Health Informatics- Module 2-Chapter 3.pptx
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The document discusses the acquisition and lifecycle of healthcare information systems, emphasizing medical information structuring, searching, and retrieval techniques. It highlights the significance of search engines, particularly Google and PubMed, in accessing medical literature, outlines their functionalities, and provides guidance on effective searching strategies. Additionally, it covers the complexity of PubMed in comparison to general search engines and presents various tools to enhance search capabilities.
![Selecting
limits in
PubMed
Selecting limits: Once the concept search has been entered one may limit the
search with filters.
In addition to searching for articles that list sinusitis as the main topic (sinusitis
[MAJR]), we have limited our search by age (Adult: 19 to 44), humans, core
clinical journals (all of which are in English), the past five years, and those with
links to free full text. (We could have also selected clinical trial, random
controlled trial or review, or checked the box for all four.)
The search with limits greatly decreased the number of returned citations and
improved the quality of the results. Requesting free full text articles also
reduced the search considerably.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/healthinformatics-module2-chapter3-220823095356-307195aa/85/Health-Informatics-Module-2-Chapter-3-pptx-18-320.jpg)
Health Informatics- Module 2-Chapter 3.pptx
- 2. Module 2: Chapter 3 INFORMATION SYSTEM ACQUISITION & LIFECYCLE MEDICAL INFORMATION STRUCTURING SEARCHING AND RETRIEVAL
- 3. Module Content Information System Acquisition & Lifecycle: system acquisition process, phases: Initiation, Planning, Procurement, System Development, System Implementation, Maintenance & Operations, and Closeout. development models. Medical Information Structuring: Analysing and Designing Structure of healthcare information systems, Architectures of Information Systems. Searching and Retrieval: locate or retrieve specific information to meet an information need, information retrieval techniques.
- 4. LearningObjectives State the challenges of rapid high quality medical searches Define the role of Google and Google Scholar in healthcare Describe the role of PubMed and Medline searches Identify the variety of search filters essential to an excellent PubMed search Enhance PubMed searching with third party PubMed tools
- 5. Introduction The most rapid and comprehensive way to access information today from anywhere in the world is a search of the WorldWide Web via the Internet. If one assumes that the Internet is the new global library with more than three billion web sites, then it should come as no surprise that Internet search engines are the gateway. Search engines provide access to a breadth of information on medical issues targeted for the general public as well as the health professional. Google,Yahoo!, Bing and Ask.Com are the most popular search engines because of their ease of use and accessibility. However, searchers found that usability and relevance of results varied among them. Google is the clear favorite with 2/3 of the market share in Internet searching and, as reported in a recent article comparing all four search engines,Google search results had the highest validity and least redundancy.
- 6. MedicalSearch Engines Medical search engines exist, including Omnimedicalsearch.com Healthline.com Tripdatabase.com pogofrog.com They filter resources by eliminating commercial sites and claim to retrieve more peer reviewed information than general search engines. However, medical search engines are not as accessible as Google, which has the advantage of being well known and simple to use. Other useful search engines that provide medical coverage are PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Wiley Online, CINAHL, andWeb of Science. Most databases offer sophisticated features and filters that enhance search precision and improve result relevance. PubMed remains the search engine of choice for formal searches of the medical literature, although its use of controlled subject headings and search protocols make it more difficult to navigate than general search engines.
- 7. Google The name Google is derived from the word googol, which is the mathematical term for the number 1 followed by 100 zeroes. 11 Its success is based largely on its intuitiveness, retrieval speed and productive results. Google is a fascinating company with a myriad of continuous innovations. It was developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1996 when they were graduate students at Stanford University. As the world’s largest and fastest search engine, Google performs one hundred billion searches each month by utilizing thousands of servers running the Linux operating system. It provides a global review, returning articles from the lay press, medical journals, magazines, etc. Because Google yields so many results in an average search, it is important to narrow or filter a search. Google cites Medline abstracts and full text articles if they are available; so for an informal search it is reasonable to start with Google and expect to find an answer in the first few citations listed. It is likely one will find an acceptable answer in less time than it takes to use PubMed, particularly if an advanced search strategy is used to narrow the search with additional descriptors.
- 8. Google Successful searching depends on maximizing Google search options such as the ones listed below: List the most important term first Search for synonyms by placing ~ in front of a search term or by using “or” as the operator (cancer or carcinoma will recover results dealing with either cancer or carcinoma) “And” is implied in Google and not necessary (e.g., a search for diabetes diet will recover results about diabetes and diet) Put quotation marks around the words to search for an exact phrase, e.g. “University ofWest Florida” so searchers don’t retrieve every citation with the words Florida,West or University Remember that searches are not case sensitive and punctuation is not needed Spelling errors are automatically corrected with Google’s Spell Checker Type “define:” before a word or phrase to haveGoogle serve as a dictionary Enter an arithmetic string and Google will function as a calculator Search the name of a drug and Google will display a summary, description, dosage recommendations, side effects, and precautions from NIH (National Institutes of Health)
- 9. Google’s settings and advanced options Google’s settings and advanced options are available from the results page using the gear icon: Setting Preferences o Language preferred (e.g. English) Number of search results per page (e.g. 10 or 20) Whether the search should launch in a new window (recommended because when the current page is exited, the search is lost.) Advanced Search Options Includes and, or, not capabilities Narrows results by language and region Limits results to certain domains (e.g., .edu for education, .gov for government, .org for organizations) Selects search by File type:Word, Excel, PDF, PowerPoint, etc. Limits by reading level or license rights Under Find webpages that have… the search can target a term or terms in the title only or in the body or both
- 10. Google Scholar Google Scholar is an offspring of Google that searches the full text of peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles at publishers’ websites, including citations and abstracts provided online by the National Library of Medicine through PubMed. Unlike many proprietary databases, Google Scholar is free and easily accessible. It will link to full text articles but there may be a cost to retrieve them if they are not open access or if the researcher is not affiliated with a library that subscribes to the journals. In late 2013 they added the option to save articles to a personal library. Google Scholar was implemented in 2004 and describes itself as “…a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. From one place, you can search across many disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions, from academic publishers, professional societies, online repositories, universities and other web sites.”
- 11. Google Scholar Early in its inception, there were some drawbacks to Google Scholar, especially its focus on highly cited studies that tended to be older. This has been largely overcome with the “SinceYear” filter that allows the researcher to find more recent publications. There is also a sort feature that will display publications by date. In addition, current reviews of Google Scholar note its improvement in recall and precision. Chen stated that his “…empirical study found that more than five years after its debut…Google Scholar is able to retrieve any scholarly journal article record from all the publicly accessibleWeb sites and from subscription based databases.”
- 12. PubMed Search Engine MEDLINE:MedicalLiterature AnalysisandRetrievalSystemOnline PubMed is a web-based retrieval system developed by the NationalCenter for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM). PubMed is one of twenty-three databases in NCBI's retrieval system, known as Entrez, that index information in toxicology, bioinformatics and genomics from a variety of sources including textbooks. PubMed provides free access to MEDLINE, which contains 22 million citations from the world’s medical literature from the 1940s to the present. PubMed covers the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, health care administration, the pre-clinical sciences and some other areas of the life sciences. NLM licenses its data to vendors to be used through proprietary interfaces, but the PubMed search interface for MEDLINE is only available from the National Library of Medicine.
- 13. PubMed Search Engine For simple answers to common problems PubMed may not be the ideal place to start, but it is the primary search engine for physicians seeking information on unusual cases and research topics. Although the PubMed search process is labor intensive, healthcare workers who seek evidence based medical answers should learn to use it and it is especially important to master in an academic or research environment. As is the case with most sophisticated databases, PubMed has filters, features, and capabilities that produce relevant search results. But without proper training, PubMed searching can be challenging and frustrating. It contains important features and shortcuts that make a search easier and more successful. Excellent tutorials exist on the PubMed site to teach one the basics of a good search. Also, several helpful review articles have been written about PubMed tools and features.
- 14. PubMed Search Engine The query box in PubMed accepts keyword, Medical Subject Heading (MESH) and natural language (Google-type) entries. Search terms may be entered alone or connected by Boolean search operators “AND” or “OR.” PubMed citations include the author, title, journal, publication date and PubMed identification number (PMID) (only 65% of Medline citations include an author abstract). PubMed does not search the full-text of cited articles.
- 15. Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) Medical Subject Heading (MeSH): Journal articles are categorized by NLM indexers in order to facilitate searching.Articles are assigned two or more subject headings from a structured vocabulary called MeSH. Understanding what these terms are and how they can refine a search is an important first step in harnessing the power of PubMed. As one can imagine, terms such as low back pain could be labeled lumbar pain, osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine, etc. It will improve the search significantly if the preferred term is used. MeSH can be accessed in the drop down menu in the PubMed search window or by choosing the MeSH Database from the menu section entitled More Resources. Figure shows how the term “low back pain” is organized in MeSH. The MeSH entry shows a definition of the term and its synonyms, and displays a set of subheadings that can be used to narrow a search on low back pain.
- 16. PubMed Search Engine PubMed Limits Option allows a search to be narrowed by date, age of subjects, gender, humans or animals, and language. The searches can be limited to retrieve only full text and free full text articles and abstracts. (Keep in mind that most articles before 1975 did not contain abstracts.) The search can also be limited by: Author or journal name Searchable main publication types include ClinicalTrial, Editorial, Letter, MetaAnalysis, Practice Guideline, Randomized Controlled Trial, and Review Searchable topic subsets include AIDS, Bioethics, Cancer, Complementary Medicine, History of Medicine, Systematic Reviews andToxicology Field tags. The search can stipulate whether the search term should be in the title or body of the article.These are just a few of the limiting options.There are multiple other choices available as well.
- 17. Entering a Search in PubMed PubMed is based on an architecture that uses indexed concepts (MeSH Headings) and Boolean logic to retrieve information. Search questions should be analyzed and broken down into concepts that are described using MeSH Headings or text words. These search terms are then joined together by AND to retrieve articles that contain both concepts, or joined together by OR to retrieve articles that contain either concept. ( Boolean operators should be capitalized.) To search for articles on sinusitis caused by bacteria, search sinusitisAND bacterial infections. Although the search box in PubMed looks very much like Google, the words entered in the search box are processed based on concept searching rather than by natural language searching. Recognizing that most searchers are accustomed to Google, PubMed is developing a natural language search engine that works with the concept search engine to retrieve articles.
- 18. Selecting limits in PubMed Selecting limits: Once the concept search has been entered one may limit the search with filters. In addition to searching for articles that list sinusitis as the main topic (sinusitis [MAJR]), we have limited our search by age (Adult: 19 to 44), humans, core clinical journals (all of which are in English), the past five years, and those with links to free full text. (We could have also selected clinical trial, random controlled trial or review, or checked the box for all four.) The search with limits greatly decreased the number of returned citations and improved the quality of the results. Requesting free full text articles also reduced the search considerably.
- 19. Options for Saving Results in PubMed Clipboard: store up to 200 citations for up to eight hours. E-mail: send selected results to a colleague or to oneself. • File: put the results into a format that is suitable for a bibliographic software program. Order: send the citation to an affiliated library under the Loansome Doc program for document delivery. Citation Manager: export results to an external citation manager (e.g., RefWorks, EndNote). Collections and My Bibliography (or My NCBI, located on upper right hand corner of the main screen) provides a valuable storage area for searches and collections of articles retrieved allowing one to: Save searches (otherwise gone in eight hours) Set up e-mail alerts to notify when new articles are published on the topic of interest Display links to online full-text of articles (LinkOut) Choose filters that group search results
- 20. PubMed PubReMiner PubReMiner allows the searcher to enter keywords or PMIDs related to a query and then analyzes the relevant PubMed citations and their indexing to develop frequency tables.The tables list the most active journals, authors and associated keywords related to the search terms. Items from the tables can then be added to the search and run in PubMed. PubReMiner is available directly from the website. 1. Enriching Results with Semantics andVisualization:Tools in this group analyze search results and identify biomedical terms from the text, or employ other recognition features to enrich searching language. PubMed Ex is an example of this type of tool: PubMed EX: PubMed EX is a browser extension for Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer that marks up PubMed search results with additional information derived from data mining. PubMed EX provides background information that enables searchers to focus on key concepts in the retrieved abstracts.
- 21. PubMed PubReMiner 2. Clustering Results intoTopics: Categorizing results is a common approach employed by web tools. GOPubMed is an example of a clustering tool: GOPubMed is a knowledge-based semantic browsing tool for searching PubMed. Simply enter keywords or MeSH headings into the search box and the search engine will display the frequency of relevant terms with which to formulate the search. 3. Ranking Search Results: PubMed displays results in reverse chronological order, whereas several web tools use relevance or other ranking systems to find and sort documents. One example of a ranking system is Quertle. Quertle: Quertle is a semantic search engine that helps users find more relevant results by employing power terms that relate to biomedicine and by focusing on relationships between terms. Quertle offers filters by date, publication type, and key concept. 4. Improving Search Retrieval and Experience: By providing alternative interfaces to PubMed searchers, tools in this group offer new web capabilities. iPubMed is an example of this type of tool. iPubMed:This search interface has an interactive search feature. Spelling errors are automatically corrected and it links outs to full text articles, citation managers, and Google Scholar.
- 22. ThankYou!