History of computers
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The document traces the history of computing from ancient counting machines like the abacus and Roman numerals to early mechanical computers in the 1600s-1800s like Pascal's calculator and Babbage's analytical engine. It then discusses the development of punched card systems and electrical counting machines in the early 1900s, including Howard Aiken's Mark I and the first general purpose computers like EDVAC and UNIVAC in the 1940s-1950s. The transistor and integrated circuit inventions of the mid-1900s helped computers transition from mechanical and vacuum tube technologies to modern electronics.
History of computers
- 1. History of computers By Ravindra Reddyhttps://www.seoskills.in 1
- 3. Definition of Computer A Computer is programmed device with a set of instructions to perform specific tasks and generate results at a very high speed. https://www.seoskills.in 3
- 4. Meaning of the word Computer Computer is derived from a Latin word computare which means to • to calculate • to count • to sum up • or to think together. more precisely the word computer means a "device that performs computation". https://www.seoskills.in 4
- 5. Advantages of using a computer https://www.seoskills.in 5
- 6. Advantages of using a computer • Increase your productivity • Connects you to the Internet • Helps sort, organize, and search through information • Keeps you connected • Can make you money • Improves your abilities • Save time etc.. https://www.seoskills.in 6
- 7. Ancient Counting Machines (Ancient Time) https://www.seoskills.in 7
- 9. About Abacus An abacus is a manual aid to calculating that consists of beads or disks that can be moved up and down on a series of sticks or strings within a usually wooden frame. The abacus itself doesn't calculate; it's simply a device for helping a human being to calculate by remembering what has been counted. The modern Chinese abacus, which is still widely used in China and other countries https://www.seoskills.in 9
- 10. About Roman numerals • The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. • Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Roman numerals, as used today, are based on seven symbols: Symbol I V X L C D M Value 1 5 10 50 100 500 1,000 https://www.seoskills.in 10
- 14. About Arabic numerals https://www.seoskills.in 14
- 16. About Arabic numerals Arabic numerals, also called Hindu–Arabic are the ten digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, based on the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, the most common system for the symbolic representation of numbers in the world today. In this numeral system, a sequence of digits such as "975" is read as a single number, using the position of the digit in the sequence to interpret its value. The symbol for zero is the key to the effectiveness of the system, which was developed by ancient mathematicians in the Indian subcontinent around AD 500 https://www.seoskills.in 16
- 18. 1. The Pascaline (1642) 2. The Leibniz Wheel (1673) 3. Punched Cards (1810) 4. Calculating machines made by Charles Babbage (1832 to 1852) 5. The Invention of the Vacuum Tube (1883) https://www.seoskills.in 18
- 20. The Pascaline (1642) Pascaline also called Arithmetic Machine, the first calculator or adding machine The Pascaline was designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644. It could only do addition and subtraction, with numbers being entered by manipulating its dials. Pascal invented the machine for his father, a tax collector, so it was the first business machine too https://www.seoskills.in 20
- 21. Leibniz's Calculating Machine In 1671 the German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz designed a calculating machine called the Step Reckoner. (It was first built in 1673.) The Step Reckoner expanded on Pascal's ideas and did multiplication by repeated addition and shifting Leibniz was a strong advocate of the binary system. Binary numbers are ideal for machines because they require only two digits, which can easily be represented by the on and off states of a switch https://www.seoskills.in 21
- 22. The Leibniz Wheel (1673)https://www.seoskills.in 22
- 23. Punched Cards (1810) • Early method of data storage used with early computers. • Punch cards also known as Hollerith cards and IBM cards are paper cards containing several punched holes that were punched by hand or machine to represent data. • These cards allowed companies to store and access information by entering the card into the computer https://www.seoskills.in 23
- 24. Punched Cards (1810) data can be entered into the card by punching holes on each column to represent one character https://www.seoskills.in 24
- 25. Calculating machines made by Charles Babbage • Charles Babbage (1791-1871), computer pioneer, designed two classes of engine, Difference Engines, and Analytical Engines. • Difference engines are so called because of the mathematical principle on which they are based, namely, the method of finite differences. • The beauty of the method is that it uses only arithmetical addition and removes the need for multiplication and division which are more difficult to implement mechanically. https://www.seoskills.in 25
- 26. Calculating machines made by Charles Babbage https://www.seoskills.in 26
- 27. The History of Vacuum Tubes A vacuum tube, also called an electron tube, is a sealed-glass or metal-ceramic enclosure used in electronic circuitry to control the flow of electrons between the metal electrodes sealed inside the tubes. The air inside the tubes is removed by a vacuum. Vacuum tubes are used for amplification of a weak current, rectification of an alternating current to direct current (AC to DC), generation of oscillating radio-frequency (RF) power for radio and radar, and more. https://www.seoskills.in 27
- 30. Herman calculating machine • Herman Hollerith is widely regarded as the father of modern automatic computation. • He chose the punched card as the basis for storing and processing information and he built the first punched- card tabulating and sorting machines as well as the first key punch, and he founded the company that was to become IBM. • • Hollerith's designs dominated the computing landscape for almost 100 years https://www.seoskills.in 30
- 33. Babbage’s Analytical Engine was completed in 1910 Electrical Counting Machines (1943) https://www.seoskills.in 33
- 34. Electrical Counting Machines (1943) https://www.seoskills.in 34
- 35. Mark I was designed in 1937 by a Harvard graduate student, Howard H. Aiken to solve advanced mathematical physics problems encountered in his research. Aiken’s ambitious proposal envisioned the use of modified, commercially-available technologies coordinated by a central control system. About Mark I (Electrical Counting Machines (1943) ) https://www.seoskills.in 35
- 36. About Mark I (Electrical Counting Machines (1943) ) https://www.seoskills.in 36
- 37. Electronic Counting Machines (1946) https://www.seoskills.in 37
- 38. 1. EDVAC (electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) 2. UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Calculator) (1951) https://www.seoskills.in 38
- 40. About EDVAC (Electronic Counting Machines (1946)) EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was to be a vast improvement upon ENIAC. Mauchly and Eckert started working on it two years before ENIAC even went into operation. Their idea was to have the program for the computer stored inside the computer. This would be possible because EDVAC was going to have more internal memory than any other computing device to date. Memory was to be provided through the use of mercury delay lines. The idea being that given a tube of mercury, an electronic pulse could be bounced back and forth to be retrieved at will--another two state device for storing 0s and 1s. This on/off switchability for the memory was required because EDVAC was to use binary rather than decimal numbers, thus simplifying the construction of the arithmetic units https://www.seoskills.in 40
- 41. UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Calculator) (1951) Short for Universal Automatic Computer, the UNIVAC I, a trademark of the Unisys corporation, was released in 1951 and 1952 when first developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. The UNIVAC is an electrical computer containing thousands of vacuum tubes that utilizes punch cards and switches for inputting data and punch cards for outputting and storing data https://www.seoskills.in 41
- 42. UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Calculator) (1951) Short for Universal Automatic Computer, the UNIVAC I, a trademark of the Unisys corporation, was released in 1951 and 1952 when first developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. The UNIVAC is an electrical computer containing thousands of vacuum tubes that utilizes punch cards and switches for inputting data and punch cards for outputting and storing data https://www.seoskills.in 42
- 43. UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Calculator) (1951)https://www.seoskills.in 43
- 44. Two Inventions that changed the way computers are built 1. The Transistor (1946) 2. The (IC) Integrated Circuit (1961) https://www.seoskills.in 44