Hfc h fiber optic testing
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The document discusses a broadband satellite system with satellites spaced every 2 degrees above Earth. It operates in C-band and L-band frequencies for uplink and downlink. A headend is connected to a TV transmitter and fiber optic cable distribution area. The document then covers topics in a fiber optic seminar including fiber optic systems, light properties, fiber characteristics, optical measurements, light sources and meters, and OTDR testing. It provides information on fiber optic milestones, scale of optical measurements, fiber specifications, attenuation factors, fiber types, and testing equipment like optical power meters and OTDRs.
Hfc h fiber optic testing
- 1. Broadband System - H Satellites are spaced every 2nd degrees above earth "C" Band Toward satellite 6.0 GHz "L" Band Toward earth 4.0 GHz Toward satellite 14.0 GHz Toward earth 12.0 GHz TV TRANSMITTER Headend Cable area Fiber Optic Testing.
- 2. Welcome to the Fiber Optic Topics & Testing Seminar
- 3. Topics to be Covered during this seminar. • Fiber Optics Systems • Nature of Light • Optical Fiber Characteristics • Optical Measurements • Light Sources & Meters • OTDR
- 4. Fiber Optic Milestones. •You will see a short movie on fiber optic technology. 4
- 5. Fiber Optic Milestones. •1854 John Tyndall demonstrated the optical waveguide principle. •1960 Theodore Maiman developed the first laser. •1972 4 dB/km loss fiber fabricated. •1982 Single mode fiber optic first reported. •1991 SONET telecommunications standards created. •1995 DWDM deployment began. •1998 > 1 Tbps demonstrated on one fiber. •2000 L-Band System and 40 Gbps transport system demonstrated. 5
- 6. Optical Scale of Measurements. Fiber & Associated components are microscopic. Distances covered are over 50 Kilometers! • Time = billionths of a second: nanoseconds (ns) • Size = millionths & billionths of a meter: • microns & nanometers (um & nm) • Lengths = thousands of meters: kilometers (km)
- 7. Optical Scale of Measurements. Data Powers of Ten. •Bit Single character ( 0 or 1) •Byte 8 bits (Single word) •Kilobyte 1000 bytes (A low-revolution photograph) •Megabyte 1,000,000 bytes (A small novel- 1.44 Diskette) •Gigabyte 1,000,000,000 bytes (A movie at TV quality) •Terabyte 1,000,000,000,000 bytes (X-ray film in hospital) •Petabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes (3 years of ESO data) •Exabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes (All words ever spoken by human) human) •Zettabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes •Yoattabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes EOS = Earth Observing System. 7
- 8. Optical Overview. Fiber Optics Transmission System All Fiber Optic Systems have: Transmitter (E > O) Optical Waveguide Receiver (O > E)
- 9. Optical Transmitter. Electrical to Optical (E-O) Converter Light Out Electrical In + - Variable Intensity = Analog Blink On & Off = Digital
- 10. Optical Waveguide. Silica-Glass Optical Fiber Light In Light Out
- 11. Optical Receiver. Optical to Electrical (O-E) Converter Photodiode Light Out + (original signal) - Electrical Out
- 12. Classifying Light. • Power (Watts or Decibels) dBm is typical measurement unit of optical power It is measured with a: Optical Power Meter • Color (Wavelength) 300nm (blue) to 700nm (red) is visible to humans eyes. FiberOptic systems use ONLY Infrared (850, 1310, & 1550nm) Visible Light Spectrum UV IR 300nm 700nm
- 13. Optical Power. • Like a light bulb: more wattage = brighter light 100 W • FO transmitters: about 1mw to 40 mW (0 to 16 dBm) • Power ranges: +20 dBm to -70 dBm
- 14. Optical Wavelength. • Measure of Color of light • Units in nanometers (nm) or microns (um) • Different colors (wavelengths) exhibit different characteristics: ex: red & orange sunsets; yellow fog lights Visible Light Spectrum UV IR 300nm 700nm
- 15. Optical Reflection & Refraction. • Reflection is a light ray BOUNCING off of the interface of two materials • Refraction is the BENDING of the light ray as it changes speed going from one material to another
- 16. Optical Reflection. Reflection Some or all of the light that strikes a surface is reflected off at the same angle. air glass
- 17. Optical Refraction. Refraction If the angle the ray hits the surface is steep enough, most of the light passes through and is refracted (bent). The rest is Angle of reflected off the surface. Refraction Refraction air glass
- 18. Optical Critical Angle. The Critical Angle At an angle shallower than the Critical Angle, the light is Reflected back into the fiber. This condition is known as Total Internal Reflection. At an angle that is steeper than the Critical Angle, the light will penetrate the glass/air boundary and exit the fiber. air glass
- 19. Optical Reflection & Refraction. The fisherman’s eyes only receive light reflected off the fish that escapes the water. Refracted Light Reflected Light Light rays reflecting off the fish that strike the surface of the water at an angle outside that defined by the circle do not escape but are reflected back into the water.
- 20. Optical Reflection & Refraction. air glass As long as the light ray stays at the Critical Angle or less as it hits the air- glass interface, it will remain in the fiber until it reaches the other end.
- 21. Optical Reflection at the Ends of Fiber. Up to 4% of Light Is Reflected at Each End Face air glass
- 22. Optical Raleigh Scattering. light is weaker after scattering Backscatter As light passes through a particle part of it is scattered in all directions. The part that returns to the source (about 0.0001%) is called BACKSCATTER.
- 23. Optical Fiber Parameters. Buffer/Coating (w/color) Cladding (glass) Core (glass) The denser Core is centered within the Cladding. Light travels in the Core only. The Buffer protects the glass fiber.
- 24. Optical Fiber Types. Multimode fiber has a large core relative to the cladding diameter. 50, 62.5, 100 um are typical core sizes centered in a cladding of 125/ 250 um. Singlemode fiber has a smaller core relative to the cladding diameter. 8 - 9 um is a typical core size centered in a cladding of 125 um.
- 25. Optical Multimode vs. Singlemode Fiber. Multimode allows many paths (“modes”) for the light Singlemode allows only one single path for the light
- 26. Fiber Geometry Problems. Off Center Different Size Non-Circular All fibers are allowed a certain tolerance in the core/cladding geometry. This can cause light loss at joints between fibers.
- 27. Fiber Index of Refraction (n). •Speed of Light in a Vacuum is: 299,792,460 k/mt per second. •Speed of Light in a Vacuum is: 186,287.5 miles per second. •In fiber optic the speed of light will be less, it should be around 1.465 of that or: 204,778,157 kmt/sec or 127,158,703 miles/sec. •Different fiber manufacturers will vary slightly from the above. c (velocity in a vacuum) n= v (velocity in glass) “C” is a constant. “V” depends on the density of the glass. The denser the glass the slower the light travels. (smaller “V” => larger “n”)
- 28. Attenuation in Fiber. • Rayleigh Scattering • Macro Bending • Micro Bending • Absorption
- 29. Raleigh Loss in Fiber. • 2.50 dB/km at 850 nm Multimode • 1.0 dB/km at 1300 nm Multimode • 0.33 dB/km at 1310 nm Singlemode • 0.19 dB/km at 1550 nm Singlemode
- 30. Attenuation in Fiber. Macrobending Loss Absorption Loss Microbending Loss Note: Only the fiber core is shown.
- 31. Type of Fiber. For long and standard distance, metro access, with a 9.2 um centre. For long and standard distance, metro access, with a 8.8 um centre. Designed for optimum performance with water peak removed at 1400 nm. The world first Non-Zero Dispersion Non- optimized for long distance. The latest innovation, designed for very long transoceanic networks. 31
- 32. Fiber Specifications. 32
- 33. Polarisation Mode Dispersion in Fiber. •PMD = Polarization Mode Dispersion •PMD affects FO transmission by spreading light pulse over a distance •Digital effects: PMD increases BER and therefore limits system bandwidth •Analog effects: PMD creates distortion (CSO) and therefore limits the numbers of channels. 33
- 34. Transmitting Two Wavelengths in Fiber. WDM technology It is possible to transmit Two wavelengths on the same finer, using a WDM at each end. 1310 TX 1310 RX 1550 RX 1550 TX WDM Single Fiber WDM 34
- 35. Using C and L Band in Fiber. 35
- 36. DWDM Technology in Fiber. Above is a 32 wavelengths for the DWDM technology. 36
- 37. Type of Fiber Optic Available. Loose Tube Fiber Ribbon Fiber This type of fiber cable is better This type of fiber cable is better suited for HFC system, where it is suited for long distance transport. easier to get in the cable again. 37
- 38. Preparation of Single Fiber Optic. Coating Cladding 250 mc 8.5 to 9.0 mc Bare fiber This coating is removed by a stripper 38
- 39. Preparation of Single Fiber Optic. Coating Cladding 250 mc 8.5 to 9.0 mc This is then cut to proper length for fusing. Bare fiber 39
- 40. Fusing Single Fiber Optic. 40
- 41. Fusing Single Fiber Optic. High Electrical Heat Held for a Certain Time by the Fusing Machine. 41
- 42. Fusing Single Fiber Optic. •Depending on the customer, the signal lost accepted after the fusion can be as much as 0.02 dB and as little as 0.03 dB. •This measurement can done by the splicing machine. •This measurement can also can be measured with an OTDR. 42
- 43. Fusing Single Fiber Optic. Fiber optic been fused. 43
- 44. Fusing Single Fiber Optic. Fiber optic been fused. 44
- 45. Fusing Single Fiber Optic. Mechanical splice 45
- 46. Mass Fusing Single Fiber Optic. 46
- 47. Mass Fusing Single Fiber Optic. Multi Fiber optic been fused. 47
- 48. Mechanical Splicing Single Fiber Optic. 48
- 49. Splicing Closure for Fiber Optic. Splicing Closures 49
- 50. Protecting the Fiber Optic after the Fusion. Splicing Closures 50
- 51. Typical Splice Loss Values in Fiber. • Fusion: 0.02 to 0.20 dB • Mechanical: 0.10 to 0.50 dB • Splice Loss Depends on: – Quality of Fiber – Craftsmanship – Splicing Device Quality
- 52. Splice Loss Due to Core Mismatch in Fiber. Off-center core in second fiber does not receive all the light from the first fiber. The amount of light lost is the Splice Loss.
- 53. Cause of Connectors Loss in Fiber. Typical Loss = 0.15 to 0.25 dB End-Face Separation Angular Separation Core Misalignment
- 54. Testing Fiber – Why?. • Verify specs • Check handling • Measure work • Record best condition • Detect defects • Locates faults • Troubleshoot problems
- 55. Testing Fiber – When?. • At Factory • When Received • After Placed • After/During Splicing • System Acceptance • Periodic (Annual) • Troubleshooting
- 56. Testing Fiber – What?. • Continuity • Average Loss (dB/Km) • Splice Loss & Location • Reflectance / ORL • End-to-End Attenuation • Overall Length
- 57. Reel of Fiber Optic Birth Certificate. 57
- 58. Testing Fiber – How?. • Optical Power Meter • Optical Source • OTDR
- 59. Basic Fiber Optic Link. Splices TX RX Fiber Optic Cable
- 60. Optical Power Meter Applications. • Measure TX Output • Measure Fiber Loss • Optimize Splices • ID Active Fibers
- 61. Optical Power Calculations. Step 1 - Take Reference (P1) Step 1 - Take Reference (P1) -10.00 850 1310 1550 dBm 850 1310 1550 ON OFF ON OFF -10.0 dBm -10.0 dBm
- 62. Optical Power Calculations. Step 2 - Read Fiber Output (P2) Step 2 - Read Fiber Output (P2) 850 1310 1550 -23.4 dBm 850 1310 1550 ON OFF ON OFF -23.4 dBm -23.4 dBm
- 63. Optical Power Calculations. Step 3 - Calculate Loss Step 3 - Calculate Loss End-End Loss = P1 - P2 Loss = -10.0 - (-23.4) = 13.4 dB
- 64. The OTDR. • Creates a graph of DISTANCE vs. RETURN SIGNAL LEVEL along fiber. • Produces “Trace” or profile of signal level loss throughout the fiber. • Uses radar principle to measure faults, return loss and distance.
- 65. The OTDR Measurements. • Locate End of Fiber (Fault Locate) • Measure End-to-End Loss • Locate Splices & Defects • Measure Splice & Defect Loss • Measure Splice & Connector Reflectance • Calculate Optical Return Loss
- 66. The OTDR. CRT or LCD CONTROLLER DISPLAY Coupler/Splitter LASER(S) Fiber Under Test DETECTOR
- 67. The OTDR. tC “C” = speed of light “n” = Index d= 2n If “n” is incorrect, then the distance measured will also be wrong!! “d” t0 t1 “t” = t1 - t0 Speed of Light in a Vacuum is: 299,792,460 meters per second. Speed of Light in a Vacuum is: 186,287.5 miles per second.
- 68. The Index of Refraction (IOR) Table. Manufacturer 1310nm 1550nm AT&T Normal 1.4659 1.4666 Disp.Shifted 1.4743 1.4750 Corning SMF-21 1.4640 1.4640 SMF-28 1.4700 1.4700 Disp.Shifted 1.4760 1.4760
- 69. The OTDR Distance Measurements. • Index of Refraction set correctly for fiber being tested • Fiber length versus sheath length (approx. 2%) - Helix factor • Sheath length versus ground distance need to compensate for loops & slack in fiber & cable • Measure from closest known event on fiber to break • Set OTDR’s resolution as high as possible CO CO Splice Point Break Fiber is loose within cable sheath
- 70. The OTDR Loss Measurements. • OTDR measures BACKSCATTER and REFLECTIONS. • Compares BACKSCATTER levels to determine loss between points in fiber. • Splice losses determined by amount of shift in backscatter. • Reflection & ORL measurements determine the reflective quality of link components and connectors.
- 71. The OTDR Loss Measurements. A Test pulse B Backscatter Backscatter is directly related to the level of light in the test pulse. As the level of light in the pulse width decreases with distance, so does the backscatter it produces.
- 72. Gathering Data on a OTDR. • Connect Fiber to Test Port • Press TEST or REAL TIME K or • Press FAULT LOCATE Key
- 73. OTDR Traces Basics. Reflective Event Launch End/Fault Non-Reflective Non- Event Noise Distance
- 74. OTDR Locating the End of Fiber. After light leaves fiber end, only internal electronic noise End of fiber causes shows up on OTDR screen. reflection of light.
- 75. OTDR Locating & Measuring Non-Reflective Even. Misaligned cores is one cause of loss of light at the splice point. Splice Loss
- 76. OTDR Gainers & Losers. W1 - field radii of initial fiber W2 - field radii of following fiber
- 77. OTDR Reflection Magnitude Factors What Creates a Big Reflection. Maximum Reduced • 90o or Angled End Face cleaved or crushed • Smooth or Rough Surface polished or scratched • Clean or Dirty End Face • Glass-Air or Glass-xxx connectorized or in water/oil
- 78. OTDR Reflection Are Negative. -16dB -47dB Rayleigh Scattering Bad Good Reflections are measured from the receiver’s point of view. Reflected light is power lost to the receiver and is therefore a negative number.
- 79. OTDR Views. Scattering Loss Difference Scattering Loss Difference 1550nm Trace approx.. 10dB Loss 1310nm Trace approx.. 18dB Loss
- 80. OTDR Dynamic Range. • Measured in dB. Typical range is between 30 – 40 dB • Describes how much loss an OTDR can measure in a fiber, which in turn describes how long of a fiber can be measured • Directly related to Pulse Width: larger pulse widths provide larger dynamic range • Increase by using longer PW and by decreasing noise through averaging
- 81. OTDR Fiber Analysis Software - Operations. Event Types •Non-Reflective = fusion splice, defect, or macrobend in fiber •Reflective = mechanical splice •Grouped = two or more NR or R events very close together •Cable End = point in fiber where signal level drops off. Means “Out of Range” or “Out of Distance”.
- 82. NetTest OTDR CMA 4000. • The world’s fastest OTDR • Shortest Deadzones • 50 dB Optics • Quad Wavelengths • Color Display • Built-in Keyboard • 1 Meg RAM • 540 MB Hard Drive
- 83. NetTest OTDR CMA 40 FiberHawk. Light Weight and Portable Fast - Locates a fiber break typically in less than 60 seconds. 1310nm, 1550nm and dual 1310/1550nm singlemode models. 110km fault locate distance range at 1550 nm. Available floppy drive for storing fiber trace data.
- 84. NetTest OTDR CMA 4000. 84
- 85. Test! 85
- 86. •What are the two optical frequencies used in a HFC system? ______________________________________________________________ •What is the main component used in fiber optic glass? _______________________________________________________________ •What is a figure-8 fiber optic cable? _______________________________________________________________ •What do we measure a break with in a fiber optic link? _______________________________________________________________ •What does a optical source do? _______________________________________________________________ •What is the proper light level required at a NODE? _______________________________________________________________ •What does backscatter do in fiber optic transmission? _______________________________________________________________ 86
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