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Health at workplace
The document discusses occupational health and safety in India, detailing the legal frameworks, statistics of occupational sickness, and health hazards workers face. It highlights the need for better health services, prevention measures, and the implications of occupational diseases on productivity and national economy. Key recommendations include stricter legislation enforcement, improving health service delivery, and incorporating occupational health into primary healthcare.
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Health at workplace
- 1. HEALTH & SAFETYAT WORKHEALTH & SAFETY AT WORK Dr. A K SRIVASTAVADr. A K SRIVASTAVA Former Director, National Institute of Miners’ Health JNARDDC Campus, Wadi, Nagpur – 440 023
- 2. Right to HealthRightto Health The Constitution of India has specific provisions for ensuring OSH for workers in the form of Articles 24, 39 (e and f) and 42. The statues relating to OSH are : for safety at workplace (e.g.. Factories Act, 1948 and Mines Act. 1952) statues for safety of substances (e.g.. Indian Explosives Act, 1884) statues for safety of activities (e.g.. Radiation Protection Rules under the atomic Energy Act)
- 3. Occupational HealthOccupational Health Thepromotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations – total health of all at work. Issues……. How to Measure ? How to Prevent? How to control?
- 4. Burden of OccupationalSicknessBurden of Occupational Sickness 100 million occupational injuries causing 0.1 million deaths in the world. It is estimated that in India 17 million occupational non-fatal injuries (17% of the world) and 45,000 fatal injuries (45% of the total deaths due to occupational injuries in world) occur each year. Out of 11 million cases of occupational diseases in the world, 1.9 million cases (17%) are contributed by India. Out of 0.7 million deaths in the world, 0.12 (17%) is contributed by India. Source : http://www.ndc-nihfw.org/html/Programmes/NationalProgrammeForControlTreatment.htm
- 5. Cost of OccupationalSicknessCost of Occupational Sickness The adverse occupational factors have been estimated to cost 2 –14% of the gross national products for various countries. In the year 1999, occupational diseases have caused a loss of around Rs.70,000 crore. The amount paid as compensation for death and disablement resulting from work related injuries in India has increased from mere Rs.8 million in 1961 to 186 million in 1997. Source : http://www.ndc-nihfw.org/html/Programmes/NationalProgrammeForControlTreatment.htm
- 6. Occupational HazardOccupational Hazard Sourceor situation with a potential for harm in terms of injury or ill-health, damage to property, damage to the workplace environment, or a combination of these.
- 7. Occupational Health HazardsOccupationalHealth Hazards Physical Chemical Biological Mechanical Psychosocial
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- 9. Chemical HazardsChemical Hazards Metals- Lead, TEL, As, Hg, Cd, Ni , Co etc. Aromatic Hydrocarbons - Benzene, Toluene, phenol etc. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons - Methyl alcohol Gases - * Simple asphyxiants : N2, CH4, CO2 * Chemical asphyxiates : CO, H2S, HCN * Irritant gases : Ammonia, SO2, Cl2, * Systemic poison : CS2 Others ( Routes of entry - Inhalation, Ingestion, skin absorption.)
- 10. Chemical Hazards Contd…ChemicalHazards Contd… ThresholdThreshold The Threshold Limit Value - Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) : “Time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour working day and a 40-hour working week, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day, without adverse effect” The Threshold Limit Value - Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV- STEL) is defined as a 15-minute, time-weighted average which should not be exceeded at any time During a working day, even if the 8-hour time-weighted average is within the TLV``
- 11. Chemical Hazards Contd…ChemicalHazards Contd… DustsDusts Inorganic Dust Coal Dust - Anthracosis Silica - Silicosis Asbestos - Asbestosis Organic Dusts Cane Fiber - Bagassosis Cotton dust - Byssinosis Grain Dust - Farmer’s Lungs
- 12. Biological HazardsBiological Hazards Bacteria Tetanus,Tuberculosis, Anthrax, Brucellosis, Gonorrhea Virus Hepatitis, AIDS, Bird flue Protozoal & Parasitic Malaria, Hydatid, Hookworms, tapeworms, etc. Fungi Tinea-infections, Coccidiomycosis, Psittacoses, ornithosis, etc.
- 13. Mechanical HazardsMechanical Hazards Injuries Falls,cuts, abrasions, concussions, contusions, etc. Ergonomic Disorders Musculo-skeletal disorders, Cumulative-trauma Disorders etc. Ergonomics: - “Adjustment of Man & Machine” Application of human biological sciences with engineering science to achieve optimum mutual adjustment of man & his work, the benefit being measured in terms of human efficiency and well being.
- 14. Psychosocial HazardsPsychosocial Hazards Lackof job satisfaction, insecurity, poor interpersonal relations, work pressure, ambiguity, etc. Psychological & behavioral changes – hostility, aggressiveness, anxiety, depression, alcoholism, drug addiction, sickness absenteeism. Psychosomatic disorders - Hypertension, headache, body-ache, peptic ulcers, asthma, diabetes, heart disorders, etc.
- 15. Occupational diseases casesin India (Estimates)Occupational diseases cases in India (Estimates) Disease No. of Cases Pneumoconiosis 76,500 COPD 4,45,700 Musculoskeletal Disorders 6,00,800 Cancers 30,600 Mental Disorders 55,800 Skin diseases 33,520 NIHL 2,78,800 Pesticide Poisoning 9,100 Other Poisoning 21,500 These estimates represent just the tip of the ice-berg and actual number of cases may in fact be much greater. Source : Global burden of diseases & injuries due to occupation factors – Discussion, paper, Office of Global & Integrated Environmental health, WHO, NW 1996.
- 16. Occupational Diseases -IndiaOccupational Diseases - India In India, prevalence of Silicosis was 6.2 – 34% in Mica Miners, 4.1% in Manganese Miners, 30.4% in Lead and Zinc Miners, 9.3% in deep and surface Coal Miners, 27.2% in Iron Foundry Workers. Prevalence of Asbestosis was extended from 3% in Asbestos Mines to 21% in Mill Workers. In Textile workers the Byssinosis was as common as 28-47% Source : http://www.ndc-nihfw.org/html/Programmes/NationalProgrammeForControlTreatment.htm
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- 18. Medical Control MeasuresMedicalControl Measures Health intervention for ensuring fitness to work and continuing work with no / minimal risk to health
- 19. Engineering ControlsEngineering Controls Designing-building,Work station. Good Housekeeping. Ventilation Mechanization Substitution. Enclosure Isolation Local Exhaust Ventilation. Personal Protective Devices. Continuous monitoring for remedial action
- 20. Safety & HealthLegislationsSafety & Health Legislations The Factories Act 1948, amended 1954, 1970, 1976 & 1987 The Mines Act, 1952 The Dock workers (safety, health and welfare) Act, 1986 The Plantation Labour Act, 1951 The Explosive Act, 1884 The Petroleum Act, 1934 The Insecticide Act, 1968 The Indian Boilers Act, 1923 The Indian Electricity Act, 1910 The Dangerous Machines (Regulation) Act, 1983 The Indian Atomic Energy Act, 1962 The Radiological Protection Rules, 1971 The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989
- 21. The Factories ActTheFactories Act On health this law requires employers: To ensure cleanliness of the workplace; Make effective arrangement for treatment and disposal of waste and effluent; Make suitable and effective provisions for adequate ventilation; Maintain temperatures to secure reasonable comfort for workers; Remove any dust or fumes from the workplace which may be injurious to workers; Prevent overcrowding by maintaining a specific cubic area for each workers; Provide sufficient and suitable lights; Make suitable arrangements to provide clean drinking water conveniently situated for all workers and; Provide suitable latrines and urinals to specified standards.
- 22. The Factories ActTheFactories Act –– Contd.Contd. The Factories Act requires employers to provide basic safety measures including: Securely guarding all parts of dangerous machinery; Precautions for working on machinery; Emergency devices for cutting off power; Maintain hoists and lifts; Lifting machines, chains, ropes, and other lifting tackle must be maintained in good condition; Test pressurized vessels regularly; Ensure walking surfaces are of sound constructions; Provide protective equipment; Measures to remove gas and dust before entering confined places; Measures to prevent fires.
- 23. The Factories ActTheFactories Act –– Contd.Contd. The factory occupier must disclose information about: Dangers, health hazards and measures to protect workers from substances or materials in manufacture, transportations, storage etc. to the workers, the chief factory inspector, and local authority; Safety and Policy; Quantity and characteristics and disposal of substances and waste; Emergency plans to workers and the local public; Handling, using, transportation, storage and disposal of hazardous substances to workers and the local public. TheFactories Act also binds the employer to maintain up-to-date health records of workers, and to appoint a person experienced in handling hazardous substances to supervise handling, and provide protective measures and regular medical examinations.
- 24. Occupational groups needingcare in futureOccupational groups needing care in future Persons employed in non-formal sector & Cottage industries. Agricultural workers Persons in Health Care Sector. Persons employed in R&D labs. Persons employed in Call Centers Desk workers. Sports Persons.
- 25. What the futureholdsWhat the future holds Occupational diseases are likely to reach epidemic proportions unless there is a significant improvement in delivery of occupational health services. Action required Stricter implementation of existing legislations. Political will and requisite emphasis on occupational health by Government. Industries should link occupational health with productivity rather than legislation Small scale and house hold industries should strive for cooperative occupational health infrastructure. Occupational health should form an essential component of primary health care to provide services to agricultural workers and other high risk groups .
- 26. An early implementationof OccupationalAn early implementation of Occupational Health Policy is the first step towardsHealth Policy is the first step towards preventing occupational diseases.preventing occupational diseases. I would like to know your views.I would like to know your views.