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![Problem Play
The problem play is a form of drama that emerged
during the 19th century as part of the wider
movement of realism in the arts, especially following
the innovations of Henrik Ibsen. It deals with
contentious social issues through debates between
the characters on stage, who typically represent
conflicting points of view within a realistic social
context.[1] Critic Chris Baldick writes that the genre
emerged "from the ferment of the 1890s... for the
most part inspired by the example of Ibsen's realistic
stage representations of serious familial and social
conflicts.â
A dollâs house](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/historyofenglishliterature-230223155725-35ae8e90/75/History-of-English-literature-pdf-14-2048.jpg)
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History of English literature .pdf
- 2. History of Englishliterature Unit 4 Mid twentieth century Prepared by Mehal Pandya [email protected]
- 3. Main points 1. Definationof modernism 2. Thematic features 3. Poets and writers 4. Formal features of narrative 5. Expressionism 6. Surrealism 7. Dadiaism 8. Absurd theater 9. Problem Play 10. Stream of consciousness 11. Edwardian and Georgian poetry 12. The Apocalyptic Movement 13. Imagism
- 4. Modernism Modernism is aliterary and cultural international movement which flourished in the first decades of the 20th century. Modernism is not a term to which a single meaning can be ascribed. It may be applied both to the content and to the form of a work, or to either in isolation. It reflects a sense of cultural crisis which was both exciting and disquieting, in that it opened up a whole new vista of human possibilities at the same time as putting into question any previously accepted means of grounding and evaluating new ideas. Modernism is marked by experimentation, particularly manipulation of form, and by the realization that knowledge is not absolute. Modernism as a movement can be recognized not only in literature but also in: â The sciences â Philosophy â Psychology â Anthropology â Painting â Music â Sculpture â Architecture
- 5. Thematic features â Intentionaldistortion of shapes â Focus on form rather than meaning â Breaking down of limitation of space and time â Breakdown of social norms and cultural values â Dislocation of meaning and sense from its normal context â Valorisation of the despairing individual in the face of an unmanageable future â Disillusionment Rejection of history and the substitution of a mythical past â Need to reflect the complexity of modern urban life â Importance of the unconscious mind â Interest in the primitive and non-western cultures â Impossibility of an absolute interpretation of reality â Overwhelming technological changes
- 7. Formal features ofnarrative ⢠Experimental nature ⢠Lack of traditional chronological narrative (discontinuous ⢠narrative) Break of narrative frames (fragmentation) ⢠Moving from one level of narrative to another A number of different narrators (multiple narrative points of View) ⢠Self-reflexive about the act of writing and the nature of literature (meta-narrative) ⢠Use of interior monologue technique ⢠Use of the stream of consciousness technique ⢠Focus on a character's consciousness and subconscious
- 8. Expression movement The artof German Expressionism evolved as a result of militarism, economic depression, rampant inflation, dictatorship, and the climactic horror of World War 1 and the Nazi era. Artists produced images based on emotion, with messages that delivered statements about the human condition. Expressionism was often shocking and rugged. It was designed to disturb the viewer to "react" and think about the message.
- 9. Surrealism The word 'surrealist'(suggesting 'beyond reality') was coined by the French avant-garde poet Guillaume Apollinaire in the preface to a play performed in 1917. Andre Breton, Father of Surrealism. Meanwhile, Surrealism came a little later, officially founded in 1924, also by a writer, the poet Andre Breton, in Paris. Like Dada, Surrealism quickly spread and became the next great art trend across huge swathes of Europe. Some Dada artists even converted to Surrealism, such as Francis Picabia, Man Ray and Max Ernst, in response to the changing face of world politics around them.
- 10. Dadiaism Dada came first,but only just. Dada was founded by the writer Hugo Ball in Zurich 1916. Although it began as a literary and performance-based phenomenon, its ideas gradually spread across many artforms including collage, assemblage, architecture and sculpture. While Dada began in Zurich, its ideas eventually took hold across much of early 20th century Europe.
- 11. Absurd theater Theatre ofthe Absurd, dramatic works of certain European and American dramatists of the 1950s and early â60s who agreed with the Existentialist philosopher Albert Camusâs assessment, in his essay âThe Myth of Sisyphusâ (1942), that the human situation is essentially absurd, devoid of purpose. The term is also loosely applied to those dramatists and the production of those works. Though no formal Absurdist movement existed as such, dramatists as diverse as Samuel Beckett, Eugène Ionesco, Jean Genet,
- 12. Arthur Adamov, HaroldPinter, and a few others shared a pessimistic vision of humanity struggling vainly to find a purpose and to control its fate. Humankind in this view is left feeling hopeless, bewildered, and anxious. A waiting for godot
- 14. Problem Play The problemplay is a form of drama that emerged during the 19th century as part of the wider movement of realism in the arts, especially following the innovations of Henrik Ibsen. It deals with contentious social issues through debates between the characters on stage, who typically represent conflicting points of view within a realistic social context.[1] Critic Chris Baldick writes that the genre emerged "from the ferment of the 1890s... for the most part inspired by the example of Ibsen's realistic stage representations of serious familial and social conflicts.â A dollâs house
- 15. Stream of consciousnes Theterm was first used by the psychologist William James in The Principles of Psychology (1890). As the psychological novel developed in the 20th century, some writers attempted to capture the total flow of their characters' consciousness, rather than limit themselves to rational thoughts.Stream of consciousness narration plays a specific literary role in allowing writers to create a very specific narrative experience for readers. It is a way of bringing readers as close as possible to a character's mental state.
- 16. Sometimes, stream ofconsciousness writing is confusing for readers to parse, as there are many seemingly random jumps in the subject matter. Stream of consciousness was particularly popular among the Modernist writers, who wanted to experiment with how to express individual human experiences through literature. They were interested in breaking with convention and so they developed new ways of expressing what characters were feeling and thinking. Other ways that authors can convey characters' thoughts and emotions, whether they are using stream of consciousness writing or not, include describing characters' actions and facial expressions or paraphrasing their thoughts.
- 17. Stream of consciousness Aimsto provide a textual equivalent to the stream of a fictional character's consciousness Creates the impression that the reader is eavesdropping on the flow of conscious experience in the character's mind Comes in a variety of stylistic forms Narrated stream of consciousness often composed of different sentence types including psycho-narration and free indirect style Characterized by associative (and at times dissociative) leaps in syntax and punctuation Interior monologue A particular kind of stream of consciousness writing Also called quoted stream of consciousness, presents characters thought streams exclusively in the form of silent inner speech, as a stream of verbalised thoughts Represents characters speaking silently to themselves andquotes their inner speech, often without speech marks Is presented in the first person and in the present tense and employs deictic words also attempts to mimic the unstructured free flow of thought can be found in the context of third-person narration and dialogue.
- 18. Edwardian and Georgianpoetry
- 19. The Apocalyptic Movement Theterm ' apocalyptic' derived from Greek apocalyptic that means 'to disclose', to reveal'. Apocalypse is the name given to the Last Book Of the New Testament, The Revelation of ST. John. Apocalyptic literature comprises prophetic or rather quasi-prophetic writings, whatever may be its type, relating to some spiritual vision or revelation. Such a vision or revelation is often laden with the dread of impending doom or the sombre prediction of the destiny of mankind. The Apocalyptic Movement indicates the return or repetition of such visions or revelations in different literary works. Such works are distinctly animated with a profound interest in spiritual faith as well as imagination. An early example of this sort of writing is Wulftsan's homily ( or address) to the english Against the savage Danish inroads. In the medieval works Pears, such a spiritual vision occurs although there is no threat of damnation or doom in that. Sermon literature is found to abound in apocalyptic visions.
- 20. The Apocalyptic Movementis neither regularly nor seriously pursued in English literature. This is perceived rather loosely in different literary works , not always spiritual or divine. This movement may be marked in a good deal of Blake's poetry. A short poem Stupidity Street ( by Ralph Hudson) has such a grim prediction for human greed and Cruelty. Thomson's City of Dreadful Night, H.G. Welsh's Mind at the End of Its Tether, George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty Four bear the apocalyptic vision of despair depression and destabilization of the human race.
- 22.