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Highrise lecture
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- 2. BUILDING BUILDING : (BNBC-93) Anypermanent or semi-permanent structure which is constructed or erected for human habitation or storage or for any other purpose and includes the foundation, plinth, walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, fixed platform, verandah, balcony, cornice, projections, extensions, annexes and any land or space enclosed by wall adjacent to it. The term building will also include the sanitary, plumbing, HVAC, outdoor display structure, signs and all other building service installations which are constructed or erected as an integral part of a building.
- 3. HIGH RISE BUILDING TALLBUILDING SCYSCRAPER
- 4. What is atall building? Council on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat A building is deemed “tall” when its design, use or operation is influenced by some aspect of “tallness”.
- 5. Emporis standards- “A multi-storystructure between 35- 100 meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12-39 floors is termed as high rise. Building code of Hyderabad,India- A high-rise building is one with four floors or more, or one 15 meters or more in height. The International Conference on Fire Safety – "any structure where the height can have a serious impact on evacuation“ Massachusetts, United States General Laws – A high-rise is being higher than 70 feet (21 m). High rise is defined differently by different bodies.
- 6. DEFINITION OF HIGHRISE BUILDING -BNBC As per BNBC- 93 : Any building which is more than 6 storeys or 20 m high
- 7. Demand for HighRise Building •Scarcity of land in urban areas •Increasing demand for business and residential space •Economic growth •Technological advancements •Innovation in STRUCTURAL System •Desire for Aesthetics in urban settings •Concept of city skyline •Cultural significance and prestige •Human aspiration to build higher
- 8. Tall Building Evolution Moderntall buildings are made possible due to the three greatest technological advancements: 1. Invention of elevators __________(by Otis in 1852). 2. Invention of new construction materials, e.g. steel (by William Kelly in 1847), reinforced concrete (by Joseph Monier in 1849). composite materials (in 20th century). 3. Invention of innovative structural forms
- 10. EARLY SKYSCRAPERS Place: Chicago,USA Architect: William LeBaron Jenney Height: 42 meters Finished: 1884 HOME INSURANCE BUILDING
- 11. EARLY SKYSCRAPERS Place: NewYork, USA Architect: Robert Robinson Height: 119 meters Finished: 1899 15 PARK ROW
- 12. EARLY SKYSCRAPERS Place: NewYork, USA Architect: Pierre LeBrun Height: 214 meters Finished: 1909 METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE BUILDING
- 13. EARLY SKYSCRAPERS Place: Chicago, USAArchitect: Hood and Howells Height: 141 meters Finished: 1925 CHICAGO TRIBUNE TOWER
- 14. EARLY SKYSCRAPERS Place: NewYork, USA Architect: Shreve, Lamb and Harmon Height: 381 meters Finished: 1931 EMPIRE STATE BUILDING
- 15. Place:: New York,USA Architect: Skidmore, Owings and Merril Height: 92 meters Finished: 1952 INTERNATIONAL STYLE LEVER HOUSE
- 16. Place: New York,USA Architect: Mies van der Rohe and Philip JohnsonHeight: 157 meters Finished: 1958 INTERNATIONAL STYLE SEAGRAM BUILDING
- 17. Place: New York,USA Architect: Roth, Gropius and Belluschi Height: 246 meters Finished: 1963 INTERNATIONAL STYLE METLIFE BUILDING
- 18. Place: Chicago, USAArchitect: Schipporeit and Heinrich Height: 197 meters Finished: 1968 INTERNATIONAL STYLE LAKE POINT TOWER
- 19. Place: New York,USA Architect: Minoru Yamasaki Height: 417-415 meters Finished: 1972 INTERNATIONAL STYLE WORLD TRADE CENTER
- 20. Place: New York,USA Architect: Minoru Yamasaki Height: 417-415 meters Finished: 1972 INTERNATIONAL STYLE WORLD TRADE CENTER
- 21. Place: San Francisco, USA Architect: Pereira & Associates Height: 260 meters Finished: 1972 INTERNATIONAL STYLE TRANSAMERICA PYRAMID
- 22. Place: London ,England Architect: Seifert & Partners Height: 183 meters Finished: 1980 INTERNATIONAL STYLE 42 TOWER
- 23. POSTMODERNISM AND THEEAST BOOM Place: Houston, USA Architect: Philip Johnson and Burgee Height: 238 meters Finished: 1983 BANK OF AMERICA CENTER
- 24. POSTMODERNISM AND THEEAST BOOM Place: Madrid Architect: Philip Johnson and Burgee Height: 114 meters Finished: 1996 KIO TOWERS
- 25. THE NEW MILENIUM Place:Dubai, United Arab Emirates Architect: SOM Height: +800 meters Finished: 2009 BURJ DUBAI
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- 27. Control ofDEFLECTION Lateral Load Resisting Earthquake Wind Load
- 28. Structural Loads •Gravity loads – Dead loads – Live loads – Snow loads • Lateral loads – Wind loads – Seismic loads • Special load cases – Impact loads – Blast loads Seismic Loads Wind Loads
- 29. How to divertthe forces safely? Dissipation of forces through reliable load paths: Primary load paths Horizontal vertical
- 30. Horizontal load path Tuned liquid dampeners (TLD) Self righting buildings Tuned mass dampeners (TMD) Base isolation
- 31. Vertical load path: Sesimicresistance of building can be enhanced mainly by: Providing shear walls . Tubular designs(tube in tube/tube in tubes). Providing bracing in walls.
- 32. KEY CONCEPT TOEARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES Ductility Diverting the forces of an earthquake safely
- 33. HOW TO INCREASEDUCTILTY? Ductility of a section can be increased by : Decrease the % of the tension steel. Increase the % of compression steel. Else provide as per steel beam theory. Increase in compressive strength of concrete. Increase in transverse shear reinforcement. For ductile detailng –IS 13920- 1993.
- 35. TYPES OF TALLBUILDINGS
- 36. Evolution of StructuralSystems A clear classification of high-rise buildings with respect to their structural system is difficult A rough classification can be made with respect to effectiveness in resisting lateral loads Structural Systems • Moment resisting frame systems • Braced frame, shear wall systems • Core and outrigger systems • Tubular systems – Framed tubes – Trussed tubes – Bundled tubes • Hybrid systems
- 40. DIAGONAL BRACING X-BRACING V- BRACING K- BRACINGINVERTED V- BRACING BRACED STRUCTURES
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- 46. Tubular System • Majorityof structural elements around the perimeter • Sides normal to lateral load resist bending • Sides parallel to lateral load resist shear • Minimize number of interior columns • Closely spaced exterior columns Increased
- 47. Hybrid Systems • Combineadvantages of different structural and material systems • Composite material system • Concrete super columns • Steel encased concrete columns • Composite floor system • Steel truss and outrigger systems • High strength concrete super columns reduce deflections and weight • Steel encased HS concrete combines • easy erectability of steel, • axial load capacity of HS concrete, • efficient confinement and reinforcement.
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- 50. Shear wall system •A type of rigid frame construction. • The shear wall is in steel or concrete to provide greater lateral rigidity. It is a wall where the entire material of the wall is employed in the resistance of both horizontal and vertical loads.
- 51. • For skyscrapers, asthe size of the structure creases, so does the size of the supporting wall. Shear walls tend to be used only in conjunction with other support systems. • Is composed of braced panels (or shear panels) to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure. Wind & earthquake loads are the most common among the loads. Shear wall system
- 52. What is aShear Wall ? Buildings often have vertical plate-like RC walls called Shear Walls in addition to slabs, beams and columns.
- 54. PURPOSE OF ASHEAR WALL Shear walls provide large strength and stiffness to buildings in the direction of their orientation, which significantly reduces lateral sway of the building and there by enhances the earthquake resistance of the structure.
- 55. How shear forceswork?
- 56. Architectural Aspects ofShear Walls Shear walls should be provided along preferably both length and width. If they are provided along only one direction, a proper grid of beams and columns in the vertical plane (called a moment-resistant frame) must be provided along the other direction to resist strong earthquake effects.
- 57. Door orwindow openings can be provided in shear walls, but their size must be small to ensure least interruption to force flow through walls. Shear walls in buildings must be symmetrically located in plan to reduce ill- effects of twist in buildings. Shear walls are more effective when located along exterior perimeter of the building.
- 59. GEOMETRY OF SHEARWALLS Shear walls are oblong in cross-section, i.e., one dimension of the cross-section is much larger than the other. While rectangular cross-section is common, L- and U-shaped sections are also used.
- 61. ADVANTAGES OF SHEARWALLS Shear walls are easy to construct, because reinforcement detailing of walls is relatively straight-forward and therefore easily implemented at site. Shear walls are efficient, both in terms of construction cost and effectiveness in minimizing earthquake damage in structural and non-structural elements (like glass windows and building contents).
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- 64. What are TUBEDSTRUCTURES? A three dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls, joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation.
- 65. The tube systemconcept is based on the idea that a building can be designed to resist lateral loads by designing it as a hollow cantilever perpendicular to the ground.
- 66. •In the simplestincarnation of the tube, the perimeter of the exterior consists of closely spaced columns that are tied together with deep spandrel beams through moment connections.
- 67. ADVANTAGES Framed tubesallow fewer interior columns, and so create more usable floor space. It can take a variety of floor plan shapes from square and rectangular, circular, and freeform giving scope for architecture.
- 68. TYPES OF TUBEDSTRUCTURES Bundled Tube Framed Tube Braced Tube Tube in Tube
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- 71. BUNDLED TUBE SYSTEM Theconcept allows for wider column spacing in the tubular walls than would be possible with only the exterior frame tube form. The spacing which make it possible to place interior frame lines without seriously compromising interior space planning. The ability to modulate the cells vertically can create a powerful vocabulary for a variety of dynamic shapes therefore offers great latitude in architectural planning of at all building.
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- 73. FRAMED-TUBE STRUCTURES The lateralresistant of the framed-tube structures is provided by very stiff moment-resistant frames that form a “tube” around the perimeter of the building. The basic inefficiency of the frame system for reinforced concrete buildings of more than 15 stories resulted in member proportions of prohibitive size and structural material cost premium, and thus such system were economically not viable. The frames consist of 6-12 ft (2-4m) between centers, joined by deep spandrel girders. Gravity loading is shared between the tube and interior column or walls. When lateral loading acts, the perimeter frame aligned in the direction of loading acts as the “webs” of the massive tube of the cantilever, and those normal to the direction of the loading act as the “flanges”. The tube form was developed originally for building of rectangular plan, and probably it’s most efficient use in that shape.
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- 75. THE TRUSSED TUBERecently the use of perimeter diagonals – thus the term “DIAGRID” - for structural effectiveness and lattice-like aesthetics has generated renewed interest in architectural and structural designers of tall buildings. Introducing a minimum number of diagonals on each façade and making the diagonal intersect at the same point at the corner column John Hancock Center introduced trussed tube design. The trussed tube system represents a classic solution for a tube uniquely suited to the qualities and character of structural steel. Interconnect all exterior columns to form a rigid box, which can resist lateral shears by axial in its members rather than through flexure. Introducing a minimum number of diagonals on each façade and making the diagonal intersect at the same point at the corner column. The system is tubular in that the fascia diagonals not only form a truss in the plane, but also interact with the trusses on the perpendicular faces to affect the tubular behavior. This creates the x form between corner columns on each façade. Relatively broad column spacing can resulted large clear spaces for windows, a particular characteristic of steel buildings. The façade diagonalization serves to equalize the gravity loads of the exterior columns that give a significant impact on the exterior architecture.
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- 77. TUBE-IN-TUBE SYSTEM Lumbago TatungHaji Building, Kuala LumpurThis variation of the framed tube consists of an outer frame tube, the “Hull,” together with an internal elevator and service core. The Hull and core act jointly in resisting both gravity and lateral loading. The outer framed tube and the inner core interact horizontally as the shear and flexural components of a wall-frame structure, with the benefit of increased lateral stiffness. The structural tube usually adopts a highly dominant role because of its much greater structural depth.
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- 80. POSTMODERNISM AND THEEAST BOOM Place: Dubai, United Arab Emirates Architect: W.S.Atkins Design Height: 321 meters Finished: 1999 BURJ AL ARAB
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- 84. THE NEW MILENIUM Place:Dubai, United Arab Emirates Architect: SOM Height: +800 meters Finished: 2009 BURJ DUBAI Coupled Reinforced Concrete System •Over 800 m •Over 160 stories – Office & residential •Under construction, expected completion 2008 •Architect: Skidmore O •Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Assoc. •Expected to be China’s tallest building and the world’s third tallest building
- 85. Place: Chicago, USAArchitect: SOM Height: 442 meters Finished: 1974 SEARS TOWER Bundled Tubed + Belt trusses are added to the top location of each change in bundle configuration
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- 87. Belt trusses areadded to the top location of each change in bundle configuration Nine Bundled Tubes, each 25 m wide with no columns between core and perimeter. Sears Tower
- 88. PETRONAS TOWERS Place: KualaLumpur, Malasia Architect: Cesar Pelli & Associates Height: 452 meters Finished: 1998
- 89. PETRONAS TOWERS Tube inTube Concept The Petronas Towers' structural system is a tube in tube design, invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan Applying a tube-structure for extreme tall buildings is a common phenomenon.
- 90. A double decker skybridgeconnecting the two towers on the 41st and 42nd floors, It is not attached to the main structure, but is instead designed to slide in and out of the towers to prevent it from breaking as the towers sway several feet in towards and away from each other during high winds. It also provides some structural support to the towers in these occasions. PETRONAS TOWERS
- 91. Place: hong Kong,China Architect: KPF and Wang & Ouyang Height: 484 meters Finished: Building INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE CENTRE Concrete Core + Outrigger Braced System • 484m • 118 Stories – Office & Hotel • Under construction, expected completion 2007 • Architect: Kohn, Pedersen and Fox Assoc. & Wong and Ouyang (HK) Ltd. • Engineer: Ove Arup & Partners • Expected to be Hong Kong’s tallest building and the
- 92. • 4-level steeloutriggers • Reinforced concrete core • High stiffness reinforced concrete mega columns • Change in structural form at the hotel levels INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE CENTRE
- 93. SHANGHAI WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER Place:Shanghai, China Architect: KPF Associates Height: 492 meters Finished: 2008 Composite Space Truss •492 m •101 stories – Office & Hotel •Under construction, expected completion 2007 •Architect: Kohn, Pedersen and Fox Assoc. & East China Architectural Design & Research Institute •Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Assoc. •Expected to be China’s tallest building and the world’s third tallest building
- 94. TAIPEI 101 Place: Taipei,Taiwan Architect: C.Y.Lee Height: 509 meters Finished: 2004 Braced core & Out rigger Frame •
- 95. Place: Seul, NorthKorea Architect: SOM Height: 555 meters Finished: Building LOTTE TOWER core-and-shell structural system
- 96. Place: Dubai, UnitedArab Emirates Architect: SOM Height: +800 meters Finished: 2009 BURJ DUBAI Coupled Reinforced Concrete System •Over 800 m •Over 160 stories – Office & residential •Under construction, expected completion 2008 •Architect: Skidmore O •Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Assoc. •Expected to be China’s tallest building and the world’s third tallest building
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