helmintics And Anthelmintics.pptx
- 1. 03/13/2025 Z.M.NATHANI 1 Helminths & Anthelmintics -: PRESENTED BY :- Prof. Zeeshan Nathani M.Pharm Dept. pharmacology PROF. RAVINDRA NIKAM COLLEGE OF B. PHARMACY GONDHUR, DHULE 424001
- 2. 03/13/2025 Z.M.NATHANI 2 Helminths is a general term for parasitic worms that can infect the body and cause various diseases. They are typically categorized into three major groups. Nematodes (Roundworms) Cestodes (Tapeworms) Trematodes (Flukes) Helminths Z.M .NATHANI
- 3. 03/13/2025 Z.M.NATHANI 3 1. Nematodes (Roundworms) These are cylindrical worms and are the most common type of helminths. They can infect the intestines, blood vessels, and other organs. Examples include: Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm) Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm) Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus (hookworms) Nematodes Z.M .NATHANI
- 4. 03/13/2025 Z.M.NATHANI 4 2. Cestodes (Tapeworms) These flat, segmented worms can grow very long and are usually found in the intestines. They absorb nutrients directly through their skin. Tapeworms can be contracted by eating undercooked meat. Examples include: Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) Cestodes Z.M .NATHANI
- 5. 03/13/2025 Z.M.NATHANI 5 Trematodes (Flukes) These are flat, leaf-shaped worms that can infect various organs in the body, such as the liver, lungs, and blood vessels. Flukes are often transmitted through contaminated water or food. Examples include: Schistosoma species (causing schistosomiasis) Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke) Trematodes
- 6. 03/13/2025 Z.M.NATHANI 6 Transmission: Helminths are typically transmitted through contaminated food, water, soil, or direct contact with infected animals or human hosts. Symptoms: Depending on the type and severity of the infection, symptoms can range from mild digestive issues to more serious conditions, such as anemia, malnutrition, organ damage, or chronic pain. Transmission and Symptoms
- 7. 03/13/2025 Z.M.NATHANI 7 Diagnosis usually involves stool samples, blood tests, imaging studies, or tissue biopsies. Treatment Helminth infections are often treated with antiparasitic medications, such as albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, or ivermectin, depending on the type of helminth. Diagnosis and Treatment Z.M .NATHANI
- 8. 03/13/2025 Z.M.NATHANI 8 What are Anthelmintics What are Anthelmintics • Drugs used to treat infections caused by parasitic worms (helminths). • These include roundworms (nematodes), tapeworms (cestodes), and flukes (trematodes). Purpose of Anthelmintics Eliminate or inhibit the growth and reproduction of parasitic worms in the human body. Z.M .NATHANI
- 9. 03/13/2025 Z.M.NATHANI 9 A. Based on the Targeted Worm Type: 1. Anti-nematodal (for roundworms): Mebendazole Albendazole Pyrantel pamoate 2. Anti-cestodal (for tapeworms): Praziquantel Niclosamide 3. Anti-trematodal (for flukes): Praziquantel Triclabendazole Classification of Anthelmintics
- 10. 03/13/2025 Z.M.NATHANI 10 B. Based on Mechanism of Action: 1. Affecting worm's energy metabolism: These drugs inhibit energy production within the parasite. Example: Mebendazole, Albendazole. 2. Paralyzing the worm's nervous system: This prevents the worm from maintaining its position in the intestines or causes it to expel itself. Example: Pyrantel pamoate. 3. Damaging the worm's structure: Some drugs damage the worm’s cuticle, tegument, or cells. Example: Praziquantel, Niclosamide. 4. Interfering with parasite’s growth: Some prevent the worm from growing, thereby inhibiting its reproductive capacity. Example: Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) for filarial worms.
- 11. 03/13/2025 Z.M.NATHANI 11 Mechanism of Action Mebendazole/Albendazole: Inhibit microtubule polymerization in helminths, leading to cell death. Pyrantel Pamoate: Induces paralysis in worms, causing them to be expelled from the body. Praziquantel: Increases membrane permeability, leading to muscle contraction and death of the worm. Niclosamide: Inhibits mitochondrial function, disrupting energy production in tapeworms. Mechanism of Action Z.M .NATHANI
- 12. 03/13/2025 Z.M.NATHANI 12 • Absorption: Varies; some are poorly absorbed (local action), while others are absorbed systemically. • Distribution: Widely distributed, especially drugs like Albendazole and Praziquantel, which reach multiple tissues. • Metabolism: Primarily in the liver, with the formation of active metabolites. • Excretion: Mostly through urine or feces. Pharmacokinetics of Anthelmintics Z.M .NATHANI
- 13. 03/13/2025 Z.M.NATHANI 13 Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain. Liver Toxicity: Elevated liver enzymes or liver damage (common with Albendazole). Allergic Reactions: Rash, itching, or anaphylaxis in rare cases. Central Nervous System Effects: Headaches, dizziness, or seizures (with drugs like Albendazole). Bone Marrow Suppression: Rare side effects include neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Common Adverse Effects Z.M .NATHANI
- 14. 03/13/2025 Z.M.NATHANI 14 Roundworm Infections: Ascariasis, Hookworm, Trichuriasis. Treated with Mebendazole, Albendazole. Tapeworm Infections: Taeniasis, Cysticercosis. Treated with Niclosamide, Praziquantel. Fluke Infections: Schistosomiasis, Fascioliasis. Treated with Praziquantel, Triclabendazole. Filarial Infections: Lymphatic filariasis, Onchocerciasis. Treated with Diethylcarbamazine. Other Uses: Strongyloidiasis (Ivermectin), Giardiasis (Albendazole). Uses of Anthelmintics Z.M .NATHANI
- 15. 03/13/2025 Z.M.NATHANI 15 Drug Target Worm Mechanism of Action Common Side Effects Albendazole Nematodes, Cestodes Inhibits tubulin polymerization GI disturbances, liver toxicity Mebendazole Nematodes Inhibits microtubule polymerization GI upset, headache, dizziness Pyrantel Pamoate Nematodes (e.g., pinworms) Neuromuscular paralysis GI upset, dizziness Praziquantel Cestodes, Trematodes Increases cell membrane permeability Headache, dizziness, GI upset Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) Filarial worms Modulates immune response, kills larvae Fever, rash, lymphatic swelling Z.M .NATHANI