug-food,drug-lab tests, drug-disease, etc.) Facts & Comparisons (Licensed for academic use only), MICROMEDEX, Natural Medicine ,UpToDate (Lexi- Interact) Drug Interactions Program Gold Standard (Clinical Key) , PubMed Drugs in pregnancy and lactation Facts & Comparisons Licensed for academic use only) , MICROMEDEX(ReproRi sk), AHFS Drug Information, Gold Standard (Clincal Key), Natural Medicines Herbal, natural &homepathic products, dietary supplements Natural Medicines CINAHL Plus , EMBASE , MICROMEDE X, product web sites Identification (foreign) Facts & Comparisons (Licensed for academic use only) , MICROMEDEX(Martind ale’s). EMBASE , Web IV compatibility MICROMEDEX (Trissel's) Lippincott's Nursing Drug Guide
- 18. Drug Information Resources:Resource Descriptions Resource Name Search Help Publication Type Quality Indicators Notes AHFS Drug Information (Stat!Ref) Tertiary reference text standard textbook on pharmacology Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (AccessPharmacy) Tertiary longstanding reference in its 12th edition standard textbook on pharmacology CareNotes (MICROMEDEX) Tertiary update dates stated, referenced, editors and credentials stated consumer oriented information on drugs, diseases, and procedures CINAHL Complete Help page Secondary updated (interval varies) some full-text articles available; allied health topics including
- 19. ClinicalTrials.gov Primary,Tertia ry regular updates, produced by theNational Library of Medicine current information about clinical research studies Drug Information Portal(NLM) Tertiary, Secondary search portal covering a number of resources including MedlinePlus, PubMed, ClinicalTrials.g ov, LactMed, etc. for consumers and health professionals Drug Interaction Facts (Facts & Comparisons) Licen sed for academic use only. Tertiary regular updates, referenced, online version of print reference book can search for interactions for multiple drugs simultaneously
- 20. European Medicines Agency (EMEA) Tertiary EMEA isa decentralized body of the European Union browse the alphabetical list by brand name under List of Authorized Products OR search by brand FDA web site Primary, Tertiary regular updates, US Government website provides information on FDA regulations, new drug approvals, public health alerts EMBASE (Drug s &Pharmacology ) Secondary updated (interval varies) international in scope; focus on clinical,experim ental pharmacologyy and kinetics.
- 21. NexisUni Secondary updateddaily some full-text articles available; medical/health news Orange Book FAQ Tertiary monthly updates, produced by the FDA approved drug products with therapeutic equivalence evaluations PubMed Help page Secondary updated daily, prepared by the National Library of Medicine identification of solid dosage forms available in the US -- beta product Pharmacothera py: A Pathophysiolog ic Approach, 9th ed (DiPiro) Tertiary updated as deemed necessary, editors and credentials stated search all of browse textbook by core pharmacothera py
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