Hemolytic anaemia
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This document discusses hemolytic anemia, including its causes, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and investigation. The key points are: - Hemolytic anemia occurs when red blood cell destruction exceeds bone marrow production, shortening red blood cell lifespan from the normal 120 days to 20-30 days. - Causes include red blood cell defects like enzyme deficiencies or structural issues, as well as toxins, trauma, or conditions like thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. - Signs and symptoms include jaundice, pallor, splenomegaly, and dark urine. Diagnosis involves tests to detect hemolysis and determine the type and precise cause through
Hemolytic anaemia
- 2. LEARNING OUTCOMES • The normal life-span & destruction of RBC • Causes of Haemolytic anaemia • Sign & Symptoms of Haemolytic anaemia • Pathophysiology of Haemolytic anaemia • Diagnosis of Haemolytic anaemia
- 3. Introduction • RBC destruction is accelerated and exceeds the maximum erythropoietic capacity of the bone marrow • RBC life span: *Normal RBC : 120 days *Hemolytic anaemia : 20-30 days
- 4. Causes • RBC defects *Enzyme dysfunction *Haemoglobin abnormalities • RBC Structure / Membrane defects *Spherocytosis *Eliptocytosis
- 5. • Other factors *Chemical toxins *Mechanical trauma *Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
- 6. Sign & Symptoms • General symptoms of anaemia *Jaundice *Pallor *Splenomegaly / Hepatosplenomegaly *Dark urine
- 11. Pathophysiology • Intravascular Haemolysis *Destruction of red cells in the circulation,from a damaged endothelium(DIC,TTp & etc),complement activation and infectious agents may cause direct membrane destruction • Extravascular Haemolysis *Removal of membrane altered red cells by RE system(macrophages of spleen & liver), as in hereditary Spherocytosis and Elliptocytosis immune haemolytic anaemia
- 15. History & Physical Examination • Sign of anaemia may be discovered through lab tests • Dark urine & back pain indicate haemolysis • Long history of jaundice may indicate hereditary anaemia • Lymphadenopathy & Splenomegaly • History of infection ,drug ingestion & carcinoma are important in suggesting the cause
- 16. Diagnosis • The investigation comprises several distinct stages: 1)Existence of Haemolysis 2)Type of Haemolysis 3)Precise diagnosis
- 17. Evidence of Haemolysis • Haemoglobin estimation • Peripheral Blood Film *Spherocytes *Eliptocytes *Schistocytes • Reticulocytosis
- 18. • Biochemistry *Unconjugated bilirubin *Urobilinogen *Urinary Haemoglobin *Haptoglobin estimation
- 19. Type of Haemolysis • DAT(Direct Coomb’s Test) • Schumms Test (Plasma HB) • Osmotic Fragility Test
- 20. Precise Diagnosis • Investigation of incompatible transfusion • Thalassemia / Hereditary Spherocytosis / Hereditary Eliptocytosis-PBF(RBC morphology)