Historical perspective of science by: Karl popper and thomas kuhn
- 1. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AS A DISCIPLINE Contributions by: Karl Popper Thomas Kuhn
- 2. KARL POPPER
- 3. • Popper began his Academic studies at University of Vienna. • In 1928, he received his Doctorate in Philosophy. • Karl Popper was one of the most influential philosophers of science of the 20th century. • In 1935, he wrote a book and later in 1959 he translated that book in English under the title ‘The Logic of scientific Discovery’. • In this book, Popper offered a detailed account of Scientific Methodology and importance of Falsification. • He worked on demarcation of Science from Pseudo- Science. KARL POPPER(1902- 1994)
- 4. TWO FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS: • The problem of induction • The problem of demarcation of science from pseudo-science
- 5. THE PROBLEM OF INDUCTIVE METHOD
- 8. DEMARCATION OF SCIENCE FROM PSEUDO- SCIENCE Science is critical and nothing should be taken for granted. Falsificationism • It suggests that a theory is said to be scientific only if has the potential to be refuted by some possible observations. • Science should attempt to disprove a theory rather than to continually support it. • Scientist never claim a theory to be true or probable, they only conclude that how a certain theory is Wrong. • Confirmation is a Myth. • Popper’s falsificationist methodology holds that scientific theories are characterized by entailing predictions that future observations might reveal to be false.
- 9. WHAT ARE KARL POPPERS VIEWS ON THE "SCIENTIFIC METHOD"? • Popper is one of the few people who changed the Method for the better. • Before Popper many scientists worked to confirm theories. Now they work to falsify theories. The more work done to falsify a theory, the more accurate its results are.
- 10. THOMAS KUHN
- 11. THOMAS KUHN • He is most famous for his controversial 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, which was influential in both academic and popular circles, introducing the term “paradigm shift“. • On July18, 1922, American physicist, historian, and philosopher of science Thomas Samuel Kuhn was born.
- 14. Phase 1: It exists only once and is the pre-paradigm phase, in which there is no consensus on any particular theory. This phase is characterized by several Consequently, most scientific inquiry takes the form of lengthy books, as there is no be taken for granted. Phase 2: Normal science begins, in which puzzles are solved within the context of the dominant paradigm. As long as there is consensus within the discipline, normal science continues. Over time, progress in normal science may reveal anomalies, facts within the context of the existing paradigm. Phase 3: If the paradigm proves chronically unable to account for anomalies, the community enters a crisis period. Crises are often resolved within the context of significant efforts of normal science within a paradigm fail, science may enter the Phase 4: Paradigm shift, or scientific revolution, is the phase in which the underlying assumptions of the field are reexamined and a new paradigm is established.Post- dominance is established and so scientists return to normal science, solving puzzles
- 16. Science is always critical because scientists always try to falsify theories. Science is critical is an inclusion for Kuhn. Only at specific and exceptional moments science becomes critical. Science begins with problems and then proceeds via Falsification. 'Normal science' conducted in paradigms gradually extended via 'puzzle solving’. The best scientists propose bold theories, test them and give them up if falsified. Scientists are socialized into paradigms and extend its range but do not question the central theory or method. Influenced by revolutionary changes in science. Science is practiced under guided paradigms. Focused on falsification Focused on Problem solving process. Development of Science is progression towards truth. The development of Science only shows progress in problem solving and not getting closer to truth because it focuses on searching for a new theory that works better for problems that older theory wasn't able to solve. Karl Popper Thomas Kuhn
- 17. THANK YOU!